鼻面罩双水平压力支持呼吸机在老年急性心源性肺水肿的临床应用

目的观察应用双水平压力支持呼吸机(bilevelpositiveairwayventilation,BiPAP)无创通气治疗老年急性心源性肺水肿的临床价值。方法将52例老年急性心源性肺水肿患者随机分为两组,观察组除常规抗心衰治疗外加用BiPAP无创通气,对照组采用常规抗心力衰竭治疗。观察组观察通气前后心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度、血气分析和血压的变化。比较观察组和对照组的气管插管率。结果观察组患者经过1～8小时的BiPAP无创通气治疗后,心率和呼吸频率明显减慢(P<0.01),动脉血氧分压和动脉血氧饱和度明显提高(P<0.01),动脉血二氧化碳分压和平均动脉压明显下降(P<0.01),心功能明显改善,气管插管率明显降低(P=0.004)。结论老年急性心源性肺水肿应用BiPAP无创通气治疗可明显改善患者的低氧血症和心功能,降低患者的气管插管率,是抢救急性心源性肺水肿的一种安全有效的方法。     

BiPAP无创通气在急性心源性肺水肿救治中的应用

目的 探讨双水平正压无创机械通气在救治急性心源性肺水肿患者中的疗效.方法 将我科收治的59例急性心源性肺水肿患者随机分为两组:在常规利尿、扩血管、强心和镇静治疗的基础上,治疗组26例经BiPAP无创通气治疗;而对照组33例则给予高浓度面罩吸氧,观察两组治疗前后心率、呼吸频率、血气分析指标及临床征象的变化,评价治疗效果.结果 治疗组无创正压通气2 h后患者心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)明显减慢(P＜0.05),收缩压(ABP)及舒张压(DBP)明显下降(P＜0.01),血氧饱和度(SaO2)明显升高(P＜0.01).结论 BiPAP无创通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿起效快,能明显改善低氧血症,是抢救急性心源性肺水肿的重要方法之一,值得临床推广.     

无创正压通气对急性心源性肺水肿的临床观察

目的 观察无创正压通气对急性心源性肺水肿的治疗效果.方法 将我院ICU近两年来收治的31例急性心源性肺水肿的患者随机分为两组,观察治疗效果:治疗组16例,在常规抗心力衰竭治疗的基础上加用无创正压通气;对照组15例,给予强心、利尿及扩张血管治疗.24h后分别监测心率、呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压、脑钠肽(BNP)及血管外肺水(EVLW),将两组数据进行比较分析.结果 经24h治疗后,治疗组患者心率、呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压、BNP及EVLW均有显著改善,且明显优于对照组.结论 与常规治疗比较,无创正压通气有助于减轻急性心源性肺水肿,改善心功能,提高动脉血氧分压,减轻呼吸困难程度,提高治疗成功率.     

无创呼吸机辅助治疗急性广泛前壁心肌梗死所致急性心源性肺水肿的作用

目的评价无创正压通气在急性广泛前壁心肌梗死致急性心源性肺水肿抢救辅助治疗中的临床价值。方法对38例急性广泛前壁心肌梗死致急性心源性肺水肿患者在常规治疗下不能有效改善低氧血症时,使用双水平正压通气（BiPAP）治疗。观察治疗前后患者临床症状及体征、动脉血pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压、心率、呼吸频率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度、胸片结果、心脏超声心动图结果、血清N端脑钠肽浓度的变化。结果 36例患者在无创机械通气后呼吸困难明显减轻,症状和体征也明显改善,治疗总有效率94.7%（36/38）。治疗后2 h、4 h、24 h动脉血pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压、心率、呼吸频率、平均动脉压及血氧饱和度较治疗前明显改善（P〈0.05）;血清N端脑钠肽浓度较治疗前明显下降（P〈0.05）;心脏超声心动图示左心室射血分数较治疗前明显升高（P〈0.05）。胸片提示肺水肿明显吸收。结论无创双水平正压通气可明显改善急性广泛前壁心肌梗死致急性左心衰竭患者低氧血症,提高急性广泛前壁心肌梗死抢救成功率,改善心功能。     

无创机械通气治疗急性肺水肿的临床观察

目的 观察无创机械通气治疗急性肺水肿的临床疗效.方法 18例确诊病人,以双相气道正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机治疗,吸气压(6～16)cmH2O(0.588 kPa～1.568 kPa),呼气压(4～8)cmH2O(0.392 kPa～0.784 kPa),供氧流量为(5～10)L/min.对其治疗前后的临床症状及呼吸频率(RR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、pH值、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)进行监测.结果 治疗后临床症状好转,RR、HR、pH、PaO2、SaO2明显改善(P<0.61).结论 无创机械通气治疗急性肺水肿有良好效果.     

