比较伊贝沙坦与培哚普利对充血性心力衰竭患者细胞因子和血管紧张素II的影响

目的:比较伊贝沙坦与培哚普利对充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白细胞介素6（IL6）、血浆血管紧张素II（AngII）的影响。方法:测定健康对照者38例和CHF患者83例治疗前、后TNFα、IL6和AngII浓度。CHF患者83例随机分为伊贝沙坦组（n=43）和培哚普利组（n=36）,4例不能耐受而退出。治疗前及治疗后8周用彩色多普勒二维超声显像仪测定左心室射血分数（LVEF）。结果:CHF组血清TNFα、IL6和血浆AngII水平显著高于健康对照组（P<0.01）。血清TNFα、IL6水平与CHF的原发病无相关,而与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0.56,r=-0.60,P<0.01）,伊贝沙坦组、培哚普利组治疗8周后TNFα、IL6水平显著下降,伊贝沙坦降低IL6较培哚普利显著（P<0.05）,LVEF显著提高（P<0.05）。结论:CHF患者血清TNFα、IL6、AngII水平显著升高,且与LVEF呈负相关。伊贝沙坦及培哚普利具有降低血清TNFα、IL6水平及改善LVEF的作用。伊贝沙坦降低IL6较培哚普利显著,且耐受性好。     

伊贝沙坦联合培哚普利治疗充血性心力衰竭疗效观察

目的 :探讨伊贝沙坦联合培哚普利治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)的临床疗效。方法 :6 4例CHF患者随机分成治疗组和对照组。治疗组 34例给予伊贝沙坦 15 0mg/d ,培哚普利 4mg/d ;对照组给予培哚普利 4mg/d及安慰剂治疗。两组基础治疗类同 ,疗程 6个月。观察治疗前后两组患者的临床症状 ,超声心动图心功能指标 ,6min步行距离的变化及不良反应。结果 :治疗后 ,治疗组临床总有效率为 88.2 4 % ,对照组总有效率为80 .0 0 % ;两组治疗前后相比左室射血分数 (LVEF)、每搏量、心脏指数 (CI)、6min步行距离均有显著改善 (P <0 .0 1) ,治疗组LVEF、CI及 6min步行距离的改善优于对照组。结论 :伊贝沙坦联合培哚普利治疗CHF可以增强疗效。     

伊贝沙坦对充血性心力衰竭患者细胞因子和血管紧张素Ⅱ的影响

目的 :观察充血性心力衰竭 （CHF）患者血清肿瘤坏死因子 - α（TNF- α）、白细胞介素 - 6 （IL- 6 ）、血浆血管紧张素 （Ang ）的变化以及伊贝沙坦对它们的影响。方法 :测定 30例健康对照组和 6 6例 CHF患者治疗前后 TNF- α,IL- 6和 Ang 浓度。6 6例 CHF患者随机分为伊贝沙坦组 （n=34 ）和培哚普利组 （n=32 ） ,治疗前及治疗后 4周用彩色多普勒二维超声显像仪测定左心室射血分数 （L VEF）。结果 :CHF组血清 TNF- α,IL- 6和血浆 Ang 水平明显高于健康对照组 ,有非常显著性差异 （P<0 .0 1）。血清 TNF- α,IL- 6水平与 CHF的原发病无相关 ,而与 L VEF呈负相关 （r=- 0 .5 8,r=- 0 .6 2 ,P<0 .0 1）。伊贝沙坦组、培哚普利组治疗 4周后 TNF- α,IL- 6水平显著下降 ,伊贝沙坦组较培哚普利组 IL- 6显著降低 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,L VEF显著升高 （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :CHF患者血清 TNF- α,IL- 6 ,Ang 水平明显升高 ,且与 L VEF呈负相关。伊贝沙坦具有降低血清 TNF- α,IL- 6水平及改善 L VEF的作用     

