江苏省大中小学生学习和睡眠时间现况调查

目的了解大中小学生学习和睡眠时间现况,为学校教育和卫生部门制定学校卫生防病和健康教育工作策略提供参考依据。方法采用整群分层随机抽样方法,对江苏省6个市78所大中小学校9813名大中小学生每天在校学习时间和睡眠时间两项行为指标进行调查。结果①学生平均每日在校学习时间:高中生11.7h、初中生9.67h、中专生8.46h、大学生8.18h和小学生6.98h,以高中生和初中生为最高,近70%大中小学生平均学习时间在8h以上。学生从小学到高中,每日在校学习时间随学习阶段升高而增加,较国家规定标准,平均每日学习时间小学生超过0.98h,初中生超过1.7h,高中生超过3.7h。超过规定标准的学生比例,大学生为30%,中专生35%,小学生40%,初中生60%,高中生80%。②学生平均每日睡眠时间:小学生9.20h、初中生7.95h、中专生7.83h、大学生7.82h、高中生7.26h,较国家规定标准,高中生平均睡眠时间少1.74h,初中生少1.05h,中专生少1.17h,小学生少0.80h,大学生少0.18h,高中生睡眠时间最少。随学习阶段升高中小学生每日平均睡眠时间逐渐减少,达不到睡眠时间的学生比例也明显增多,小学生为57%,初中生为76%,高中生为94%。结论学生学习时间超标和睡眠时间不足情况同样严重,影响到学生身体健康水平和防病能力,是当今学校传染病发生发展的可能原因之一。     

2011年深圳市中小学学生身体活动情况调查

目的了解深圳市中小学学生身体活动情况。方法随机抽取1所小学的4～6年级,1所初中的初1、2年级,1所高中的高1、2年级共830名学生为研究对象,采用问卷调查上一周的身体活动、静坐、出行方式、睡眠等情况。结果在校平均每天体育活动时间60 min的学生占64.3%;有72.8%的学生进行体育锻炼,其中有1/2的学生每周有2或3天进行中等强度及以上的体育锻炼。每天做家务时间20 min的占73.7%。每天静坐时间小学生为3.1 h,初中生为4.1 h,高中生4.9 h。每天平均睡眠时间小学生为9.0 h,初中生为7.8 h,高中生为7.0 h。结论深圳市中小学生身体活动模式有待改善。     

天津市2014年9~22岁学生作息现状

了解天津学生生活作息现状,为制订学生体质与健康干预措施提供依据.方法 数据来源于2014年全国学生体质与健康调研天津地区资料,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选取天津市8 278名9~22岁学生进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括睡眠时间、在校体育锻炼时间、家庭作业时间、看电视时间、周末安排等.结果 达到“中小学生一日学习时间卫生要求”中睡眠时间要求的城、乡小学生比例分别为3.34%和3.22%,初中生分别为7.04%和8.67%,高中生分别为5.87%和6.59%.城市高中生每日平均睡眠时间最短,为(6.59±0.87)h.各学段学生在校锻炼时间超过1h者所占比例分别为小学38.4%,初中28.8%,高中17.2%,大学13.8%.城市高中生和大学生平均锻炼时间最短.小学生家庭作业平均时间最短,为(0.96±0.63)h;城市高中生最长,达(2.59±0.91)h.乡村小学生看电视时间最长,为(0.99±0.87)h,城市高中生最短,为(0.30±0.53)h.周末首选学习的小学高年级、初中、高中、大学生分别占70.2%,84.5%,86.0%,54.6%,首选户外活动的分别为19.1%,9.7%,8.2%,23.1%.结论 学生作息主要问题是睡眠时间短、体育锻炼、课余户外活动不足.建议加强健康教育,尤其是对农村学生,应该合理安排作息时间,改变生活方式,增加户外活动时间.     

