缬沙坦对动脉粥样硬化兔核因子κB和单核细胞趋化因子-1的影响

目的:探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)拮抗剂缬沙坦(Val-sartan)对动脉粥样硬化(AS)兔核因子κB(NF-κB)和单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)的影响。方法:24只雄性日本大耳白兔随机分为3组:正常对照组,AS模型组,缬沙坦治疗组。喂养12周,进行血脂测定、主动脉内膜/中膜比值测定、主动脉NF-κB和MCP-1的表达和蛋白质含量测定。结果:AS模型组NF-κB和MCP-1蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05),缬沙坦治疗组显著减少(P<0.05),且NF-κB活化和MCP-1表达之间成正相关(r=0.728,P<0.01);缬沙坦治疗组及AS模型组的血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)均无差别(P均>0.05),但均高于正常对照组。与AS模型组比较,缬沙坦治疗组主动脉内膜/中膜厚度比值明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:缬沙坦可以干预AS的形成,其机制可能与其抑制NF-κB的活化从而下调MCP-1的表达有关。     

辛伐他汀降低脂质肾损害大鼠肾组织中骨调素表达

目的 观察高脂血症肾损害大鼠肾组织中骨调素（OPN）和单核细胞趋化蛋白1 （MCP-1）表达变化及辛伐他汀对其表达的影响。方法 将雄性wistar大鼠随机分为对照组，高脂组，辛伐他汀治疗组，每组10只。观察12周。实验监测尿蛋白量、血脂、肾功能及肾组织病理学改变；免疫组化技术检测肾组织MCP-1表达，用RT-PCR、免疫印迹检测OPN mRNA和蛋白表达。 结果 实验结束时，高脂模型组及辛伐他汀组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、24h尿蛋白显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）；辛伐他汀组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、24h尿蛋白明显低于高脂组（P＜0.01），而 HDL-C则明显高于高脂组（P＜0.01）；高脂组大鼠肾小球系膜细胞增生，系膜区增宽，小管间质炎性细胞浸润，而辛伐他汀组病理改变较高脂组有所减轻；高脂组和辛伐他汀组大鼠肾组织中MCP-1、OPN mRNA和蛋白表达显著上调（P＜0.01）；而辛伐他汀组大鼠肾组织中上述指标的表达较高脂组有明显下调（P＜0.05）；肾组织中OPN蛋白表达与其MCP-1表达和尿蛋白量呈高度正相关。结论 辛伐他汀可能通过降低大鼠肾组织中OPN和MCP-1的表达，从而减轻小管间质巨噬细胞浸润，从而降低了高脂血症肾损害。     

云芝多糖B抑制ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞株单核细胞趋化蛋白-1mRNA表达的调控机制

目的：探讨云芝多糖（CVPS）-CVPS-B对氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）诱导的巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）mRNA表达的影响，及对核因子-κB（NF-κB）和细胞内谷胱甘肽（GSH）的调控作用。方法:应用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）测定RAW264.7细胞MCP-1 mRNA的表达；凝胶滞留法（EMSA）测定NF-κB的结合活性；荧光分光光度法测定细胞内GSH的活性。结果:CVPS-B呈剂量依赖性抑制ox-LDL诱导的RAW264.7细胞MCP-1 mRNA的表达。应用GSH 特异性消耗剂buthionine-［S，R］-sulfoximine （BSO），ox-LDL不能诱导RAW264.7细胞MCP-1 mRNA的表达。CVPS-B抑制ox-LDL诱导RAW264.7细胞内GSH活性下降。CVPS-B呈剂量依赖性抑制 ox-LDL诱导的RAW264.7细胞NF-κB活性；在完全消耗GSH的RAW264.7细胞，ox-LDL不能诱导NF-κB的活性。结论:CVPS-B可抑制ox-LDL诱导RAW264.7细胞MCP-1 mRNA的表达；其抑制作用可能通过GSH/NF-κB的调控。     

过表达SIRT1对动脉粥样硬化小鼠炎症反应的治疗效果

目的探讨SIRT1过表达对动脉粥样硬化小鼠炎症反应的治疗效果及其作用机制。方法 42只ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为模型组和SIRT1 OE组,以14只相同遗传背景C57BL/6J野生型小鼠作为空白对照组,制备SIRT1过表达慢病毒细胞系及动脉粥样硬化小鼠模型,采用Western blot检测SIRT1过表达对NF-κB p65乙酰化水平的而影响;采用双荧光素酶报告基因分析SIRT1过表达对荧光素酶活性的影响;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测小鼠总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、血管内皮黏附因子(VCAM-1)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)血清含量;采用HE染色观察小鼠主动脉血管的病理变化。结果与SIRT1 NC组细胞相比,SIRT1 OE组细胞SIRT1基因表达水平显著上升,NF-κB p65乙酰化水平明显下降,荧光素酶活性明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与模型组小鼠相比,SIRT1 OE组小鼠TC、TG、LDL-C血脂含量,IL-6、TNF-1α、MCP-1及VCAM-1等炎性因子血清浓度均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病理结果显示模型组小鼠组主动脉血管内膜增厚,可见泡沫样细胞及胆固醇结晶形成的粥样斑块病灶;SIRT1 OE小鼠主动脉血管泡沫化程度明显缓解,动脉粥样硬化程度得到抑制(P0.05)。结论 SIRT1可通过抑制NF-κB p65乙酰化水平降低NF-κB活性,从而减轻小鼠动脉粥样硬化炎症反应。     

