Ocular manifestations in 321 male consecutive cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at an HIV-referral centre

Background

Most studies on the ocular manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are on cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), not including asymptomatic carriers of HIV. With this background, we proceeded to study all the HIV-infected individuals attending our centre, with the aim:a. To study the ocular manifestations of HIV.b. To correlate those manifestations with the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts.c. To compare our findings with other studies.

Method

A cross-sectional study involving a detailed ocular examination of 321 cases of HIV/AIDS was done. Automated perimetry, digital fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography were done for relevant cases. The last 125 cases were subjected to Schirmer's test and tear film break-up time.

Results

We studied 321 male HIV cases (642 eyes), with a mean age of 36.78 years, mean CD4+ count of 276.54 cells/μL, 78.82% of them being on anti-retroviral therapy. Ocular manifestations were seen in 87 out of 321 cases, 72.41% of them being asymptomatic carriers of HIV. The ocular findings seen were conjunctival microvasculopathy, molluscum contagio-sum, dry eye, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, and HIV retinopathy, only the last three of which had a significant association with CD4+ counts. The overall prevalence of ocular lesions also had a significant association with CD4+ counts.

Conclusion

Ocular manifestations are common in asymptomatic carriers of HIV. Anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis and HIV retinopathy have a significant association with CD4+ counts and are reliable indicators of low CD4+ count.     

Significance of Tuberculin Testing in HIV Infection: An Indian Perspective

Background

Tuberculin skin testing (TST) is a reliable tool in the diagnosis of tuberculous infection and is important in its control. However, it may be false negative in immunocompromised patients like HIV-infected.

Methods

We examined the pattern of TST results in 523 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients. CD4, CD8 and absolute lymphocyte counts were done by flowcytometry in 63 of these cases.

Results

56 (44.10%), 15 (11.81%) and 56 (44.10%) of the 127 cases with tuberculosis and 293 (73.99%), 41 (10.35%) and 62 (15.66%) of the 396 cases without any clinical evidence of tuberculosis showed TST results of 0-4, 5-9 and = or > 10 mm respectively. Significantly more (P<0.05) number of cases with TST of = or > 10mm and significantly lesser (P<0.05) number of cases with TST of 0-4 mm are likely to develop tuberculosis. The average CD4+lymphocyte count was found to be significantly lower in cases with nil TST results than with = or >10mm. HIV infected cases associated with tuberculosis with induration on TST had average CD4 counts of 129.5 as compared to 246.3/cmm in those without tuberculosis.

Conclusion

In India where both these diseases are endemic, tuberculosis may develop during early HIV infection, while the body''s immunity is still largely unimpaired and TST shows = or >10mm results in almost 45% of our cases. In another 45% with TST of 0-4mm, the CD4+ lymphocyte count is likely to be lower than 200/cmm. In those with nil induration, TST of 5-9 mm cannot be taken as an independent marker for suspecting tuberculosis in the HIV infected. Hence we recommend that all cases with TST of = or >10mm and cases with nil induratrion with CD4+ count of <200/cmm should be considered as high-risk for developing tuberculosis.Key Words: Tuberculin skin test, HIV infection     

Ocular manifestations in 321 male consecutive cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at an HIV-referral centre

Background

Most studies on the ocular manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are on cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), not including asymptomatic carriers of HIV. With this background, we proceeded to study all the HIV-infected individuals attending our centre, with the aim:a. To study the ocular manifestations of HIV.b. To correlate those manifestations with the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts.c. To compare our findings with other studies.

Method

A cross-sectional study involving a detailed ocular examination of 321 cases of HIV/AIDS was done. Automated perimetry, digital fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography were done for relevant cases. The last 125 cases were subjected to Schirmer''s test and tear film break-up time.

Results

We studied 321 male HIV cases (642 eyes), with a mean age of 36.78 years, mean CD4+ count of 276.54 cells/μL, 78.82% of them being on anti-retroviral therapy. Ocular manifestations were seen in 87 out of 321 cases, 72.41% of them being asymptomatic carriers of HIV. The ocular findings seen were conjunctival microvasculopathy, molluscum contagio-sum, dry eye, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, and HIV retinopathy, only the last three of which had a significant association with CD4+ counts. The overall prevalence of ocular lesions also had a significant association with CD4+ counts.

Conclusion

Ocular manifestations are common in asymptomatic carriers of HIV. Anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis and HIV retinopathy have a significant association with CD4+ counts and are reliable indicators of low CD4+ count.     

