不同延期神经再支配环杓的肌方法的疗效观察

探讨环杓后肌延期神经再支配的方法及时机。方法：将２９只狗分成三组，两个实验组在喉返神经切断后即刻、４、６、８、１０、１２个月分别将膈神经与喉返神经吻合选择性支配环杓后肌和颈袢神经一胸骨甲状肌蒂植入环杓后肌。     

环杓后肌延期神经再支配后收缩特性的定量分析

为观察延期神经再支配环杓后肌的收缩特性，比较不同神经再支配方法的疗效，我们选择２４只犬，在右喉返神经切断后，于即刻，４，６，８，１０和１２个月时，分别以２只犬行选择性膈神经与喉返神经吻合（切断内收肌支）支配右环杓后肌（神经吻合组）；另１２只犬分别以２只行颈袢胸骨甲状肌蒂植入右环杓后肌（神经植入组）。组后饲养６个月，测定环杓后肌收缩强度及时间。结果表明，两组术侧的环杓后肌收缩力恢复率随病程延长而下降     

环杓关节在延期喉内肌神经再支配后的变化

目的：观察环杓关节在延期喉内肌神经再支配后的变化及对杓状软骨运动的影响。方法：在喉返神经切断后，将犬分为两组：实验组（６、８、１０、１２和１８个月后行延期神经再支配）和对照组（相同时间无神经再支配），观察其杓状软骨运动及环杓关节组织学变化。结果：１２个月以内行喉内肌神经再支配后环杓关节纤维化有不同程度的逆转，而１８个月行喉内肌神经再支配后环杓关节纤维化不可逆。结论：越早行喉内肌神经再支配对环杓关节     

环杓后肌失神经及神经再支配后兴奋性的研究

为研究环杓后肌失神经及其神经再支配后的兴奋性,将15只狗分成3组即神经植入组、神经肌蒂组及对照组,每组5只.术后6个月发现植入神经、带肌蒂的神经均与正常喉返神经兴奋性无显著性差异(P>0.05),且神经兴奋性高于肌肉兴奋性.两个恢复神经再支配组的环杓后肌与正常环杓后肌兴奋性亦无显著性差异(P>0.05),而失神经的环杓后肌与两个神经修复组及正常环杓后肌的兴奋性则有高度显著性差异(P<0.01),且其兴奋性最低.结果表明,当功能性电刺激治疗双侧喉返神经麻痹时,刺激电极安放在修复的神经上比安放在环杓后肌处效果要好.     

实验性声带麻痹神经吻合术后神经传导初步研究

目的研究喉返神经完全性损伤后颈袢神经支单纯支配环杓侧肌的电生理恢复情况。方法将实验组犬左喉返神经完全切断,3个月后,再将其内收肌支与同侧颈袢胸舌肌支延期吻合,吻合术后6个月检测环杓侧肌肌电活动情况。结果吻合术后6个月,左环杓侧肌可见肌电动作电位,其潜伏期为1.60±0.05ms,与术前相比较无显著差异,但神经传导速度为15.60±0.25m/s,较术前减慢,差异有显著性。结论喉返神经损伤后3月再行选择性环杓侧肌神经支配吻合术,能基本恢复肌肉电生理功能,但要达到完全正常水平,仍有待继续观察。     

选择性喉返神经吻合术治疗喉麻痹的实验研究

目的 研究不同神经源分别支配受损喉返神经内收及外展肌支的神经肌电表现。方法 将实验组犬左喉返神经完全切断，再将其外展肌支及内收肌支分别同期与同侧膈神经支及颈袢胸舌肌支吻合，吻合术后6个月分别用神经电图仪、光镜、电镜及直达喉镜等方法全面检测甲杓肌与环杓后肌神经肌电活动情况，所得数据用统计学方法进行分析。结果 吻合术后6个月，喉内收及外展肌均出现动作电位波，其甲杓肌潜伏期与术前比较无差异，甲杓肌神经传导速度已恢复正常，环杓后肌神经传导速度稍慢。结论 选择性喉返神经吻合术最大限度地从生理及解剖上避免了吻合术后喉内肌的联带运动问题，达到了预期目的。     