伊贝沙坦联合培哚普利治疗对压力负荷性心肌肥厚大鼠心肌钙调神经磷酸酶及钙泵的影响

目的初步探讨钙调神经磷酸酶、钙泵和血管紧张Ⅱ素在大鼠压力负荷性心肌肥厚中的变化及伊贝沙坦和培哚普利联合应用对它们的影响。方法40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,每组8只。除假手术组外,其余4组大鼠采用腹主动脉部分结扎法造成压力负荷性心肌肥厚模型,术后1周分别用下列药物开始灌胃:假手术组生理盐水2mL/kg.d,对照组生理盐水2mL/kg.d,伊贝沙坦组(20mg/kg.d)、培哚普利组(2mg/kg.d)及联合用药组(培哚普利2mg/kg.d,伊贝沙坦20mg/kg.d)。用药6周后测量左室质量指数(LVMI)、血浆和心肌AngⅡ、心肌钙调神经磷酸酶及钙泵活性的变化。结果联合用药组LVMI((2.14±0.12)显著低于对照组(2.99±0.16)及单用伊贝沙坦(2.36±0.13)或培哚普利组(2.39±0.16)(P<0.05),伊贝沙坦组血浆AngⅡ(伊贝沙坦:630±50.7比假手术:309±29.9,对照:310±36.8,培哚普利:288±36.9,联合用药:327±46.1,P<0.05)及心肌AngⅡ(伊贝沙坦:7.15±0.50比假手术:3.11±0.93,对照:5.04±0.35,培哚普利:3.21±0.34,联合用药:3.31±0.36,P<0.05)显著高于其他组,各用药组钙调神经磷酸酶活性显著低于对照组(假手术:0.44±0.04,培哚普利:0.51±0.05,伊贝沙坦:0.51±0.03,联合用药:0.49±0.04比对照:0.61±0.03,P<0.05),对照组心肌肌浆网钙泵活性显著降低(对照:3.6±0.69比假手术:6.85±0.88,培哚普利:4.51±0.58,伊贝沙坦:4.45±0.55,联合用药:5.63±0.61,P<0.05),联合用药组可明显增加钙泵活性至正常。相关分析显示LVMI与CaN呈显著正相关(r=0.80,P<0.01),与钙泵活性呈负相关(r=-0.726,P<0.01)。结论伊贝沙坦升高心肌AngⅡ而培哚普利对其无影响,两者均能降低心肌钙调神经磷酸酶活性,升高心肌钙泵活性,联合应用更有利于改善心肌肥厚。     

培哚普利联合曲美他嗪治疗老年心力衰竭的临床观察

目的观察培哚普利联合曲美他嗪治疗老年慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）的临床疗效。方法72例老年CHF患者随机单盲分成治疗组和对照组，治疗组给予培哚普利4mg／d，曲美他嗪20mg，3次／d；对照组给予培哚普利及安慰剂治疗，两组基础治疗相同，疗程3个月。观察治疗前后两组患者的血压、每搏量（SV）、心脏指数（CI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）及不良反应。结果治疗3个月后，治疗组心功能改善的临床显效率93．8％，显著高于对照组的63．9％（P〈0．05）；与治疗前相比，血压、LVEF、SV、CI均有显著改善（P〈0．01），与对照组相比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论培哚普利联合曲美他嗪治疗老年CHF可以增高疗效。     

伊贝沙坦联合培哚普利治疗对压力负荷性心肌肥厚大鼠心肌钙调神经磷酸酶及钙泵的影响

目的初步探讨钙调神经磷酸酶、钙泵和血管紧张Ⅱ素在大鼠压力负荷性心肌肥厚中的变化及伊贝沙坦和培哚普利联合应用对它们的影响.方法40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,每组8只.除假手术组外,其余4组大鼠采用腹主动脉部分结扎法造成压力负荷性心肌肥厚模型,术后1周分别用下列药物开始灌胃假手术组生理盐水2 mL/kg·d,对照组生理盐水2 mL/kg·d,伊贝沙坦组(20 mg/kg·d)、培哚普利组(2 mg/kg·d)及联合用药组(培哚普利2 mg/kg·d,伊贝沙坦20 mg/kg·d).用药6周后测量左室质量指数(LVMI)、血浆和心肌Ang Ⅱ、心肌钙调神经磷酸酶及钙泵活性的变化. 结果联合用药组LVMI((2.14±0.12)显著低于对照组(2.99±0.16)及单用伊贝沙坦(2.36±0.13)或培哚普利组(2.39±0.16)(P<0.05),伊贝沙坦组血浆Ang Ⅱ(伊贝沙坦630±50.7比假手术309±29.9,对照310±36.8 ,培哚普利288±36.9,联合用药327±46.1,P<0.05)及心肌Ang Ⅱ(伊贝沙坦7.15±0.50比假手术3.11±0.93,对照5.04±0.35 ,培哚普利3.21±0.34,联合用药3.31±0.36,P<0.05)显著高于其他组,各用药组钙调神经磷酸酶活性显著低于对照组(假手术0.44±0.04 ,培哚普利0.51±0.05 ,伊贝沙坦0.51±0.03 ,联合用药0.49±0.04 比对照0.61±0.03,P＜0.05),对照组心肌肌浆网钙泵活性显著降低(对照3.6±0.69比假手术6.85±0.88,培哚普利 4.51±0.58,伊贝沙坦4.45±0.55,联合用药5.63±0.61,P<0.05),联合用药组可明显增加钙泵活性至正常.相关分析显示LVMI与CaN呈显著正相关(r=0.80, P＜0.01),与钙泵活性呈负相关(r=-0.726,P＜0.01).结论伊贝沙坦升高心肌Ang Ⅱ而培哚普利对其无影响,两者均能降低心肌钙调神经磷酸酶活性,升高心肌钙泵活性,联合应用更有利于改善心肌肥厚.     