A study on malarial infection in HIV-infected individuals

To find out whether malaria occurred at an increased frequency in HIV-infected individuals and to evaluate the clinical course and risk factors for malarial infection in HIV, a prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care centre from June, 1999 to December, 2000 among HIV-infected individuals with HIV-uninfected Individuals taken as control. In this study, out of 250 individuals, 152 were HIV-infected and the remaining were HIV-negative. The odd's ratio (OR) for the occurrence of malaria in the HIV-infected population compared with the HIV-uninfected population was 2.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.01, 6.4; p < 0.02). The prevalence of malaria in HIV infection was 20.4%. The same was 8.3% in asymptomatic stage, and 22.6% and 21.3% in the early and late symptomatic stages of HIV disease respectively. Among those who came for follow-up 44.4% of the HIV-infected individuals had recurrence of malarial infection. Contrary to what was thought before, malaria occurred at an increased frequency in HIV cases. The occurrence of malaria increased in the symptomatic stages of HIV disease compared to the asymptomatic stage. Recurrence was high in the HIV-infected population.     

CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pediatric HIV infection.

The relationship between CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is retrospectively investigated for 266 HIV-infected and uninfected children who were born to infected women, including 39 with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in a population-based surveillance study. Of 21 perinatally HIV-infected children with PCP only 10 (48%) had CD4 T-lymphocyte counts that were less than 500 x 10(6) cells/L (500 cells/mm3), compared with all 18 who were infected via blood transfusions or clotting factors. Among 68 children who were 1 year or younger, 18 (90%) of 20 PCP cases had CD4 T-lymphocyte counts that were less than 1500 x 10(6) cells/L (1500 cells/mm3) compared with only five (10%) of 48 children who did not have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (odds ratio, 77.4; 95% confidence interval, 19.7 to 313.4). The mean CD4 T-lymphocyte count was lower for the 39 PCP cases when compared with the 188 children who were at different stages of HIV infection and did not have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) independent of age. The majority of perinatally HIV-infected children with PCP were 6 months or younger and 50% were previously unknown to be infected. Thus, HIV-positive children should be identified early and followed closely. CD4 T-lymphocyte counts may be useful in monitoring HIV-positive children and determining when to begin PCP prophylaxis.     

127例HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗1年CD4~+T淋巴细胞结果

目的分析HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗前后CD4~+T淋巴细胞数的变化情况,为全省的抗病毒治疗提供科学依据。方法对青海省2013—2015年间接受抗病毒治疗的127名HIV/AIDS患者治疗前、治疗后3个月、6个月、9个月及12个月CD4~+T淋巴细胞数进行检测和统计学分析。结果 127例HIV/AIDS患者的平均开始治疗年龄为(37.6±10.8)岁,治疗前CD4~+T淋巴细胞数平均水平为(321.2±108.4)个/μL;患者治疗3个月、6个月、9个月和12个月时与进入治疗时点相比,其CD4~+T淋巴细胞数平均增加了52.2个/μL、75.8个/μL、75.3个/μL和76.5个/μL,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);经抗病毒治疗1年后,CD4~+T淋巴细胞数500个/μL的患者从0例增至37例,占患者总数的29.1%;CD4~+T淋巴细胞数分为≤200个/μL、201~350个/μL和350个/μL三组患者,经抗病毒治疗1年后,CD4~+T淋巴细胞数平均分别增加了80.7个/μL、84.7个/μL和65.8个/μL,不同组患者HAART治疗1年后CD4~+T淋巴细胞数均值变化差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论青海省目前的HAART治疗效果明显,同时提高HIV/AIDS患者的依从性,并尽早开展抗病毒治疗,有利于提高患者的生命质量,延缓疾病进程,降低病死率。     

Immune activation markers in individuals with HIV-1 disease and their correlation with HIV-1 RNA levels in individuals on antiretroviral therapy

BackgroundCurrently CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and HIV-1 RNA levels are being utilized to predict outcome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Recently, the role of immune activation in HIV disease progression and response to treatment is being investigated. This study focused on the expression of CD38 and HLA-DR on lymphocyte subsets in various groups of HIV-infected individuals and to determine their association with HIV-1 disease progression.MethodsNinety-eight cases of patients with HIV/AIDS in different disease stages and twenty-four healthy HIV-negative individuals were included in the cross-sectional study. Their immune function and abnormal immune activation markers (CD38 & HLA-DR) were detected using a flowcytometer, and HIV-1 RNA levels in individuals receiving antiretroviral drugs were estimated.ResultsThe immune activation marker levels were significantly different between patients with different disease stages (P < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts and immune activation markers. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between HIV-1 RNA levels and CD38+CD8+ T lymphocyte.ConclusionImmune activation markers (CD38 & HLA-DR) increase with disease progression. CD38+ on CD8+ T lymphocyte correlates well with HIV1 RNA levels in individuals failing on antiretroviral therapy.     

