肝脏局灶性病变的超声造影现状：SonoVue与Sonazoid的应用对比

超声造影对肝脏占位性病变的诊断能力与CT和MRI相当。目前,SonoVue和Sonazoid是两种常用造影剂,前者是纯血池造影剂,后者在肝脏三血管相的基础上增加了Kupffer相,但二者在肝脏占位性病变的表现的超声造影表现及应用价值是否相同目前尚未见系统报道。本文从SonoVue和Sonazoid的理化性质、二者在肝脏良恶性占位性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断价值、引导介入治疗及安全性能等方面的应用进展进行综述。     

Unusual benign focal liver lesions: findings on real-time contrast-enhanced sonography.

OBJECTIVE: This presentation aims to provide an overview of the manifestations of some unusual benign focal liver lesions (FLLs) on low-acoustic power contrast-enhanced sonography (CES) with a sulfur hexafluoride contrast agent. METHODS: The patients were selected retrospectively from 2209 cases with FLLs who had undergone CES examinations for characterization during the past 3 years. The pathologic examinations proved that they were intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma (n = 1), angiomyolipoma (AML; n = 4), lipoma (n = 1), biliary epithelial dysplasia (n = 1), a fungal inflammatory mass (n = 1), tuberculoma (n = 2), an inflammatory pseudotumor (n = 7), sarcoidosis (n = 1), solitary necrotic nodules (n = 2), peliosis hepatis (n = 2), and focal fibrosis after surgery (n = 4). RESULTS: Contrast-enhanced sonography was beneficial in leading to a diagnosis of benignity for some lesions showing hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and sustained enhancement during the portal or late phase, such as liver AML and lipoma. The benign nature of other lesions showing no enhancement during all phases, such as solitary necrotic nodules and focal fibrosis, was also suggestible. On the other hand, for those lesions showing hyperenhancement, isoenhancement, or hypoenhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the late phase, including intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma, biliary epithelial dysplasia, infected liver diseases, the inflammatory pseudotumor, sarcoidosis, and peliosis hepatis, the differential diagnosis between benignity and malignancy was difficult, and pathologic tests were mandatory. CONCLUSIONS: The CES features of unusual benign FLLs may enrich knowledge when performing CES examinations for characterization and may provide clues for a specific diagnosis of an individual lesion such as liver AML.     

Clinical significance of focal echogenic liver lesions

During a 4-year period, 53 focal echogenic liver lesions were demonstrated by sonography in 41 patients, in whom there was no evidence of metastatic origin. Most of the lesions were hemangiomas.One of the purposes of this study was to determine the characteristic ultrasound features for liver hemangioma. Small (less than 2 cm), homogeneous, echogenic, well-circumscribed, subcapsular lesions almost prove their hemangiomatous nature. Lesions with a diameter of more than 2 cm are usually more lobulated and heterogeneous. They are located more centrally in the liver and nearly all show a close anatomical relation with 1 of the hepatic veins. Very large lesions (greater than 5 cm) with a heterogeneous and irregular aspect suggest focal nodular hyperplasia, which must be proven by a Tc-isotopic liver scan.     

Splenic focal lesions as manifestation of sarcoidosis: Characterization with contrast-enhanced sonography

We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with elevated liver enzyme levels in whom abdominal sonographic examination revealed a diffusely heterogeneous liver parenchyma and multiple hypoechoic subcentimetric splenic nodules. Contrast-enhanced sonography (CEUS) revealed that the splenic focal lesions did not enhance. CT examination revealed a low-density, multinodular pattern both in the liver and in the spleen. Core biopsy of 1 hepatic nodule revealed noncaseating epithelioid cell granuloma, and the patient was diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis. CEUS has shown to be useful in the diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions, but studies referring to splenic lesions are lacking.     