一侧膈神经上根选择性神经再支配环杓后肌的实验研究

目的 探讨一侧膈神经上根选择性神经再支配环杓后肌的可行性和有效性.方法 8只健康雄性青年Beagle犬作为实验动物,全麻下切断Beagle犬左侧膈神经上根与左侧喉返神经,两断端通过游离神经桥接的方式吻合,并将同侧喉返神经内收肌支切断并植入同侧环杓后肌中;右侧不做任何处理,作为正常对照侧.于手术前、神经修复术后即刻、术后6个月分别行电子喉镜和喉肌电图检查,在最后一次检查后处死动物,取双侧环杓后肌和喉内段喉返神经行组织学检查并与对侧比较.结果 术前8只犬的双侧声带运动正常,术后即刻左侧声带固定,术后6个月均恢复了吸气性外展运动.术前8只犬双侧环杓后肌均能记录到自发肌电位,并引出诱发电位;术后即刻左侧环杓后肌呈电静息,未记录到诱发电位;术后6个月均能记录到自发肌电位,并引出诱发电位,而且两种电位幅度分别与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05).环杓后肌Masson染色示两侧肌肉纤维相对截面积、胶原纤维相对截面积、肌肉/胶原纤维截面积比差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05).喉内段喉返神经甲苯胺蓝染色后示神经纤维分布较均匀密集,且左右两侧喉返神经有髓神经纤维数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 左侧膈神经上根选择性神经再支配环杓后肌能有效避免神经错向再生,恢复声带的生理性外展运动.     

用颈交感干和舌下神经袢再支配狗环杓后肌的研究

将8只狗的右侧喉返神经及其内收支切断，再分别将其中4只狗的右侧颈交感神经干和2只狗的右侧舌下神经袢切断后，各将其近侧端和已切断的喉返神经的远侧端吻合，其余2只狗作为失神经支配的对照组。分别于术前、术后即刻及术后4个月行声门照像、肌电图观察，最后行环杓后肌肉眼及组织化学观察。实验结果证明：采用两种神经修复喉返神经均可部分恢复环杓后肌功能，论证了用颈交感神经干修复的机理及各种神经修复法的优缺点，为今后进一步的研究和临床应用提供理论依据。     

神经肌蒂移植同时恢复麻痹声带内收及外展功能的实验研究

目的 探索一种能同时恢复麻痹声带内收及外展功能的治疗方法。方法 对狗一侧喉返神经及喉上神经运动支联合麻痹的喉内肌,采用颈袢胸骨甲状肌肌蒂移植于麻痹环杓后肌,颈袢甲状舌骨肌肌蒂移植于麻痹侧环杓侧肌作为实验组,并仅用颈袢胸骨甲状肌肌蒂移植于麻痹侧环杓后肌作为对照组。术前及术后４个月行声带录像、喉肌电图检测、组织学检查。结果术后４个月所有动物均不同程度地恢复了麻痹声带的生物功能。实验组术侧声带内运动明显     

环杓后肌失神经支配

环杓后肌作用为外展单侧声带,它由喉返神经支配,当此神经完全切断后导致声带旁正中位置固定。有多种恢复环杓后肌神经再支配的手术设计,尽管在临床上长期麻痹病人成功报道不少,但用神经肌肉蒂移植后失败也有一定数量报道,本文作者认为这与环杓后肌萎缩或疤痕组织替代有关。研究对象为三只成年狗,切断其一侧喉返神经后1月、6月、12月分别将狗处死,并作环杓后肌组织学检查,第一个狗的对侧声带作对照组。研究结果显示喉返神经切断一月后,切断侧环杓后肌的Ⅰ型纤     

Study on contractile properties of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle after delayed reinnervation]

To study date on the contractile properties of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle after delayed reinnervation of different reinnervated methods. Twenty four dogs were reinnervated at 0,4,5,6,10 and 12 month interval following recurrent laryngeal nerve via the phrenic nerve anastomosed to the recurrent laryngeal nerve after cutting the adductor branch and ansa cervicalis-sternothyroid muscle pedicle implanted into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. After 6 months, a series of contractions were recorded from each side in twenty living dogs. The results showed that contractile force of reinnervated muscle decreased gradually with the time of denervation, but contractile force of muscle was no significantly difference between reinnervated side of nerve anastomosed group in 4 months after denervated and normal side, and it was significantly difference between nerve anastomosed group and nerve-muscle pedicle implanted group at some time of delayed reinnervation. The contractile time of reinnervated side of two operated groups was similar to that of normal side. The conclusion demonstrated that the contractile properties can indicate exactly reinnervated degree of muscle, and the earlier reinnervation was performed, the better curative effect was.     