我国非农业职业人群工作日身体活动时间的分析

目的分析我国非农业职业人群工作日的身体活动方式，为制定相应干预措施提供基础资料。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据，对我国12369名非农业职业人群（男性6752名，女性5617名）的职业活动、上下班交通、锻炼、做家务、静态活动及睡眠等6项身体活动的情况进行分析。结果我国非农业职业人群平均每个工作日工作时间、交通时间、锻炼、静态活动、家务和睡眠时间分别为8．4、0．6、0．1、3．1、1．4和7．9h。管理人员、技术人员和办事人员每天的工作时间（分别为8．16、8．19、8．07h）少于服务人员（8．75h）、生产运输人员（8．71h）和其他职业人员（8．53h），但静态活动时间多于后三者。男性工作时间（8．46h）多于女性（8．37h）。女性家务和睡眠时间多于男性。农村人群的工作时间（8．69h）多于城市（8．20h），城市交通时间和静态活动时间多于农村。结论我国不同职业、地区、性别的非农业职业人群的日常活动模式有很大的差别，应针对不同人群采取相应干预措施，对于我国防治高血压、超重和肥胖、冠心病、糖尿病等慢性病有着极其重要的作用。     

南京市1 144名中小学生课后作息时间调查

目的 了解南京市中小学生课后作息情况，评价学生的学习负担。方法 问卷调查了l所小学、l所中学的四年级至高中二年级共l144名学生的课后作息时间。结果 86．9％的小学生和43．4％的中学生睡眠时间没有达到lOh和8h的要求；至少60．O％的小学生和69．3％的中学生每天学习时间超过6h和8h的规定；仅有8．5％的小学生和4．8％的中学生每日户外活动达到2h以上。结论 南京市中小学生学习时间长，户外活动少，睡眠不足。     

新冠肺炎期间中小学生网课及健康相关行为调查

目的了解新冠肺炎疫情期间中小学生网课及健康相关行为。方法采用网络问卷调查的方式,对3 707名参与网络授课的中小学生进行横断面调查。结果 88.9%的中学生每天上网课超过4 h,90.9%的小学生每天上网课时长在3 h以内。每天活动时间大于或等于60 min的中小学生占10.5%。睡眠时间达到要求的中小学生比例分别为31.8%和28.8%。近一个月出现头颈痛、腰背痛、手腕痛、眼睛酸痛和视物模糊症状的分别有22.3%、19.0%、14.3%、50.7%和27.0%。结论中小学生网课期间静坐时间较长,身体活动及户外活动较少,睡眠时间普遍不足。学校和家长应重视网课期间学生的生活作息,减少静坐时间,加强运动和户外活动,保障中小学生身体健康。     

我国中小学生上下学交通方式分析

目的分析我国中小学生上下学交通方式,为制定相应干预措施提供基础资料。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的数据,对我国中小学生上下学交通情况进行分析。采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,由经过培训的调查员采用面对面询问方式进行资料收集,调查问卷为《一年回顾性身体活动调查表》中交通方式部分,内容包括中小学生上下学采取的交通方式和平均每天上下学时间。结果共11113名中小学生完成了调查表,其中男生5878人,女生5235人。中小学生上下学的主要交通方式是步行,占73．4％（8152人）,其次为骑车、坐车及多种交通方式,分别为15．1％（1682人）、6．1％（674人）和5．4％（605人）。小学生、农村学生、低收入家庭学生以步行交通方式为主,初中生、高中生／中专生、城市学生采取步行和骑车交通方式的比例均较高。中小学生平均每天上下学的时间：步行为36．5±27．0分钟,骑车为43．5±28．6分钟,坐车为43．2±34．5分钟。初中生、高中生／中专生骑车上下学时间较长,农村学生和低收入家庭学生步行和骑车时间均较长,高中生／中专生、城市学生坐车上下学时间较长。结论我国中小学生步行和骑车上下学比例较高,年龄、地区和家庭收入影响中小学生的交通模式。     