Characterization of small focal liver lesions using real-time contrast-enhanced sonography: diagnostic performance analysis in 200 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of real-time contrast-enhanced sonography in characterization of small focal liver lesions (FLLs; < or = 3.0 cm in diameter). METHODS: Two hundred small FLLs in 200 patients were examined by contrast-enhanced sonography using a contrast-specific mode of contrast pulse sequencing and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent. The sonographic images were reviewed by 2 independent readers. A 5-point confidence level was used to discriminate malignant from benign FLLs, and specific diagnoses were recorded. The diagnostic performances were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and the interobserver agreement was analyzed by weighted kappa statistics. RESULTS: After review of contrast-enhanced sonography, ROC analysis revealed significant improvement in differentiating between malignant and benign small FLLs that the areas under the ROC curve were 0.856 at baseline sonography versus 0.954 at contrast-enhanced sonography for reader 1 (P < .001) and 0.857 versus 0.954 for reader 2 (P = .003). The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy for both readers also improved significantly after contrast agent administration (all P < .001). A better result of specific diagnosis was obtained (38.5% [77/200] at baseline sonography versus 80.5% [161/200] at contrast-enhanced sonography for reader 1 and 34.5% [69/200] versus 80.5% [161/200] for reader 2; both P < .001) after contrast agent administration, and a better interobserver agreement was achieved (kappa = 0.425 at baseline sonography versus 0.716 at contrast-enhanced sonography). CONCLUSIONS: Real-time contrast-enhanced sonography improves the diagnostic performance in small FLLs compared with baseline sonography.     

超声造影诊断肝脏多发性病灶

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)在肝脏多发性病灶中的应用价值.方法 对43例肝脏多发性病灶患者(共86个病灶)行CEUS检查,观察其造影增强模式.所有病灶均经病理或增强CT/MRI证实.结果 43例患者中恶性22例,良性21例.恶性患者中,同一患者的2个病灶增强模式不同者10例(10/22,45.45%);良性患者中,同一患者的2个病灶增强模式不同者3例(3/21,14.29%),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在肝脏多发性病灶患者中,恶性患者各病灶CEUS增强模式差异较大,而良性患者各病灶的增强模式基本相同.     

肝脏局灶性炎性病变超声造影误诊分析

目的探讨肝脏局灶性炎性病变超声造影（CEUS）误诊的原因,以提高CEUS的诊断水平。方法对2004年3月—2008年12月在中山大学附属第一医院、中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院、中山大学附属第三医院、中山大学附属肿瘤医院就诊的68例肝脏局灶性炎性病变患者的CEUS表现进行回顾性分析。结果 68例肝脏局灶性炎性病变中,24例肝脓肿、5例炎性假瘤、2例肉芽肿、37例其他局灶性炎症,全部经病理证实。动脉期以高增强为主,占61.8%（42/68）;门静脉期及延迟期以低增强为主,占75.0%（51/68）、80.9%（55/68）。出现17例假阳性,包括肝细胞癌10例、肝转移瘤6例、恶性淋巴瘤1例。结论详细询问病史及CEUS诊断标准的不断完善可提高CEUS诊断肝脏局灶性炎性病变准确率。     

超声造影引导下经皮肝穿刺对于肝脏局灶病变的诊断价值

目的 旨在评估超声造影引导下经皮肝穿刺活检对于肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月到2020年5月鼓楼医院肝穿刺活检354例患者共401个病灶。354例患者分为两组,A组为超声引导下经皮肝穿刺65患者77个病灶,B组为超声造影引导下经皮肝穿刺289例患者324个病灶。通过对比分析两组不同诊断准确率来评价穿刺前超声造影的价值。结果 超声造影穿刺组总的诊断准确性优于超声穿刺组（95.1% vs85.7%, P=0.003）,对于恶性诊断性超声造影穿刺优于未造影穿刺组（95.3% vs 84.7%, P =0.008）。超声造影穿刺组的特异性和阳性预测值强于未造影穿刺组（83.8%和64.0%,P=0.036;95.3%vs 84.7%,P=0.008）。特别对于小于2厘米的病灶,超声造影穿刺组（96.3%,52/54）诊断精确性明显优于A组(74.1% ,20/27),X2=6.891,P=0.009。结论 超声造影引导下穿刺肝脏局灶性病变是一种风险低、操作方便且能明显提高诊断率的诊断技术,特别对于小于2厘米的病灶更具诊断优势。     