缬沙坦联合培哚普利治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床疗效及安全性

目的探讨缬沙坦联合培哚普利治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效及安全性。方法54例CHF患者,男34例,女20例,平均年龄55岁,心功能Ⅱ～Ⅳ级,平均左室射血分数(LVEF)35.6%,随机分为缬沙坦联合培哚普利的观察组和培哚普利加安慰剂的对照组。缬沙坦40mg/d,培哚普利从小剂量开始使用,只要能耐受,尽可能递增到8～10mg/d。治疗前及治疗12周以后,二组的左心室射血分数(LVEF)、每搏量(SV)、心脏指数(CI)及6min步行距离进行比较。结果二组患者治疗后LVEF、SV、CI及6min步行距离较治疗前显著提高。治疗后观察组LVEF、SV、及6min步行距离较治疗前显著提高。结论与单独应用培哚普利治疗CHF相比,缬沙坦联合培哚普利治疗可显著提高CHF患者活动耐量,改善心功能。     

培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭患者血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1水平的影响

目的:评价培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)水平的影响。方法:分别采用放射免疫法和酶联免疫吸附法测定60例CHF患者及20例健康人(正常对照组)血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平。60例CHF患者随机分为常规治疗组(30例)和培哚普利组(30例)。培哚普利组在常规治疗基础上加用培哚普利2~4mg,qd。治疗2周后复测血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平。结果:治疗前CHF患者血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平比正常对照组明显增高(P<0.01)。治疗2周后,培哚普利组血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平比常规治疗组明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:培哚普利不仅可抑制肾素-血管紧张素系统,而且可改善内源性纤溶功能。     

伊贝沙坦治疗重症充血性心力衰竭及其对AngⅡ和BNP的影响

目的观察伊贝沙坦治疗重症充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效及其对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和脑钠素(BNP)的影响.方法76例重症充血性心力衰竭患者,随机分为伊贝沙坦组(40例)和对照组(36例),对照组予以常规治疗,伊贝沙坦组在常规治疗基础上给予口服伊贝沙坦75～300mg/d,治疗6月,观察治疗前后心胸比、左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)和左室射血分数(LVEF)的变化,评价心功能分级,并用放射免疫法测定血浆AngⅡ和BNP在治疗前后的改变.结果治疗后伊贝沙坦组显效率明显高于对照组,心率、心胸比及LVDd均较治疗前明显下降,且明显低于对照组(P分别为＜0.05、＜0.01),LVEF明显增加(P＜0.01).血浆AngⅡ和BNP水平明显降低,并明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).心功能改善1～2级,药物副反应少,患者耐受性好.结论伊贝沙坦治疗重症CHF疗效较好,并能在一定程度上改善心衰患者的神经内分泌机制失调.     

培哚普利治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的 :观察培哚普利 （Pe）对充血性心力衰竭 （CHF）的疗效及其对神经激素、血管内皮功能的作用。方法 :对 5 6例 CHF患者口服 Pe4m g/ d6个月疗效进行观察 ,并与 5 6例临床特征相匹配的患者对照。结果 :治疗组血管紧张素 （Ang ）、醛固酮 （AL D）、内皮素 （ET）和心房钠尿肽 （ANP）显著降低 （P<0 .0 1） ,血浆肾素活性 （PRA）显著升高 （P<0 .0 1） ,左室功能显著改善 （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :Pe长期口服是治疗 CHF的有效药物     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.