Assessment of trace metals in foodstuffs grown around the vicinity of industries in Bangladesh

In the present study, we investigated the levels of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in eight groups of foods, namely, cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit, fish, meat, eggs and milk. The range of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in the foodstuffs was 0.18–4.8, 0.008–10, 0.47–22, 0.003–0.98, 0.0003–0.85 and 0.005–3.7 mg/kg fw, respectively. The daily intakes (EDIs) of Cr, Ni, As, Cd and Pb were higher than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI), indicating their potential sources from dietary intake. The combined metal hazard quotients (∑HQs) from rice, fruit, vegetables and fish were higher than 1, meaning that metals may pose a considerable risk to local inhabitants due to consumption of these four food items. From the human health point of view, this study showed that the studied foods were not safe for the local inhabitants, and potential risk cannot be neglected for regular or excessive consumers.     

重庆市万州区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究

摘 要 目的 通过分析万州区6类主要食品中重金属水平和居民膳食消费量,评估万州区居民重金属暴露的安全性。方法 对6类主要食品进行重金属检测,结合万州区居民膳食营养调查中6类食品的消费量数据,获得万州区居民实际重金属的摄入量,对居民重金属摄入量进行安全性评估。 结果6类食品中重金属的总检出率为26.93%,总合格率为100.00%。按照食品消费量的均值估计,铅日均暴露量为1.44 μg/kg.bw,镉日均暴露量为0.23 μg/kg.bw,总铬日均暴露量为0.81 μg/kg.bw,总砷日均暴露量为0.28 μg/kg.bw,总汞日均暴露量为0.028 μg/kg.bw。结论 万州区重金属日均暴露与日均单位体重耐受量相比,处于安全水平。     

电子线路板粉末浸出液重金属含量分析及其饲养斑马鱼前后鱼体内镍铬水平的变化

目的通过分析电子线路板粉末中主要重金属成分的含量及其浸出液中重金属含量,分析其中可溶性重金属盐类所占的比重,同时通过动物实验初步探讨该废弃物溶出液饲养斑马鱼后镍镉在斑马鱼体内变化的情况。方法通过原子吸收分光光度法分析并对比电子线路板粉末和浸出液中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、铬、铁、锰的含量,初步分析该粉末中重金属的溶出情况及对水体可能的影响。通过对不同剂量浸出液饲养的斑马鱼体内镍铬含量的分析,探讨其在斑马鱼体内变化的情况。结果电子线路板粉末中含量最高的前3位金属分别是铜、铅和铁,分别达64.1、55.6和25.8 mg/kg;金属铬未被检出。浸出液中含量最高的前3位金属分别是铜、锰和镉,其含量分别达1.440、0.322和0.088 mg/L。在实验室饲养斑马鱼中,虽然对照组、低剂量组和中剂量组检测结果有一些不同,但其差异无统计学意义。结论电子线路板拆解废弃物中铜、锰、镉溶出量较高,应在现场监测中重点关注。用一定浓度的浸出液饲养斑马鱼体,其体内的镍铬水平基本无变化。     

Determination of Dietary Tin Intake in an Adult French Citizen

The tin contents in fresh food or in food stored in lacquered or unlacquered cans were determined in order to estimate the daily tin intake in a French citizen. Tin levels were 76.6 ± 36.5 mg/kg in foods preserved in unlacquered cans, 3.2 ± 2.3 mg/kg in foods stored in lacquered cans, and 0.03 ± 0.03 mg/kg in fresh foods. Tin intake is essentially dependent on food stored in tin cans (98%), which only represents 5.6% of the total daily consumption of foods by a French citizen. The estimated tin intake (2.7 mg/day whether 0.04 mg/kg of body weight) remains widely inferior to the daily tolerable dose in humans (2 mg/kg of body weight). Received: 22 April 1998/Accepted: 30 September 1998     

Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey

This study aimed to elucidate gender differences in dietary intake of rural Bangladeshi adults. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) survey using 15 food/dish items, together with anthropometric measurements, was conducted for 230 adults and adolescents (95 males and 135 females). To estimate the portion sizes of these foods/dishes, the samples consumed by 25 subjects were weighed. The FFQ revealed that rice was eaten two to three times (or more) per day by 98% of the subjects, providing nearly 60% of energy for both sexes. Puri (fried bread), meats, eggs, pulses, milk, fresh vegetables, fruits, tea with milk and sugar, and soft drinks were consumed more frequently by males. Males' larger portion sizes of rice, fish dish, potato dish, and vegetable dish resulted in larger daily energy intake per body weight in males (235 +/- 41 kJ/kg) than in females (161 +/- 28 kJ/kg). Despite males' larger energy intake, the proportion of chronically energy deficient persons (<18.5 kg/m2 in body mass index) was similar between males (35.8%) and females (37.8%), attributing to males' larger energy expenditure. Females' less-frequent consumption of nutritious foods and smaller energy intake were considered vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency.     

Fluorine content in total diets samples of small children in Poland

The aim of this study was investigation of the fluorine content in diets of children aged 1 - 4 years, living in 16 cities in different regions of Poland. Whole-day meals were collected for 10 subsequent days in spring and autumn seasons in orphanages. Fluorine contents was determined by potentiometric method. 457 whole day meals were tested. The fluorine contents in the daily diets ranged from 0.04 to 0.42 mg/kg, mean 0.15 +/- 0.07 mg kg, regardless of season collection. It was observed that diets with the highest level of fluorine include tea, fish, lettuce and cauliflower more than diets with the lowest levels of this element. There was a directly proportional dependence between fluoride in drinking water and children's meals, despite of the small difference between the maximum (0.32 mg/dm3) and minimum (0.09 mg/dm3) level of fluorine in water used for cooking in places covered by this survey. The average daily intake of fluorine was 0.28 mg (range 0.10-0.76 mg), median 0.25 mg, 90 percentile 0.47 mg. The average intake fluorine by children was 0.05 mg/kg b.w./day and not exceed the values specified in the standards of nutrition for the Polish population.     

A total diet study of nickel intake in a Spanish population (Canary Islands)

The aim of this study was to analyse nickel content in foods and beverages most commonly consumed by the Canary Island people to determine the dietary intake of this metal throughout the Canary Islands as a whole and in each of the seven islands. A total of 440 samples were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Nickel concentrations ranged between 2.348 ± 1.716 mg/kg in nuts and 0.002 ± 0.002 mg/l in water. Estimated total intake of nickel was 0.093 mg/day for the Canary population, which is far below the tolerable upper intake level (UL) established for adults. Gran Canaria turned out to be the island with the highest nickel intake. Differential analysis of nickel intake by age and sex of the Canary Island community showed that values were below the UL in children as well as in adults. These outcomes were compared with data from other populations at the national and international levels.     

Assessment of the mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide in alexandria

Acrylamide is a toxic and potentially cancer causing chemical formed in thermally treated starchy foods. The objective of the present study is to estimate the mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide in Alexandria governorate. A total of 822 subjects (417 males and 405 females) were randomly selected, from different places such as clubs, schools, university, nursery schools, homes and companies, from different socio-demographic sectors of the Alexandria population. The age of the subjects ranged from less than four to more than fifty years old. Subjects were divided into seven age groups. A twenty four hours recall was used to record types and quantities of the food stuffs taken through three consecutive days including the week end. Samples of consumed starchy foods - presumed to contain high levels of acrylamide were collected and analyzed for acrylamide. Thirteen food items were analyzed for acrylamide. The highest acrylamide contents were recorded in chips potato and Fried potatoes (French fries) (1500 +/- 645 and 540 +/- 213 microg/kg respectively). Cakes were the lowest in mean acrylamide contents (12 +/- 12 microg/kg). The highest mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide (3.82 microg/kg body weight) was for the age group from 3 - < 6 years old subjects, while the lowest acrylamide intake (0.49 microg/kg body weight) was that of the age group above 50 years old. The overall estimated mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide was 1.75 microg/kg body weight. No significant differences between males and females were found among various studied age groups regarding the mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide. Chips potato represents the major source of dietary acrylamide (46%). The second most contributing agent in the mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide for studied Alexandria population was fried potato (19%). Bread contributes to 17 % of the mean daily dietary acrylamide intake. In conclusion, the fried and deep fried starchy foods consumed by the studied Alexandria population contain high levels of acrylamide. The majority of the estimated mean dietary daily intake of acrylamide is from fried potato products. Controlling the intake, especially in young children can thus reduce the high acrylamide intake.     

Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey

This study aimed to elucidate gender differences in dietary intake of rural Bangladeshi adults. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) survey using 15 food/dish items, together with anthropometric measurements, was conducted for 230 adults and adolescents (95 males and 135 females). To estimate the portion sizes of these foods/dishes, the samples consumed by 25 subjects were weighed. The FFQ revealed that rice was eaten two to three times (or more) per day by 98% of the subjects, providing nearly 60% of energy for both sexes. Puri (fried bread), meats, eggs, pulses, milk, fresh vegetables, fruits, tea with milk and sugar, and soft drinks were consumed more frequently by males. Males’ larger portion sizes of rice, fish dish, potato dish, and vegetable dish resulted in larger daily energy intake per body weight in males (235±41 kJ/kg) than in females (161±28 kJ/kg). Despite males’ larger energy intake, the proportion of chronically energy deficient persons (<18.5 kg/m² in body mass index) was similar between males (35.8%) and females (37.8%), attributing to males’ larger energy expenditure. Females’ less-frequent consumption of nutritious foods and smaller energy intake were considered vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency.     

Lead exposure in the lead-acid storage battery manufacturing and PVC compounding industries

This study was conducted as part of the Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL) Project which comes under the United Nations Environment Programme/World Health Organisation (UNEP/WHO) Global environmental Monitoring System (GEMS). The objective of the study was to evaluate workers' exposure to lead in industries with the highest exposure. All subjects were interviewed about their occupational and smoking histories, the use of personal protective equipment and personal hygiene. The contribution of a dietary source of lead intake from specified foods known to contain lead locally and personal air sampling for lead were assessed. A total of 61 workers from two PVC compounding and 50 workers from two lead acid battery manufacturing plants were studied together with 111 matched controls. In the PVC compounding plants the mean lead-in-air level was 0.0357 mg/m3, with the highest levels occurring during the pouring and mixing operations. This was lower than the mean lead-in-air level of 0.0886 mg/m3 in the lead battery manufacturing plants where the highest exposure was in the loading of lead ingots into milling machines. Workers in lead battery manufacturing had significantly higher mean blood lead than the PVC workers (means, 32.51 and 23.91 mcg/100 ml respectively), but there was poor correlation with lead-in-air levels. Among the lead workers, the Malays had significantly higher blood lead levels than the Chinese (mean blood levels were 33.03 and 25.35 mcg/100 ml respectively) although there was no significant difference between the two ethnic groups in the control group. There were no significant differences between the exposed and control group in terms of dietary intake of specified local foods known to contain lead. However, Malays consumed significantly more fish than the Chinese did. There were no ethnic differences in the hours of overtime work, number of years of exposure, usage of gloves and respirators and smoking habits. Among the Malays, 94.3% eat with their hands compared with 9.2% of the Chinese. Workers who ate with bare hands at least once a week had higher blood lead levels after adjusting for lead-in-air levels (mean blood lead was 30.2 and 26.4 mcg/100 ml respectively). The study indicated that the higher blood lead levels observed in the Malay workers might have been due to their higher exposure and eating with bare hands.     

The evaluation of nitrate and nitrite contents in diets of preschool children

The contents of nitrites and nitrates in whole day's food of children at preschool age have been examined. Meals consisted of three dishes were taken from one of the day nurseries in Lód? in January 1996. In the evaluation of the degree of exposure the highest permissible daily intake was considered of nitrites (0.2 mg NaNO2) and nitrates (5 mg KNO3) for kg of body weight and assumed average body weight was 20 kg for children. The contents of nitrites and nitrates were determined spectrophotometrically on the basis of Griess reaction. Nitrates were reduced to nitrites passing anaquelos extract of the studied sample through a column filled with cadium dust. The range of quality of collected nitrates in meals in wide and the quantity oscillate between 8.9 and 127, mg KNO3, the average quantity is 55.01 mg KNO3. The quantity of collected nitrites is between 0.5 and 3.8 mg NaNO2 and the average quantity is 1.58 mg NaNO2.     