高频超声造影在浅表肝脏局灶性病变检出及诊断中的临床价值

目的 比较低频和高频灰阶超声及超声造影在肝脏浅表局灶性病变检出和定性诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性纳入了38名有肝脏浅表局灶性病灶的患者,共63个病灶,平均深度为0.82±0.13 cm（0~4.5 cm）,纳入病灶在CT/MR上可见,分别使用低频凸阵探头（平扫频率3.0~5.0 MHz,造影频率2.0~3.0 MHz）和高频线阵探头（平扫频率6.0~9.0 MHz,造影频率5.0 MHz）对病灶进行常规灰阶扫查和超声造影,比较二者在病灶可见度、检出率、表征和初步定性诊断中的价值。结果 高频超声造影下病灶可见度和检出率均明显高于低频超声造影（P<0.001）,高频超声造影多检出23个（23/63,36.5%）病灶。高频超声对肿瘤声晕、特征性增强模式、晚期廓清显示更加清晰（P<0.001）。高频超声造影用于病灶良恶性诊断的敏感度、准确度、阳性预测值分别为88.1%、69.8%和78.7%。结论 在肝脏浅表局灶性病变中增加使用高频探头能改善病灶的可见度和检出率,更好的显示肿瘤的特殊回声征象和增强模式,有利于对病变的定性诊断。     

Characterization of focal liver lesions using contrast-enhanced sonography with a low mechanical index mode and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent

PURPOSE: To characterize focal liver lesions (FLLs) using real-time contrast-enhancedsonography (CEUS) with a low mechanical index mode and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent. METHODS: CEUS was performed in 190 patients with FLLs, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 107), liver metastasis (n = 21), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) (n = 7), liver hemangioma (n = 37), focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) (n = 11), regenerative nodule (n = 6) and liver lipoma (n = 1). The cadence contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent SonoVue(R) were used for CEUS examination. The enhancement patterns during the arterial, portal, and late phases were evaluated. RESULTS: HCC showed hyperenhancement in 100 (93.5%) of 107 nodules during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement in 102 (95.3%) during the late phase. Liver metastases showed homogeneous enhancement in 8 of 21 (38.1%) nodules and a peripheral regular rim-like enhancement in 11 of 21 (52.4%) nodules during the arterial phase and marked hypoenhancement in 16 of 21 (76.2%) nodules during the late phase. ICC exhibited irregular rim-like enhancement in 4 of 7 (57.1%) nodules during the arterial phase and hypo-enhancement in 7 of 7 (100%) nodules during the late phase. Hemangioma showed peripheral nodular hyperenhancement, and progressive centripetal enhancement was seen in 35 of 37 (94.6%) lesions during the arterial phase. All 11 cases of FNH exhibited homogeneous hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and hyperenhancement (n = 1) or isoenhancement (n = 9) during the late phase. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, respectively, were 88.8%, 89.2%, and 91.3% for HCC; 81%, 100%, and 100% for liver metastasis; 57.1%, 100%, and 100% for ICC; 94.6%, 100%, and 100% for liver hemangioma; and 90.9%, 97.8%, and 71.4% for FNH. CONCLUSIONS: Low-mechanical index CEUS permits real-time, complete assessment of vascularity in FLLs, which in turn facilitates their characterization.     

Routine intraoperative Doppler sonography in the evaluation of complications after living-related donor liver transplantation

PURPOSE: To determine whether quantitative and qualitative analysis of intraoperative Doppler sonography data are predictive of vascular complications after living-related donor liver transplantation. METHODS: Intraoperative sonograms of 81 transplanted livers (right lobe in 61 patients, left lobe in 20 patients) were analyzed for the presence of blood flow, resistance index, systolic acceleration time (SAT), peak systolic velocity, and morphologic characteristics of spectral waveform of the hepatic artery. Peak velocity and spectral waveforms of portal and hepatic veins were also analyzed. Intraoperative sonography results were compared with information obtained with multidetector-row CT (MDCT) angiography or conventional angiography. The time interval between operation and angiography ranged from 1 to 23 days (mean, 8.5 days). RESULTS: Hepatic artery stenosis (HAS) was identified in 20 patients via MDCT angiography, conventional angiography, or both. The Doppler parameters found helpful for predicting HAS were tardus-parvus pattern and delayed SAT. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) were 60.0%, 73.7%, and 84.9%, respectively, for tardus-parvus pattern and 40.0%, 83.6%, and 80.9%, respectively, for delayed SAT. Peak velocities of the portal and hepatic veins were not reliable indicators of vascular complication. Loss of triphasity of the hepatic vein had a 98.4% NPV for venous obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed SAT of the hepatic artery and loss of triphasity of the hepatic vein had a >80% for specificity for predicting vascular complications. Tardus-parvus pattern, delayed SAT of the hepatic artery, and loss of triphasity of the hepatic vein showed an acceptable NPV for identifying vascular complications.     