HIV/AIDS临床各期患者胃粘膜幽门螺杆菌感染研究

目的 分析HIV/AIDS临床各期患者胃粘膜幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染情况,探讨其发生的机制.方法 HIV/AIDS临 床各期患者170例,对照组为普通患者(HW阴性)34例,均行胃镜检查,并对活检粘膜行快速尿素酶及病理检测明确有无Hp感染.结果 各组Hp检出率分别为无症状HIV感染期(A1、A2)23.4%(11/47例),有症状感染期(B1、B2)14.0%(8/57例),AIDS期(A3、B3、C1-3)13.6%(9/66例),对照组47.1%(16/34).HIV/AIDS各组Hp检出率低于对照组,有症状感染期(B1、B2)组和AIDS期(A3、B3、C1-3)组均低于无症状HIV感染期(A1、A2)组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在HW/AIDS临床各期患者中,胃粘膜严重的免疫缺陷,可能导致Hp感染率下降.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze Helicobacter pylori infection in the gastric mucosa of patients with HIV/AIDS in difierent clinical stages.Methods This study involved 170 patients with HIV/AIDS and 34 HIV-negative patients.All the patients underwent upper endoscopy and antral gastric biopsy to determine the status of Helieobaeter pylori infection using aniline red staining and rapid urease test.The patients with HIV/AIDS were stratified based on CD4~+T lymphocyte counts and clinical setting into asymptomatic HIV infection(A1,A2)group,symptomatic HIV infection(B1,B2)group and AIDS(A3,B3,C1-3)group.Results The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in HIV/AIDS patients was 16.5%(28/170),and in the 3 groups classified,the infection rates were 23.4%(11/47),14.0%(8/57),and 13.6%(9/66),respectively;the infection rate was 47.1%(16/34) in the control group.Helicobacter pylori infection rate in the gastric mucosa of the patients with HIV/AIDS in different clinical stages was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05);the infection rates in symptomatic HIV-infected(B1,B2)group and AIDS(A3,B3,C1-3)group were significantly lower than that in asymptomatic HIV-infected (A1,A2)group(P<0.05).Conclusion The low Helicobacter priori infection rate in HIV/AIDS patients may result from severe immunodeficiency in the gastric mucosa.     

对539例HIV感染者皮肤黏膜表现的临床分析

目的通过研究H IV感染者/AIDS患者皮肤黏膜表现的种类数及严重程度及其与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、CD4+/CD8+比值的关系,评估皮肤黏膜病变作为预测和评估患者免疫状态的临床指标的可行性。方法对北京佑安医院2001年5月~2006年4月收集的539例住院及门诊H IV感染者/AIDS患者的临床资料作回顾性研究,采用流式细胞仪技术检测350例出现不同皮肤黏膜表现及189例无皮肤黏膜表现患者的CD4+T细胞计数、CD4+/CD8+比值,观察H IV感染人群中各种皮肤病的发生率,并研究出现皮肤病的种类数、严重程度与艾滋病患者免疫功能的相关性。结果H IV阳性患者的皮肤病发生率为65%,其中口腔黏膜念珠菌感染最常见。H IV阳性有皮肤黏膜表现组CD4+T细胞计数的平均数与CD4+/CD8+比值(分别为53.04个/μL与0.202 4)明显低于无皮肤黏膜表现组(分别为281.97个/μL与0.312 9),2组间比较差异具有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05),且CD4+T细胞计数与所患皮肤病的种类数及严重程度呈负相关。结论H IV感染者/AIDS患者的常见皮肤病临床表现,即患者皮肤疾病的种类数、发生率及严重程度与CD4+T细胞计数呈负相关,某些皮肤黏膜表现可以作为预测和评估资源有限国家患者免疫状态的临床指标。     

CD4 lymphocyte concentrations in patients with newly identified HIV infection attending STD clinics. Potential impact on publicly funded health care resources.