家犬双侧环杓后肌失神经及颈袢神经再支配后肌卫星细胞活性变化

目的 探讨家犬双侧环杓后肌失神经支配及用颈袢神经再吻合支配后肌卫星细胞活性的变化.方法 随机数字表法将24只家犬分成3组,每组8只,分别为切断双侧喉返神经组,切断喉返神经后即刻颈袢神经再吻合组,不切断喉返神经的对照组.3组动物手术后再饲养9周后再次暴露喉返神经及环杓后肌,使用喉返神经诱发环杓后肌电位来验证喉返神经的再通情况;双盲法提取环杓后肌肌肉组织中总RNA,反转录后做实时定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测肌卫星细胞增殖分化标记物Myogenin、Myf5和Pax7的mRNA表达.结果 手术后3组动物各有1只死亡或感染退出实验.术后9周诱发神经环杓后肌肌电图提示对照组动物喉返神经功能均正常,切断组7只动物电刺激都没有反应,吻合组均有神经再通.Myogenin的mRNA相对表达量切断组较对照组和吻合组均有明显升高(Z值为1.42和1.38,P值均＜0.05),Myf5的mRNA表达切断组也明显高于对照组和吻合组(Z值为1.66和1.69,P值均＜0.01);切断组Pax7的mRNA表达明显高于对照组(Z=1.66,P＜0.01),也高于吻合组(Z=1.42,P＜0.05);而吻合组与对照组Myogenin、Myf5和Pax7的mRNA表达差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 双侧喉返神经切断后,环杓后肌的肌卫星细胞增殖分化的mRNA表达增强,而同颈袢神经再吻合后肌卫星细胞的增殖分化表达下降.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the activity of bilateral posterior cricoarytenoid muscle satellite cell after denervation or reinnervation with ansa cervicalis. Methods Twenty four dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups. The bilateral laryngeal recurrent nerves were cut in group one in all dogs. The bilateral laryngeal recurrent nerves were anastomosed with ansa cervicalis after incision in group two in all dogs. The dogs in group three were used as control. Nine weeks after surgery, the electromyography was used to test the regeneration of the nerve. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles biopsy were collected. The expression of mRNA of Myogenin, Myf5, and Pax7 was assayed by realtime RT-PCR after total RNA isolation. Results Two dogs died after surgery in incision and anastomose group. The electromyography suggested that the RLN of all dogs had denervated in the incision group and had reinnervated in the anastomose group after 9 weeks. Myogenin mRNA from RLN incision dogs PCA muscles had greater expression versus controls ( Z = 1.42, P ＜ 0. 01 ) or anastomosed dogs ( Z = 1.38, P ＜ 0. 01 ). Myf5 mRNA expression from RLN incision dogs PCA muscles had significant increase versus control dogs ( Z = 1.66, P ＜0. 01 ) or anastomosed dogs ( Z = 1.69, P ＜ 0. 01 ). Pax7 mRNA expression from RNL incision dogs had significant increase compared with control ( Z = 1.66, P ＜0. 01 ) or anastomosed animals ( Z = 1.42, P ＜0. 05 ). There was no significant difference in Myogenin ( Z = 1.34, P ＞ 0. 05 ), Myf5 ( Z = 0. 54, P ＞0. 05) and Pax ( Z = 0. 54, P ＞ 0. 05 ) mRNA expression between controls and anastomosed animals.Conclusions The bilateral denervation of RLN cause significantly increasing in dog PCA muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. The bilateral reinnervation of RLN cause PCA muscle satellite cell come back nonproliferative, quiescent state in dog.     