Natural history of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: An ultrasound study

Sixteen cases of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver were followed by ultrasound (US) for a mean of 33 months (range 6–81). In 69% of the cases, the diagnosis was incidental. On US the lesions were single in 75% of the cases, localized in the right lobe in 75%, and subcapsular in 50%. No specific US-pattern could be identified. A central scar was found in 19% of the patients. At the end of the follow-up, the size was reduced in 7/16 cases, and in 1/16 the lesion disappeared. The spontaneous reduction of nodules in FNH must be considered in the management of this pseudotumor. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for focal liver lesion detection: an overview

The development of new ultrasound (US) contrast agents and sonographic techniques has considerably improved the possibilities of ultrasound in the assessment of liver tumors. An overview is given on diagnostic potential of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) and real-time low mechanical index technique in the detection of various focal liver lesions compared with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or intraoperative US. In two of our own studies that included 100 patients each we showed an increase of correct findings in CEUS compared with B-mode US from 64% to 87% and from 67% to 84% as confirmed by intraoperative evaluation of the liver. Especially after chemotherapy and in the case of small metastases, significantly more metastases were correctly detected by CEUS compared with B-mode US. These results and clinical study results in the literature show that CEUS allows tumor detection and direct visualization of the tumor vascularity and put contrast-enhanced sonography among recommended noninvasive imaging methods for focal liver lesions with improvements in diagnostic strategy.     

Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of infected focal liver lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of infected focal liver lesions on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging. METHODS: Thirty-two hepatic abscesses, 15 infected granulomas, and 6 inflammatory pseudotumors in 53 patients were evaluated with real-time CEUS before awareness of the definitive diagnosis. A 2.4-mL dose of a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent was administered by intravenous bolus injection. RESULTS: The numbers of abscesses with hyperenhancement, isoenhancement, and hypoenhancement in the arterial phase were 26 (81.3%), 5 (15.6%), and 1 (3.1%), respectively. Thirty (93.8%) lesions were irregularly rim enhanced with nonenhanced areas; enhanced septa were shown in 22 (68.8%) lesions; and transient hyperenhancement of liver parenchyma around the lesion was shown in 20 (62.5%). In 31 abscesses with hyperenhancement or isoenhancement in the arterial phase, 25 (80.6%) showed contrast wash-out and changed in appearance to hypoenhancement in the late phase. As for infected granulomas and inflammatory pseudotumors, 16 (76.2%) lesions showed hyperenhancement or isoenhancement in the arterial phase, and all of them were hypoenhanced in the portal and late phases. CONCLUSIONS: Most infected focal liver lesions showed more rapid contrast wash-out than the surrounding liver parenchyma, which is similar to malignant lesions. Abscesses typically showed features of rim enhancement, enhanced internal septa, nonenhanced central necrotic areas, and transient hyperenhanced liver parenchyma around the lesions. The CEUS appearance of infected granulomas and inflammatory pseudotumors was variable, and a biopsy was necessary for definitive diagnosis.     

肝脏局灶性小病变的超声造影研究

目的提高超声造影检查肝脏局灶性病变的诊断准确率。方法对46例肝脏局灶性小病变患者(直径≤3.0cm)行常规超声和超声造影检查,结果与病理检查和增强CT(15例)对比分析。结果常规超声检查显示,低回声29例,等回声4例,高回声12例,周围有声晕6例,漏诊肝细胞性肝癌1例。46例肝脏局灶性小病变的常规超声、超声造影及增强CT的诊断准确率分别为65.2%、95.6%及73.3%。肝脏局灶性小病变大部分病灶具有典型的增强模式。结论超声造影能够提供肝局灶性病变的血流灌注,明显优于常规超声,可作为定性诊断肝脏局灶性病变的一种可靠的新手段。     