Estimation of manganese daily intake among adults in Korea

The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and 24.5 kg/m² in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and 24.9 kg/m² in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods.     

咸阳市市区小学生丙烯酰胺膳食摄入量调查分析

目的通过对小学生进行膳食摄入量问卷调查,估计小学生通过食物摄入丙烯酰胺的量,为了解小学生丙烯酰胺膳食暴露水平提供依据。方法采用自行设计的问卷,调查咸阳市623名小学生常吃食物的种类与数量,用气相色谱-质谱法测定常吃的22种高温加工食品中丙烯酰胺的含量,并根据检测结果计算被调查学生丙烯酰胺的摄入量。结果所检测食物中丙烯酰胺的含量范围为7~1 044μg/kg,其中薯片中丙烯酰胺含量最高。被调查小学生每人通过食物摄入丙烯酰胺的均值为(30.15±0.21)μg/d。不同性别摄入量差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同年级差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论咸阳市小学生通过食物摄入丙烯酰胺的量相对较高,应该采取措施降低小学生的丙烯酰胺膳食摄入量。     

Intake of fluoride and excretion in mothers' milk in a high fluoride (9 ppm) area in Kenya

In 27 nursing mothers a study was made on breast milk fluoride (F) levels and the 24-h intake of F through foods and beverages. The daily F intake averaged 22.1 mg (range 9.5-37.2 mg); cooked food contributed 11.7 mg, water 4.5 mg and tea 5.8 mg. The breast milk F concentration averaged 0.033 mg/l (range 0.011-0.073 mg/l). No significant correlation could be established between the milk F level and the intake of F. The milk F level was, however, correlated positively to mothers' age and negatively to mothers' weight. It is concluded that the milk fluoride level was only moderately increased by the high intake of F, and that the children's intake of F through mothers' milk was negligible compared to the very high F intake through complementary foods and beverages.     

2010年江西省食品中重金属污染现状及分析

目的:对江西省本地食品中重金属污染物进行监测,并对监测结果进行评价。方法:对粮食、蔬菜、水产品、肉类等8类食品1239份样品进行了铅镉汞的监测,对122份面制品进行铝的含量监测。结果:2010年江西省本地食品中铅、镉、汞、铝的合格率分别为95.9%、98.5%、99.5%和75.4%。食用菌中镉和汞污染较为严重,镉超标率为8.3%;部分肾脏样品受到铅和汞的污染,检出汞最大值为0.95 mg/kg;油炸面制品受铝污染最为严重,铝含量平均值为185 mg/kg,超标率达86.7%。结论:要进一步加强重金属污染物的监测力度,加强油条摊位点和食用菌生产企业的监督管理。     

Determination of zinc concentrations in foods of animal origin,fish and shellfish from Croatia and assessment of their contribution to dietary intake

Zinc concentrations were determined in a total of 121 samples of meat and meat products, fish and fish products and shellfish collected and marketed in Croatia. The concentrations were determined in the following ranges (mg/kg): meat 4.65–64.9, meat products 4.55–51.8, fish 3.12–19.5, fish products 12.3–31.2, mussels 21.1–30.9, oysters 129–431. The highest and lowest mean zinc levels determined were 222 mg/kg in oysters and 6.15 mg/kg in fish. Average zinc recovery of the method used was 100.4% with precision expressed as RSD of 1.5%. Significant differences were found among the tested food items. The estimated mean daily intake (EDI) of zinc in different types of food contributing to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for women and men were (%): meat 0.13–1.29 and 0.09–0.94; oysters 0.93 and 0.67, meat products < 0.5, both; fish, fish products and mussels < 0.15, both. The ranges of the average daily intake of zinc of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDI) were (%): meat and oysters 1.05–10.3; meat products < 5; fish, fish products and mussels < 1. The results found in tested foods items were similar to results from other countries used for comparison.     