Intrinsic laryngeal muscle reinnervation using the muscle-nerve-muscle technique

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the muscle-nerve-muscle reinnervation technique in the larynx, in which a nerve conduit implanted into an innervated muscle conducts axonal sprouting into a denervated muscle while maintaining function of the donor muscle. METHODS: In this study, the muscle-nerve-muscle technique was used to direct superior laryngeal nerve axons to reinnervate intrinsic laryngeal muscles by implanting the recurrent laryngeal nerve stump into the cricothyroid muscle in 8 dogs. In 4 of the dogs, the recurrent laryngeal nerve trunk to the adductor muscles was divided so that all axonal sprouting was directed to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Six-month electromyography data were obtained from 6 of the 8 dogs. RESULTS: All 6 dogs showed evidence of successful reinnervation of the thyroarytenoid or posterior cricoarytenoid muscles with action potentials that corresponded to spontaneous respiratory efforts, while the donor cricothyroid muscles retained their phasic contraction. These responses were obliterated when the recurrent laryngeal nerve conduit was divided. Histologic examination of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles demonstrated successful reinnervation. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that intrinsic laryngeal muscles may be successfully reinnervated by the superior laryngeal nerve with the muscle-nerve-muscle technique, without sacrifice of function of the cricothyroid muscle. This method offers an alternative source of appropriately firing axons for laryngeal reinnervation procedures.     

膈神经替代喉返神经修复治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨膈神经喉返神经吻合和内收肌支环杓后肌植入术（膈神经手术）治疗双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的有效性、可行性。方法 第二军医大学长海医院耳鼻咽喉科1999年8月－2001年7月治疗外伤性双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹6例。病程1周－18个月，一侧作膈神经手术，而另一侧作颈袢肌蒂环杓后肌植入术。手术前后电子喉镜、频闪喉镜观察声门大小、声珲运动、振动情况，噪音声学参数分析，喉肌电力产检查评价手术效果。结果 术后2－3周检查发现4例声门较术前增大2－3mm，但声带固定不动，2例无明显改善。术后6个月5例膈神经修复侧均恢复了较大幅度的吸气性声带外展功能，外展幅度可达3－5mm，而肌蒂植入侧仅轻微外展或固定不动，幅度均在1mm以内。此5例均顺利拔管，并能承受较大强度的体力活动，1例仍在随访中。术后4个月6例肌电图检查显示膈神经修复侧自发、诱发电位均明显大于肌蒂植入侧，自发电活动与肋间肌基本同步，而较肌蒂植入侧延迟100－200ms。声音估价显示3例声嘶术后较术前好转，2例无变化。术后半年肺功能均恢复正常。结论 膈神经喉返神经吻合内收肌支环杓后肌植入术安全可行，较颈袢肌蒂植入术更能有效地恢复声带吸气性外展运动，值得临床推广应用。     

Studies of early laryngeal reinnervation

In 1973, Hengerer and Tucker reported a method for laryngeal reinnervation. The purpose of this study is to objectively verify the reinnervation mechanism in 20 dogs with nerve-muscle pedicle grafts. Three months after the experimental operation direct stimulation of the nerve to the neuromuscular pedicle produced an evoked action potential of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. This was recorded. Histologic examination of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and the nerve-muscle pedicle were performed. The electromyogram revealed in ten of fifteen dogs an excitable action potential. This can be considered as objective evidence for reinnervation from the neuromuscular pedicle.     

Physiologic motion after vocal cord reinnervation: A preliminary study

This study attempted to reestablish physiologic vocal cord motion, rather than synkinesis, to a rein-nervated vocal cord. One mongrel dog underwent a division and reanastomosis of the anterior branch of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve and simultaneous separation and reimplantation of a posterior division nerve-muscle pedicle into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. After 21 weeks, spontaneous physiologic vocal cord movement and electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded during respiratory obstruction and laryngeal mechanical stimulation. Acoustic measures and histologic data are also presented from the reinnervated and normal vocalis muscle and from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This study demonstrated that physiologic vocal cord motion can be achieved after laryngeal reinnervation using this technique.     

Recovery of inspiratory abduction of the paralyzed vocal cords after bilateral reinnervation of the cricoarytenoid muscles by one single branch of the phrenic nerve

The aim of this study was to provide the bilateral reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles by the superior root of the right phrenic nerve. In six adult cats, the right phrenic root was anastomosed to the distal stump of the transected recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) on the same side. The RLN adductor branch was then cut and anastomosed to a nerve graft whose end was carried contralaterally and sutured to the left RLN or to the left PCA muscle. The phrenic fibers regrowing along the RLN abductor branch reinnervated the right PCA muscle and restored the inspiratory abduction of the right vocal cord in all the animals. In five of the six cats, the fibers regenerated through the RLN adductor branch and the graft reached the left PCA muscle and also restored the inspiratory opening of the larynx on the left side. Histological nerve examination revealed a fairly symmetrical distribution of the regenerated phrenic axons to the right and left PCA muscles.