上海市嘉定区中小学生用眼休息现况调查研究

目的 了解嘉定区儿童青少年用眼休息的流行现况,为政府及相关部门制定近视防控措施提供参考。 方法 采取分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取9所学校的中小学生及家长开展学生用眼休息现况问卷调查。 结果 学生调查问卷显示,近距离用眼时间隔0.5 h以内休息一次的学生占38.1%。小学生、初中生及高中生课间休息时选择户外活动的比例分别为60.1%、16.2%、8.9%,男生课间户外活动的比例(32.2%)高于女生(25.8%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=20.942,P＜0.05)。近视学生平均睡眠时间小于8 h的比例(43.6%)远高于非近视学生(19.3%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=279.845,P＜0.05)。家长线上问卷调查显示,小学生睡眠达标(每天平均睡眠时间＞10 h)的比例仅5.9%,初中生达标(每天＞9 h)比例为16.5%,高中生达标率(每天＞8 h)为34.8%;周一至周五户外活动大于2 h的学生比例仅为15.1%,周末为34.8%,7%的学生周一至周五不进行户外活动,3.7%的学生周末不进行户外活动。 结论 嘉定区中小学生用眼负担较重,长时间用眼不休息、课间休息不足、户外运动缺乏、睡眠不达标等问题较为严重。     

上海市静安区中学生闲暇生活分析

分析中学生闲暇生活的特点,为提高中学生闲暇生活质量提供依据.方法 用随机整群抽样方法,确定1 502名初、高中学生作为调查对象,按知情同意原则进行相关问卷调查.结果 中学生在学习日的闲暇时间为4.77h(不含床上时间),其中做作业、身体活动、看电视、上网的时间分别为2.39,1.16,0.57,0.65 h;在非学习日的闲暇时间(不含床上时间)为9.63 h,其中做作业、补课、身体活动、看电视、上网的时间分别为2.89,2.27,1.37,1.28,1.82 h,入睡、睡觉、床上的时间分别为17.64 min、7.87 h和8.16 h.高中生做作业、上网时间明显长于初中生,初中生身体活动、看电视时间、睡觉时间明显长于高中生,初、高中学生课外补习时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).高中生(7.24%)的睡眠质量异常率高中明显高于初中生(1.72%);高中生(4.44%)匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评分明显高于初中生(3.05%).中学生上网行为异常检出率男生(3.66%)明显高于女生(1.71%).上网行为指数高中生(24.79)明显高于初中生(22.04).男生(23.99)上网行为指数明显高于女生(21.95).结论 随年龄增加,学生上网、作业时间明显增加,身体活动、看电视、睡眠时间均减少,网络成瘾检出率上升.男生网络成瘾较女生更高.     

初中生户外活动时间与呼吸道症状之间的关系

目的研究初中生平均每日在校内外户外活动时间与呼吸道症状之间的关系,为预防青少年患呼吸道相关疾病提供依据。方法于2016年在武汉市方便选取2所中学,对所有的八年级学生共860名进行问卷调查,利用SAS 9.4软件进行广义线性分析。结果学习日男女生平均校外户外活动时间为(1.84±2.30)(1.51±1.99) h;校内户外活动时间男生为(1.74±1.50) h,女生为(1.49±1.20) h,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.19,2.68,P值均<0.05)。多因素广义线性分析结果显示,在控制性别、年龄以及自我感觉身体状况的影响下,学习日在教室外的活动时间越长,发生咽喉以及鼻腔部位症状的可能性越低(估计值分别为-0.06,-0.07,P值均<0.05)。结论青少年在上学期间花更多时间在教室外进行活动,可有效预防呼吸道相关疾病的发生。     

Correlates of objectively assessed physical activity and sedentary time in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study)

Background  

Identifying leisure time activities performed before and after school that influence time in physical activity (PA) and/or time spent sedentary can provide useful information when designing interventions aimed to promote an active lifestyle in young people. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between mode of transportation to school, outdoor play after school, participation in exercise in clubs, and TV viewing with objectively assessed PA and sedentary behaviour in children.     

The effects of a graduated aerobic exercise programme on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the NHS workplace: a randomised controlled trial

Background  

Sufficient levels of physical activity provide cardio-protective benefit. However within developed society sedentary work and inflexible working hours promotes physical inactivity. Consequently to ensure a healthy workforce there is a requirement for exercise strategies adaptable to occupational time constraint. This study examined the effect of a 12 week aerobic exercise training intervention programme implemented during working hours on the cardiovascular profile of a sedentary hospital workforce.     