Since January 1990, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients attending two sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore, Md, have been offered T-lymphocyte subset evaluations. From January through September, CD4+ lymphocyte concentrations were measured in 223 newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients; 50% had fewer than 500 CD4+ T cells and 12% had fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells per cubic millimeter. Most patients were asymptomatic, and, even among patients with fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells, 54% had no symptoms or signs suggestive of advanced HIV infection. Homosexually active men had significantly lower mean CD4+ lymphocyte concentrations than intravenous drug users. Given the substantial numbers of patients with CD4+ concentrations that qualified them for zidovudine therapy, we also assessed their mechanisms of paying for health care. Only 24% of HIV-infected patients had private insurance. Seventy-two percent of patients with fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells either had no insurance or relied on public assistance for health care. Thus, although 50% of asymptomatic individuals identified by routine voluntary HIV screening in an inner-city sexually transmitted disease clinic may benefit from therapy for their disease, 75% of those qualifying for presently recommended therapy either depend on publicly funded health care or have no means of payment for care.     

云南省部分HIV感染者唾液EBV检出率分析

目的探讨HIV感染者唾液EB病毒存在情况及其与免疫抑制的关系.方法采用横断面研究,利用巢氏PCR方法对245例HIV感染者和30例健康对照者唾液EBV DNA的存在情况进行检测,并分析检出率与CD4淋巴细胞计数的关系.结果 HIV感染者和健康对照人群唾液EBV检出率分别为82.0%与30.0%,二者有统计学差异(P<0.05);CD4淋巴细胞计数小于200、200～400和大于400个/μL的患者唾液EBV检出率分别为93.0%、75.8%和45.7%,3组间检出率有显著差异(P<0.05);但是否使用高效抗逆转录病毒治疗对唾液EBV的检出率无明显影响.结论 HIV感染者唾液中EB病毒检出率高,与免疫指标CD4淋巴细胞计数水平有关.     

艾滋病患者合并弓形虫感染状况研究

目的了解艾滋病患者合并弓形虫感染状况及其对艾滋病疾病进展的影响。方法以278例在我院住院的艾滋病确诊患者为研究对象,采集外周血,分离血浆,通过弓形虫核酸扩增(PCR)实验检测弓形虫DNA。同时检测CD+4T淋巴细胞和血浆病毒载量的水平。结果在278例艾滋病患者中合并弓形虫感染者8例,感染率为2.88%,其中87.5%的患者主要存在于CD+4T淋巴细胞低于50/μl的艾滋病感染者中。合并弓形虫感染者的CD+4T淋巴细胞低于HIV单一感染者,而病毒载量则呈相反趋势。结论对艾滋病患者的管理,在监测CD+4T淋巴细胞的同时,应加强监测弓形虫的混合感染,可结合CD+4T淋巴细胞计数对患者进行预防性服药,降低混合感染造成的死亡。     

Correlation of CD4+ T cell count with total lymphocyte count, haemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 disease

Background: Studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adults have demonstrated association of total lymphocyte count (TLC) <1200/mm³ and subseqnent disease progression or mortality. The association of other surrogate makers such as haemoglobin (Hb), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) with CD4 count and disease progression has also been suggested. This study was carried out to determine the relationship of CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts with TLC, Hb and ESR in HIV-infected individuals.Methods: The study population comprised of 215 antiretroviral treatment naive HIV-1 infected adults. The CD4 positive T cell counts, TLC, Hb and ESR of study participants were measured. Spearman's rank order correlation and Receiver Operating Characteristic were used for statistical analyses.Result: The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios for cut-off value of TLC <1200/mm³ for predicting CD4 counts <200 cells/mm³ and <350 cells/mm³ were 9.4%, 100%, not measurable and 1.1, and 6.1 %, 98.8 %, 5.13 and 0.95, respectively. The association of Hb (<10, 11, 12 g/dl and <10, 12, 14 g/dl for CD4 counts <200 cells/mm³ and <350 cells/mm³, respectively), and ESR (<10, 20 and 30 mm fall after 1 hour) with these two CD4 counts cut-off values were suboptimal.Conclusion: This study reveals the poor association of TLC, Hb, and ESR with CD4 counts in HIV infected adults, thus highlighting the need to review the utility of these surrogate markers, for predicting CD4 counts in people living with HIV/AIDS.     