首发精神分裂症PBMCNF-κB活性及其mRNA表达与IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达的关系

目的：探讨首发精神分裂症患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）NF-κB的活性及其mRNA表达与IL-β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA表达的相互关系，为临床应用NF-κB调节剂提供理论依据。方法：应用NF-κB活性ELISA试剂盒，检测精神分裂症组和健康对照组PBMC中NF-κB活性，并采用RT-PCR方法，测定两组PBMC中NF-κB mRNA表达及IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA表达。结果：①精神分裂症组PBMC中NF-κB的活性及NF-κB mRNA表达量与对照组相比均明显增高，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；②精神分裂症组PBMC中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA表达量与对照组相比均明显增高，差异有显著性（均P〈0．05）；③在精神分裂症组及对照组中，PBMC中NF-κB的活性与其mRNA表达量无明显相关（均P〉0．05）；④在精神分裂症组和对照组中，PBMC中NF-κB的活性与IL-1β、TNF-α mRNA均呈正相关（均P〈0．05）；无论是在精神分裂症组或对照组中，PBMC中NF-κB的活性与IL-6 mRNA均无明显相关（均P〉0．05）。结论：精神分裂症患者PBMC中NF-κB mRNA表达及活性均增高，对NF-κB活性的检测更能反映NF-κB的转录调控功能情况；活化的NF-κB对IL-1β、TNF-α的基因转录起了重要的调控作用。     

TLR4介导氧化型低密度脂蛋白致动脉粥样硬化作用的研究

目的探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low density lipoprotein，ox-LDL）的致动脉粥样硬化作用与Toll样受体4（Toll-like receptor 4，TLR4）表达的相关性。方法构建针对TLR4的小干扰RNA（small interference RNA，siRNA）表达载体，转染人单核细胞株U937，于转染前后用不同浓度的ox-LDL刺激，用流式细胞术和实时荧光定量PCR法检测TLR4蛋白和mRNA表达变化，同时用ELISA测定NF-κB活性改变以及细胞上清液中动脉粥样硬化相关细胞因子MCP-1和IL-8的浓度变化。结果ox-LDL刺激可导致单核细胞TLR4表达上调，同时NF-κB p65活性增强，MCP-1和IL-8在细胞上清液中的浓度显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），并且呈剂量依赖性；利用siRNA表达载体使TLR4表达抑制后，相同剂量的ox-LDL刺激，NF-κB p65相对活性以及MCP-1和IL-8的分泌显著低于TLR4未抑制组（P〈0．05）。结论ox-LDL的致动脉粥样硬化作用至少部分是由TLR4介导的；调节TLR4的表达，可以减弱ox-LDL刺激引起的包括NF-κB活化以及MCP-1和IL-8分泌等致动脉粥样硬化效应。     

大黄糖络丸通过调控PI3K-Akt/NF-κB信号通路减轻糖尿病大鼠大血管炎症反应

目的：基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）-蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路,探讨大黄糖络丸（RSP）防治Zucker糖尿病肥胖（ZDF）大鼠大血管炎症反应的作用机制。方法：15只雄性ZDF(fa/+)大鼠作为对照组;高脂饲料诱导成模的75只雄性ZDF(fa/fa)大鼠随机分为模型组,高、中、低剂量RSP组,以及二甲双胍组,每组15只。药物干预12周后,处死大鼠,分离血清,检测高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）水平;ELISA法检测大鼠血清CD4、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量;HE染色观察大鼠腹主动脉组织病理改变;免疫组化染色检测腹主动脉中单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)蛋白表达;RT-qPCR检测大鼠腹主动脉中PI3K、Akt和NF-κB p65的mRNA表达;Western blot观察腹主动脉组织中PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、p-IκB和NF-κB p65蛋白水平。结果：与模型组相比,RSP显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖及LDL-C、TG和TC水平（P<...     