急性心源性肺水肿经BiPAP无创通气治疗后的临床评价

目的评价BiPAP无创通气在急性心源性肺水肿中的治疗作用。方法回顾性分析我科176例急性心源性肺水肿患者入ICU后的临床资料,比较分析176例急性心源性肺水肿患者BiPAP无创通气治疗前及治疗后24小时的动脉血气、经皮氧饱和度、呼吸频率、心率、乳酸、脑钠肽等的变化情况。结果176例患者中有54人因各种原因不能耐受BiPAP无创通气后而最终给予气管插管、机械通气治疗;122例患者经BiPAP无创通气后二氧化碳分压(Pa-CO2)、经皮氧饱和度(SpO2)有改善(P<0.05);氧分压(PaO2)、呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)、乳酸(Lac)、脑钠肽(BNP)等有明显的改善(P<0.01)。结论急性心源性肺水肿时,在常规治疗的基础上给予BiPAP无创通气后能迅速改善患者的急性心源性肺水肿症状和低氧血症,避免气管插管、机械通气,是一种快速安全有效的抢救方法。     

无创正压通气治疗急性重症心源性肺水肿的临床研究

目的:探讨无创正压通气救治急性重症心源性肺水肿的疗效。 方法:对18例急性重症心源性肺水肿患者应用无创正压通气,观察通气前后临床症状体征和相关指标的变化,并作统计学处理和分析。 结果:患者经0.5-3小时无创正压通气治疗后,心率、呼吸频率较通气前明显减慢(P<0.001),平均动脉压下降(P<0.001),动脉血气分析各项指标明显改善(P<0.01),临床症状明显缓解。 结论:对急性重症心源性肺水肿应用无创正压通气能迅速改善心功能和低氧血症,有效缓解症状,缩短心力衰竭病程,是抢救急性重症心源性肺水肿一种安全有效的治疗手段和方法。     

无创正压机械通气辅助治疗急性心源性肺水肿的效果

目的评价无创正压机械通气辅助治疗急性心源性肺水肿的疗效。方法选择27例急性心源性肺水肿患者．在高流量吸氧及常规药物治疗不能纠正缺氧时,经面罩给予无创正压通气,观察使用无创正压机械通气治疗前、治疗后其临床症状、心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度和动脉血气分析的变化。结果经面罩无创正压通气治疗后,27例患者中20例（74．07％）临床症状、体征明显改善,血气分析中氧气分压明显升高,与通气前比较,差异有统计学意义[（90．08±15．39）mmHg＇US．（53．12±17．65）mmHg,P〈0．05];二氧化碳分压下降,与通气前比较,差异有统计学意义[（14．52±20．52）mmHgVS．（55．47±23．82）mmHg,P〈0．05]。7例（25．93％）经无创正压通气治疗无效,改为经口气管插管机械通气,2例死亡。结论应用无创正压通气可明显改善急性心源性肺水肿患者的症状、体征和血气分析结果,可作为急性心源性肺水肿安全、快速、有效的辅助治疗手段之一。     

双水平气道正压无创通气治疗急性左心衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的评价双水平气道正压(bi-level positive airway pressure,BiPAP)无创通气救治急性左心衰的临床疗效。方法对30例急性左心衰患者,首先行常规药物抗心衰治疗,而后在此基础上加用BiPAP无创通气治疗,观察治疗前后患者血气分析、血压、心率、呼吸频率的变化。结果应用BiPAP无创通气治疗后,患者呼吸频率、心率明显降低(P<0.01),氧分压和血氧饱和度明显上升(P<0.01),经BiPAP无创通气治疗后的总有效率达80%。结论急性左心衰患者同时应用BiPAP无创通气结合常规药物治疗效果显著,值得临床推广应用。     

无创双水平气道正压通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿

目的观察无创双水平气道正压（BiPAP）通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿（ACPE）所致急性呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法32例常规治疗无效的急性心源性肺水肿患者采用BiPAP通气治疗，观察治疗前后患者临床征象、心率、平均动脉压、呼吸频率及动脉血气的变化。结果BiPAP通气治疗后，27例患者的临床症状明显改善，心率、呼吸频率、平均动脉压和动脉血PaO2、SaO2等指标与治疗前比较均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论早期合理应用BiPAP通气治疗能迅速改善急性心源性肺水肿患者的临床症状和低氧血症，避免了气管插管，是抢救急性心源性肺水肿的重要方法之一。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.