CD4T淋巴细胞计数与HIV感染者手术风险评估

目的根据CD4T淋巴细胞计数评估HIV感染者手术并发症发生率的关系。方法回顾性分析上海公共卫生临床中心2009年1月-2010年3月收治的60例HIV阳性手术患者,按照不同CIMT淋巴细胞计数分为A（CIM〈100cell／μl）、B（100cell／μl〈CD4〈300cell／μl）和C（C134〉300cell／μl）三组。结果三组间术前白蛋白、血红蛋白、白细胞数量差异无统计学意义;A组术前HIV感染相关性并发症发生率为40％（6／15）,术后甲级愈合率为66．7％（10／15）,乙级愈合率为33．3％（5／15）,手术死亡率为13．3％（2／15）;其余二组Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类手术切口术前均无感染相关性并发症。术后伤口愈合均达到甲级,无手术死亡。结论CD4T淋巴细胞计数对HIV阳性患者的手术风险评估有重要意义．当CD4T淋巴细胞计数〈100cell／μl时手术死亡率和感染性并发症发生率明显增加。     

玉溪市2006—2016年新报告HIV/AIDS基线免疫状况分析

目的 了解2006—2016年玉溪市新报告艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人（HIV/AIDS）基线CD4⁺ T 淋巴细胞计数及其及时检测情况,了解不同人群基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数差异。方法 使用艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统中的病例报告卡数据库,以及历年CD4⁺T淋巴细胞检测原始记录,截止日期为2016年12月底,收集其相关人口学信息,对相关数据进行统计分析。结果 3 504例HIV/AIDS中,2 718例（77.57%）患者在报告半年内获得CD4⁺T淋巴细胞检测,由2006年的20.38%上升到2011年的94.36%后保持稳定（P<0.001）,25.16% (611/2 428)的新报告感染者基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数<200 cells/μL表现为晚发现,且历年表现为上升趋势（P<0.001）。历年通过异性性传播感染HIV者,>50岁者,样本来源于医疗机构者和男性基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞中位数均较同性性传播感染HIV者和注射吸毒者;<50岁者,样本来源于VCT、哨点、婚检孕检者,女性为高。结论 玉溪市获得及时的CD4⁺T淋巴细胞检测的比例逐年上升且基线免疫状况较好,医院发现人群、异性性传播人群、老年人群和男性持续发现较晚,必须不断的提高HIV检测的敏感性,以便早发现感染者。     

Spectrum of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in British Columbia: report of 40 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical features, treatment and outcome of all known cases of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in British Columbia between 1984 and 1990. DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Provincial tuberculosis registry and university-affiliated HIV clinic. PATIENTS: All people with HIV infection in whom active tuberculosis was diagnosed during the study period. RESULTS: All 40 patients identified were men; their mean age was 38 years. Of the subjects 30 (75%) were homosexual, 6 (15%) were homosexual and used intravenous drugs, 2 (5%) just used intravenous drugs, and 1 (2%) had had heterosexual contact with prostitutes; for the remaining subject the risk factor for HIV infection was not established. In all cases cultures of specimens from 15 body sources yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thirty-five of the patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and five had HIV infection uncomplicated except for tuberculosis. In 28 (70%) of the cases no AIDS-defining disease had previously been diagnosed, and in 23 (58%) extrapulmonary tuberculosis represented the AIDS-defining disease. Symptoms at presentation included weight loss (in 80% of the cases), fever (in 75%), cough (in 70%) and night sweats (in 55%). The mean CD4 lymphocyte count was 0.2 x 10(9)/L (in 15 cases). Tuberculin skin test results were positive in 8 of 16 cases. The most striking radiologic finding was intrathoracic adenopathy. All except one of the 36 patients who received appropriate treatment responded favourably at first. Adverse reactions necessitating changes in treatment occurred in 12 (33%) of the cases. Relapse occurred after completion of therapy in two cases (one at 3 weeks and the other at 9 months after treatment was stopped). Tuberculosis was the cause of death in five cases. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis in people with HIV infection commonly presents as extrapulmonary disease and precedes or coincides with other AIDS-defining opportunistic infections. In most cases tuberculosis is the AIDS-defining disease. Even though radiologic findings are often unusual physicians should suspect tuberculosis. A careful examination for evidence of disease at multiple sites should be done. The duration and choice of therapy must be adequate to avoid relapse.     