通心络超微粉对高脂饮食兔主动脉内皮保护机制的实验研究

目的： 探讨通心络超微粉对高脂饮食兔主动脉内皮损伤的干预作用及其可能机制。方法： 健康雄性新西兰白兔32只随机分为空白对照组、模型组、阿托伐他汀组、通心络组4组。空白对照组饲以普通饲料；模型组饲以高脂饲料；阿托伐他汀组饲以高脂饲料同时阿托伐他汀3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃；通心络组饲以高脂饲料同时通心络超微粉0.31 g·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃，连续给药，于6周末酶法检测各组血脂水平，比色法检测各组血清NO、MDA水平及SOD活性，免疫组织化学染色法检测主动脉内皮细胞NF-κB核转位情况及ICAM-1 蛋白表达，RT-PCR法检测ICAM-1 mRNA表达。结果：模型组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C及MDA水平均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01)，NO水平及SOD活性低于空白组(P<0.01)；主动脉内皮细胞NF-κB核转位、ICAM-1基因及蛋白表达明显多于空白组（P<0.01）。两药物干预组TC、TG、LDL-C及MDA水平均显著低于模型组(P<0.01)，NO水平和SOD活性则高于模型组（P<0.05, P<0.01），主动脉内皮细胞NF-κB核转位、ICAM-1基因及蛋白表达亦明显少于模型组（P<0.05，P<0.01），通心络组HDL-C显著高于模型组（P<0.05），且通心络组对上述指标的作用均优于阿托伐他汀组（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论： ① 高脂血症可使血管内皮细胞受损，其机制可能与氧化应激、NF-κB的激活及ICAM-1基因与蛋白的表达异常有关。② 通心络超微粉可在一定程度上减轻上述病理损伤，可能与其抗氧化、抑制NF-κB核转位进而降低ICAM-1基因及蛋白表达有关。     

低分子肝素对缺血再灌注大鼠肾组织核因子-κB表达的影响

探讨低分子肝素对缺血再灌注大鼠肾组织核因子-κB（NF-κB）表达的影响。建立大鼠IRI模型，健康WistaI大鼠80只随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型未治疗组、LMWH治疗组，后两组又分别分为术后1、3、6、24h组。检测各组血清肌酐（Scr）水平及中性粒细胞（PMNs）细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达；通过光镜和免疫组织化学方法观察各组大鼠肾组织形态学及趋化因子NF-κB表达变化。结果表明：（1）肾缺血再灌注未治疗组造模后1h，Scr水平虽然没有明显变化，但ICAM-1、NF-κB表达增多，肾小管坏死积分值亦较假手术组明显增加（P〈0．01）；（2）缺血再灌注6h以后，两组Scr浓度明显增高（P〈0．01），但LMWH治疗组SCr、ICAM-1、NF-κB表达水平及肾小管坏死积分值均明显低于模型未治疗组（P〈0．05）；（3）肾组织中NF-κB表达与肾小管损伤积分值呈现良好的相关性（r=0．71，P〈0、01）；而NF-κB与ICAM-1间则呈现显著正相关（r=0．62，P〈0．05）。由此说明：（1）ICAM-1、NF-κB在肾缺血再灌注早期的瞬时表达，可能参与了炎症早期的白细胞迁移与浸润，与肾损伤的发生密切相关；（2）LMWH可通过减少ICAM-1及NF-κB的表达，阻抑炎症反应过程，减轻肾组织损伤。     

NF-κB介导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞Visfatin对肾素血管紧张素系统mRNA表达的影响

目的观察大鼠肾小球系膜细胞中内脏脂肪素（Visfatin）对肾素血管紧张素系统（RAS）mRNA表达的影响及探讨其机制。方法分别构建Visfatin表达载体质粒及Visfatin RNAi表达载体质粒,将细胞分为8组：正常糖对照组、正常糖＋NF-κB特异性抑制剂吡咯烷二硫基甲酸酯（PDTC）组、过表达Visfatin组、过表达Visfatin＋PDTC组、空白过表达载体组、空白过表达载体＋PDTC组、Visfatin RNAi组及空白沉默载体组,用Realtime-PCR方法检测血管紧张素原（AGT）、血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）、血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体（AT1R）、血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体（AT2R）等RAS相关基因表达,使用电泳迁移率变动分析法（EMSA）检测NF-κB活性,比较各组间基因表达及NF-κB活性的差异;以及通过观察PDTC处理对照组、过表达Visfatin组、空白过表达载体组前后上述指标的变化。结果细胞过表达Visfatin后,NF-κB活性、Visfatin、AGT、AT1R mRNA表达量显著升高,分别为正常糖对照组的1.52、11.42、2.85、1.25倍（P均〈0.01）;转染RNAi质粒pSIREN-Visfatin/sh RNA后,NF-κB活性、Visfatin、AGT、AT1R mRNA表达量显著降低,分别为正常糖对照组的10.90%、26.83%、30.00%、73.47%（P均〈0.01）。经PDTC处理的各组NF-κB活性、AGT mRNA表达量与相应的未经PDTC处理组相比显著降低（P〈0.01）,正常糖＋PDTC干预组NF-κB活性、AGT mRNA表达量是正常糖对照组的21.60%、34.59%;过表达Visfatin＋PDTC干预组的NF-κB活性、AGT mRNA表达量是过表达Visfatin组的37.96%、19.72%;空白过表达载体＋PDTC干预组NF-κB活性、AGT mRNA表达量是空白表达载体组的52.53%、33.08%,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论在大鼠肾小球系膜细胞中,Visfatin可通过NF-κB引起RAS相关基因表达的变化。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.