Moms in motion: a group-mediated cognitive-behavioral physical activity intervention

Background  

When examining the prevalence of physical inactivity by gender and age, women over the age of 25 are at an increased risk for sedentary behavior. Childbearing and motherhood have been explored as one possible explanation for this increased risk. Post natal exercise studies to date demonstrate promising physical and psychological outcomes, however few physical activity interventions have been theory-driven and tailored to post natal exercise initiates. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a group-mediated cognitive behavioral intervention based upon social-cognitive theory and group dynamics (GMCB) to a standard care postnatal exercise program (SE).     

The effect of lifestyle modification on physical fitness and work ability in different workstyles

It is generally considered that physical fitness is affected by daily life activities including leisure time activity and working time activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different levels of physical activity at work on physical fitness, analyze the effects of 12-week lifestyle modification outside of working hours on physical fitness, work satisfaction and subjective symptoms, and to consider the role of lifestyle modification in occupational health. Lifestyle modification, consisting of aerobic exercise and diet counseling, was conducted for 12 weeks. The data before and after the intervention from 49 male workers were obtained. Physical fitness such as exercise endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and muscular power was measured before and after the intervention. The subjects were asked to fill out questionnaires about their work activities, subjective complaints, and work satisfaction. Subjects were divided into active work group (n = 14) and sedentary work group (n = 35) for analysis according to their work activities. As for differences in physical fitness due to different levels of physical activity, the active work group had superior exercise endurance and balance compared to the sedentary work group. In addition, the sedentary work group tended to experience greater fatigue than the active work group. In the active work group, flexibility and muscular strength were significantly increased with lifestyle modification and, in the sedentary work group, exercise endurance, flexibility and muscular endurance were significantly improved while balance also showed a tendency to improve. In the sedentary work group, lifestyle modification resulted in reduced fatigue and stiff neck as well as an increased work satisfaction. In the active work group, no change was observed in complaints or work satisfaction, but improved physical fitness led to a reduction in subjective complaints and an increase in work satisfaction. The level of physical activity at work contributes to the physical fitness of the worker and the addition of aerobic exercise in the worker's leisure time improves physical fitness and thereby contributes to increased work ability regardless of differences in the level of physical activity at work.     

我国中小学生参加家务劳动情况分析

目的了解我国中小学生参加家务劳动的情况及影响因素,为制定有关措施促进中小学生综合素质的全面发展提供依据。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中"1年回顾性身体活动调查表"收集的资料,对我国11438名中小学生参加家务劳动的情况进行分析。结果有40.1%的被调查中小学生参加家务劳动,其中女生的比例(45.6%)高于男生(35.2%),城市学生(33.2%)低于农村学生(42.1%),小学生(34.9%)低于初中生(48.7%)和高中生(52.3%)。中小学生平均每天参加家务劳动的时间是16min,女生(20min)高于男生(13min),城市学生(12min)低于农村学生(17min),小学生(13min)低于初中生(20min)和高中生(21min)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性、高年级段、农村、低家庭收入、单亲家庭、父母文化程度低以及锻炼的学生平均每天参加家务劳动30min及以上的比例较高。结论我国中小学生家务劳动水平较低,受社会经济文化因素影响。家长应转变观念,鼓励中小学生积极参加家务劳动。     

Physical activity and associated socio-demographic factors among school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China

BACKGROUND: Obesity prevalence is increasing among adolescents in China, especially in urban areas and among higher socio-economic strata. Physical inactivity may be one of the causes. We examined socio-demographic differences in physical activity among school adolescents in Jiangsu Province. METHODS: In 2002, 824 adolescents (12-14 years) in 8 schools filled in a self administered questionnaire on physical activity, sedentary behaviors and socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS.: In girls, low SES elicited the highest physical activity score, mainly derived from housework. More boys (49.1%) than girls (41%) had vigorous physical activity (VPA) >or=3 times/week. Associations between VPA and residence, age, SES were not significant. 88% of the adolescents were actively commuting to schools. Boys with high SES or high education fathers had the lowest percentage walking to school. The students spent daily on average 10.8 h on studying, however, little time was spent on watching TV or playing PC games. CONCLUSIONS: Active commuting to school was common among the adolescents. However, the sedentary activity level is high. Physical activity was negatively associated with SES.     