一期根治术治疗肛周脓肿对HIV感染者细胞免疫的影响

目的探讨一期根治术治疗肛周脓肿对不同免疫缺陷程度的人免疫缺陷病毒（Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者的临床疗效以及对细胞免疫功能的影响。方法 54例HIV阳性（HIV＋）与同期随机48例HIV阴性（HIV-）共102例需行一期根治术治疗肛周脓肿的患者,检测其术前1 d（D0）、术后第7天（D7）、术后第30天（D30）外周静脉血T淋巴细胞亚群CD4和CD8计数（单位cell/μl）及CD4/CD8,各自计算D7、D30两次CD4计数相对于D0百分比D7/D0（%）、D30/D0（%）,并根据术前1 d（D0）CD4计数分层（组）,Ⅰ≥500〉Ⅱ≥200〉Ⅲ≥0,SPSS 19.0软件包分析每组内前后差异以及各层组之间差异。结果 102例肛周脓肿均获得一次性治愈或好转,治愈率为97.1%。两组患者在术后肛瘘、肛周脓肿复发、肛门狭窄,平均创口愈合时间等方面比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。各组内部手术前后三次检测各项目均数差异中,淋巴细胞计数、CD4计数、CD4/CD8有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,不同组别之间的差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,时间与组别两个因素之间有交互效应（F=4.52、7.703、3.11,P〈0.05）。结论一期根治术治疗肛周脓肿对以CD4为主的细胞免疫功能有＂先抑制后恢复＂的影响过程,HIV感染者免疫缺陷程度越重,其免疫抑制越明显,正确把握手术适应证以及恰当的围术期处理前提下,合并HIV感染的肛周脓肿患者施行手术可以取得与非HIV感染者类似满意的临床疗效。     

艾滋病相关性慢性腹泻隐孢子虫感染患者的临床特征

目的 探讨艾滋病相关性慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染的临床特征.方法 收集2009年11月至2010年12月253例艾滋病相关性慢性腹泻患者的标本,采用甲醛-乙酸乙酰沉淀法,对标本进行集卵,用改良抗酸染色法进行染色,检测隐孢子虫卵囊.根据患者血液中CD4+细胞水平和年龄分别分为＜ 200、≥200～＜500、≥500个/μl3组和20～35、36～55、56～69岁3组,进行组间对比分析.结果 253例粪便标本中,隐孢子虫阳性32例(12.6％),3种CD4+细胞水平组隐孢子虫感染率分别为20.4％ (20/98)、9.2％ (12/130)、0(0/25),差异有统计学意义(x2＝10.33,P＜0.01).在32例隐孢子阳性患者中腹泻5次/d以上22例(68.8％),3种CD4+细胞水平组各有15例(15/20)、7例(7/12)、0例,各组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).艾滋病慢性腹泻患者处于HIV无症状期、AIDS前期、AIDS期,隐孢子虫感染率分别为0(0/7)、21.3％ (19/89)、8.3％( 13/157),差异有统计学意义(x2＝9.822,P＜0.01).32例隐孢子阳性患者中引发肠炎者22例.城市与农村患者阳性率分别为6.7％ (7/104),16.8％ (25/149),差异有统计学意义(x2＝5.596,P＜0.05).253例艾滋病患者3个年龄组的感染率分别为7.3％(4/55),13.4％ (22/164),17.6％ (6/34),差异无统计学意义(x2＝2.29,P＞0.05).结论 隐孢子虫感染率及临床症状的严重程度与CD4+水平、艾滋病分期及疾病发展到直肠炎相关.     

Correlation of CD4 counts and CD4/CD8 ratio with HIV-infection associated oral manifestations

BACKGROUND: The relationship between oral lesions arising from HIV infection and CD4/CD8 cell ratios is of relevance in clinical assessment of immune suppression. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the prevalence of oral manifestations arising from HIV infection and the levels of CD4/CD8 cell ratios. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seven HIV-infected patients in medical wards were recruited in the study. RESULTS: Seventy eight (37.7%) were male and 129 (62.3%) female, with an age range of 18-73 years (mean=34.81 years). Oral manifestations encountered with highest prevalence in the oral cavity included: hyperplastic candidosis (labial mucosa) 15%, erythematous candidosis (gingival) 5%, angular cheilitis 32.4%, herpes simplex (corner of the mouth) 0.5%, persistent oral ulceration (labial mucosa) 0.5%, Parotid enlargement 2% and Kaposis sarcoma (hard/soft palate) 2.9%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of oral manifestations was higher with low CD4 count <200 cell/mm3 and mean CD4/CD8<0.39(95%CI 0.32-0.48).