Pulse inversion sonography in the early phase of the sonographic contrast agent Levovist: differentiation between benign and malignant focal liver lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether examination of focal liver lesions by pulse inversion sonography in the early perfusion phase of the contrast agent Levovist (SH U 508A; Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) enables distinction between benign and malignant lesions. METHODS: Seventy-two patients were examined. The cause of the lesion was confirmed by liver biopsy, computed tomography, or both or by hepatic iminodiacetic acid-enhanced scintigraphy. Forty-two patients had malignant liver lesions, and 30 had benign liver lesions. After injection of 2 g of Levovist intravenously, analysis of Levovist arrival was performed by the interval delay imaging technique for 60 seconds. RESULTS: The early arrival of Levovist less than 30 seconds after injection was used as an indicator for malignancy and had specificity of 67% and sensitivity of 60% (P < .05). The central starlike fill-in as a sign for focal nodular hyperplasia had specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 67% (P < .001). The rimlike pattern followed by centripetal fill-in as a sign for hemangioma had specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 18% (P < .01). In contrast, the early diffuse stippled arrival pattern was found in 60% of malignant lesions and also in 33% of cases of focal nodular hyperplasia and in 1 patient with an adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of Levovist arrival time cannot distinguish between a malignant or benign lesion in individual cases. However, the central starlike arrival pattern is characteristic of focal nodular hyperplasia.     

Hypoechoic focal liver lesions: characterization with contrast enhanced ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the late sinusoidal phase of contrast enhancement with a 2nd-generation ultrasound contrast enhanced medium in the characterization of hypoechoic focal liver lesions. METHODS: We studied 88 hypoechoic liver lesions (diameter range, 1-18 cm; with 18 lesions 2 cm or less) found on conventional grayscale sonography (US) with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Final diagnosis was made using contrast enhanced helical CT, contrast enhanced MR, angiography (DSA), and/or histopathic confirmation or clinical imaging follow-up. RESULTS: There were 37/88 benign lesions demonstrated: 17 cavernous hemangiomas, 3 capillary hemangiomas, 11 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH), 3 focal areas of sparing in hepatic steatosis, 2 adenomas, and 1 intrahepatic necrotic area. Malignant lesions demonstrated included 51/88: 27 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in cirrhosis, 11 metastatic carcinomas, 10 metastatic endocrine tumors, 2 cholangiocellular carcinomas (CCC) and 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). CEUS characterized 30/37 (81%) benign lesions and 45/51 (88%) malignant lesions. On the basis of the results obtained during the sinusoidal contrast enhanced phase of CEUS, diagnosis of benignancy was possible in 35/37 (95%) of benign liver lesions and diagnosis of malignancy in 49/51 (96%) of malignant liver lesions. The enhancement pattern of 13 small (< or = 2 cm in diameter) hypervascular liver lesions (3 capillary hemangiomas, 2 FNHs, 4 HCCs, 4 metastatic endocrine tumors) was better demonstrated on CEUS than on helical CT. In these cases the hyper vascularization of the lesions shown on CEUS was not confirmed on CT. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS distinguished malignant from benign hypoechoic liver lesions with an accuracy of 95%.     

MR扩散加权与BLADE-T2-SPAIR对肝脏局灶性病变检出的比较研究

目的 比较磁共振扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI) 与刀锋伪影校正(BLADE)技术、精确频率反转恢复(spectral presaturation attenuatedinversion recovery,SPAIR) T2压脂序列对肝脏局灶性病变的检出效能.方法 选择BL...     

磁共振成像与多层CT对肝脏局灶性病变定性的比较研究

目的比较综合MRI（1.5T或3T）多种序列与MSCT（16或64层）动态增强扫描对肝脏局灶性病变定性的价值。方法回顾性分析行腹部MSCT与MRI检查（两种检查间隔时间不超过1个月）且发现肝脏局灶性病变的41例患者（75个病灶）的诊断结果。结果MSCT鉴别诊断良恶性病灶的敏感度为80.77%（21/26）,特异度为68.42%（26/38）。MRI鉴别诊断良恶性病灶的敏感度为93.33%（28/30）,特异度为97.56%（40/41）。两者敏感度之间的差异无统计学意义（P=0.311）,MRI的特异度高于MSCT（P〈0.001）。对于具体的各类病灶,MRI的总体诊断准确率（86.36%,57/66）高于（P=0.004）MSCT（64.41%,38/59）。结论MRI对肝脏局灶性病变的定性能力优于MSCT。     

超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变检测中的价值

随着新的超声造影剂及声学技术的发展,超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断有较高的准确性,为临床肝病的检测提供了新的应用前景。本文就低机械指数超声造影与常规超声、增强CT/MRI对比在检测各种肝局灶性病变的诊断及其诊断潜力方面作一综述。