Psychological-health correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour during the COVID pandemic

BackgroundWhile physical inactivity is associated with adverse psychological outcomes, less is known about the psychological outcomes associated with sedentary behaviour, and specifically, its mentally active and passive forms. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a unique opportunity to study associations between these variables in light of widespread stay-at-home mandates and restrictions on outdoor exercise/social activities. Using a cross-sectional dataset acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, we examined whether physical activity and sedentary behaviour were associated with subjective quality of life (sQoL) and subjective cognitive dysfunction, and whether these associations were mediated by depressive symptoms.Methods658 participants (males = 169, females = 489) self-reported data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in an online survey during May 2020–May 2021. Data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (both mentally active and passive types) was compared according to whether it was collected during or out of a lockdown period. Regression models were used to test associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with sQoL and subjective cognitive dysfunction, and whether these associations were mediated by depression severity.ResultsPhysical activity was beneficially associated with sQoL, whereas sedentary behaviour (both total hours and the reduction of mentally active/increase in mentally passive behaviour) was detrimentally associated with sQoL. These associations were mediated by depression severity. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were also indirectly associated with subjective cognitive dysfunction by virtue of their associations with depression severity.ConclusionsThere are important differences in the psychological correlates of mentally passive and active sedentary behaviours. Our findings suggest that health promotion strategies should focus on not only increasing physical activity but also reducing passive sedentary behaviours as a means of maintaining good psychological health.     

Cost-effectiveness of lifestyle and structured exercise interventions in sedentary adults: results of project ACTIVE

BACKGROUND: Project ACTIVE was a randomized clinical trial comparing two physical activity interventions, lifestyle and traditional structured exercise. The two interventions were evaluated and compared in terms of cost effectiveness and ability to enhance physical activity among sedentary adults. DESIGN: This was a randomized clinical trial.Setting/ Participants: The study included 235 sedentary but healthy community-dwelling adults.Intervention: A center-based lifestyle intervention that consisted of behavioral skills training was compared to a structured exercise intervention that included supervised, center-based exercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures of interest included cost, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity. RESULTS: Both interventions were effective in increasing physical activity and fitness. At 6 months, the costs of the lifestyle and structured interventions were, respectively, $46.53 and $190.24 per participant per month. At 24 months these costs were $17.15 and $49.31 per participant per month. At both 6 months and 24 months, the lifestyle intervention was more cost-effective than the structured intervention for most outcomes measures. CONCLUSIONS: A behaviorally-based lifestyle intervention approach in which participants are taught behavioral skills to increase their physical activity by integrating moderate-intensity physical activity into their daily lives is more cost-effective than a structured exercise program in improving physical activity and cardiorespiratory health. This study represents one of the first attempts to compare the efficiency of intervention alternatives for improving physical activity among healthy, sedentary adults.     

中国成人身体活动指南(节录)

  目的  了解我国职业人群身体活动情况,为促进职业人群健康提供依据。  方法  使用2010 — 2012年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,对我国31 694名职业人群（男性18 299名,女性13 395名）的职业活动、交通方式、闲暇锻炼、家务劳动等4项身体活动情况进行分析。  结果  我国职业人群平均每周工作5.7 d,平均每天工作时间8.3 h,其中坐着工作时间为4.4 h,从事轻度工作强度的职业人群占63.0 %。平均出行时间为1.0 h/d,37.9 %的职业人群出行以步行/骑车为主。15.6 %的职业人群闲暇时间进行锻炼,从事家务劳动的职业人群占85.2 %,平均做家务时间为1.1 h。城市职业人群每天工作时间低于农村,但每天坐着工作时间、从事轻度工作强度的比例、闲暇锻炼的比例及做家务的比例均高于农村（P < 0.05）。男性工作时间、从事中度及以上工作强度的比例及坐/开车的比例均高于女性,而闲暇锻炼的比例及做家务的比例低于女性（P < 0.05）。与其他职业人群比较,农林牧渔业职业人群每天坐着工作时间最短、闲暇锻炼比例最低、从事中度及以上工作强度的比例最高（P < 0.05）。  结论  不同职业人群的各类身体活动情况存在差异,应针对不同人群特点,开展针对性的健康教育和身体活动促进。