南宁市主要食品中砷污染及居民健康风险评估

目的 了解南宁市主要食品中砷污染情况,评估本市居民摄入砷造成的潜在健康风险。方法 于2013 - 2018年期间采集南宁市市售主要食品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法及原子荧光光谱法对总砷（无机砷）含量进行测定,运用美国环保署（US EPA）推荐的健康风险评估模型对本地居民平均消费水平和高端消费水平暴露于砷的健康风险进行评估。结果 本研究共检测2 009份食品,砷（无机砷）检出率为47.83% (927/2 009),酒类、大米、豆类、肉类、水产及真菌类砷检出率均超过50%;水产类食品总砷含量最高,为0.425 mg/kg;各类食品按平均消费水平和高端消费水平暴露于砷的日均暴露剂量（ADD）总和分别为0.868和2.695 μg/kg.bw,其中大米、水产类及蔬菜暴露贡献率占总暴露量的88.07%。平均消费水平和高端消费水平非致癌风险分别为2.895、8.985,大于1;个人年均致癌风险分别为1.706×10-5/a、5.296×10-5/a,处于（1.0×10-6～1.0×10-4）/a之间。结论 南宁市主要食品中存在着一定的砷污染,居民经膳食途径暴露于砷可能存在潜在的非致癌风险,但其个人年均致癌风险处于人类可接受范围。     

Contribution of soil,water and food consumption to metal exposure of children from geological enriched environments in the coastal zone of Lake Victoria,Kenya

Geologically enriched environments may contain high concentrations of some metals. In areas where industrial exposures remain superficial, children may be exposed to these geological metals through soil, drinking water and consumption of food locally grown. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of soil, water and food consumption to cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and titanium (Ti) body burden of children in the geologically metal rich coastal zone of Lake Victoria, Kenya. We evaluated the relationship between the metal body burden of children by analyzing the hair samples and the estimated metal intake through exposure to soil, drinking water, and food consumption. The body burdens of all metals in children at the exposed sites were high, suggesting environmental exposure. Most of the foods consumed resulted in metal intake below the maximum recommended daily intake. However, the net contribution of all food items jointly exceeded the recommended maximum daily intake at some of the exposure sites. Our results further demonstrated that the highest intake of metals occurred via ingestion of high quantities of the cyprinid fish Rastrineobola argentea. Positive linear relationships between the metal body burden in children and estimated daily intake were observed for Cd, Cr, Ti in children consuming high quantity of R. argentea; for Zn and Co in children highly exposed to soils and consuming high quantity of Brassica oleraceae, while Co burden in the body was associated with high consumption of maize meal. This study demonstrated that exposure to soil and consumption of higher quantities of some foods contributed to the increased metal body burdens of children in a geologically exposed region.     

Ubiquinone contents in Korean fermented foods and average daily intakes

Coenzyme Q (CoQs, ubiquinones) in food may have antioxidative and other beneficial effects on human health. Data on the ubiquinones (CoQ₁₀ and CoQ₉) content of Korean fermented foods were determined, then the Korean daily intake of ubiquinones from those foods was estimated. The analytical method employed saponification before solvent extraction and quantification HPLC/MS equipped with diode array detection. Contents of CoQs in the fermented foods varied from 315.9 ± 12.6 μg/g (Jeotgal, a fermented fish) to below the detection limit (Soy sauce) on a dry basis. Doenjang (a fermented soy paste) was the richest sources of CoQ₉ (110.1 μg/g), while CoQ₁₀ was found highest contents in Jeotgal (291.0 μg/g). However, the major fermented food source of CoQs intake in the Korean population was Kimchi, representing 88.2% of the total CoQs (Q₉ + Q₁₀) intake. The estimated daily intake of total CoQs from the analyzed fermented foods was 11.6 mg/day/person, which was significantly higher than those of other populations reported (3–6 mg). It could be suggested that Korean fermented foods may have higher ubiquinone than unfermented foods due to their diverse microflora during the process of fermentation.     

大连市售海产品铅、镉污染状况分析与评价

目的 了解大连市售常见海产品铅、镉污染状况并进行评价. 方法 对大连市售海鱼、贝类、甲壳类中铅、镉含量进行测定,采用重金属单因子污染指数法进行污染状况评价. 结果 海鱼铅平均含量为0.249 mg/kg,超标率18.9％.贝类铅平均含量为0.262 mg/kg,超标率2.6％.甲壳类镉的平均含量为0.223 mg/kg,超标率为18.8％. 结论 大连市售部分海产品存在不同程度的铅、镉污染.海鱼和贝类存在铅的轻度污染,甲壳类存在镉的中度污染.