医学生吸烟知、信、行调查和干预对策

调查分析上海医科大学一、二年级在校学生计704名的吸烟行为、吸烟与健康知识以及对控烟工作的认识和态度，结果表明：医学生的吸烟率为7．53%．男生为13．28%，女生为0．63%；其中有33．96%吸烟者曾试着设法戒烟．11．32%吸烟者预计自己在未来五年内不再吸烟；有54．72％吸烟者和80．28%不吸烟者认为吸烟对身体有害；但无论吸烟者还是不吸烟者均认为“为了保护自己的健康”是最重要的不吸烟原因（43．40%—80．43%）。医学生缺乏作为医生劝阻病入戒烟的责任心和技巧。因此，有必要也有可能在医学院校开展综合的控烟健康教育和干预对策。     

A survey on smoking behavior in Hokkaido University School of Medicine, 2003

OBJECTIVE: A survey was carried out to assess smoking among students, and administration and teaching staff in Hokkaido University School of Medicine in 2003. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey on smoking of undergraduates, graduate students, administration personnel and teaching staff in Hokkaido University School of Medicine in February 2003. The majority of question items were targeted for all subjects while some items were addressed separately to smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The survey showed that 1) the smoking rate of the study subjects is lower than that of physicians, in general; 2) dependence on cigarettes among smokers is relatively low; and 3) 80% of the ex-smokers are in the maintenance stage, while 20% are in the action stage. Furthermore, 1) there was a tendency for smokers and non-smokers to be concerned with the health effects of passive smoking than that of active smoking; 2) smokers tended to ignore the unpleasant smell of cigarettes as compared with ex-smokers and non-smokers; 3) although the three groups acknowledged the health affects of smoking, they are not proactive in the promotion of anti-smoking; and 4) everyone is generally concerned with the smell of cigarettes but tended to accept it in the school of medicine. CONCLUSIONS: It is an important issue how smokers in the interested stage can move to the anti-smoking stage, and how those in the action stage shift to the maintenance stage. We have carried out anti-smoking events and campaigns on the campus based on the results of the survey and further plan to formulate a strategy for anti-smoking on the campus. The specific activities will be undertaken and the results evaluated in future.     

The smoking and dietary behaviour of lambeth schoolchildren II. the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and behaviour

As part of a study designed to examine the effect of a health education programme on 10-year-old schoolchildren, information was obtained on the children's knowledge, attitudes and behaviour concerning two health hazards, namely smoking and obesity. Cross sectional analyses showed that children who smoked were as aware of the health hazards of smoking as non-smokers but were less likely to hold anti-smoking attitudes. They were also more likely to think of themselves as “naughty” and “silly”. Conversely, children who subsequently adopted smoking were less aware of the health hazards of smoking than those who remained non-smokers. There was good evidence that obese children possessed more nutritional knowledge than the non-obese, and their attitudes to diet differed little. No relationship was demonstrated between reported energy intake and obesity, either cross sectionally or longitudinally. Relationships between knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition and the development of obesity were investigated, but there was only one significant finding, namely that boys identifying correct statements about nutrition put on less fat than other boys.     

Smoking among hospital doctors in Israel and their attitudes regarding anti-smoking legislation

Anti-smoking legislation has been implemented in several countries. In order to study the attitudes of Israeli doctors to such legislation, 260 hospital doctors were questioned regarding their smoking habits and attitudes towards anti-smoking legislation. It was discovered that 15.8% are current smokers [40% of radiologists, 25% of surgeons and anesthetists, and 8% of internists and pediatricians (P=0.0005)], of which 76% began smoking before the age of 20, and 54% tried to quit at least once. 24.2% of the current non-smokers are prior smokers who stopped, 92% of non-smokers and 83% of smokers tell their patients to quit (P=0.10). 69% feel that cigarette sales should be limited to those of 18 y and older, 77% that advertisements for cigarettes should be prohibited, and 74% that nicotine should be recognized as an addictive substance. Doctors who smoke may have difficulty promoting healthy behavior among their patients. They must be offered help in order to quit, and emphasis should be placed on prevention among medical students.     

Health education pamphlets about smoking—their benefit to smokers and non-smokers

The aim of this present study was to compare the use by smokers and non-smokers of pamphlets about smoking as delivered from different settings. The study was a nation-wide cross-sectional survey of 1924 randomly selected, Danish men and women, aged 14–77 y, who had answered a mailed questionnaire in 1994. Of these 71% also participated in a telephone interview enquiring about the use of health education material, smoking status and socio-demographic variables, 39% of readers of household-delivered anti-smoking pamphlets reported having gained information from them and 22% reported having made changes in their own smoking behaviour such as avoiding smoking in the presence of non-smokers. In general practice settings, these percentages were higher among smokers. Smokers who were thinking of stopping smoking in the near future were in addition more likely to take and to read smoking related health education materials from other places. Non-smokers received (3–49%) and read pamphlets about smoking as frequently as did smokers who did not intend to quit. In conclusion, written health education material was well received by readers, but, when distributed in a more open setting it needs to be targeted towards smokers who are considering stopping smoking. In general practice, smokers not thinking of stopping were open to health education, and pamphlets used in this setting should also target this group. Non-smokers contribute indirectly to smokers quitting by providing support to smokers and pamphlets for non-smokers need to be more targeted towards this social role.     

Smoking-related behaviour and attitudes among medical students in Alexandria

As a preliminary step toward incorporating a tobacco education and intervention program into our undergraduate medical curriculum, this study was designed to assess students' smoking-related behaviour, knowledge and attitudes towards tobacco, and perceptions of their future role as doctors in smoking intervention. A cross-sectional, study was conducted in the university year 2001/2002 on a representative sample of male medical students enrolled in 4th and 5th years at Alexandria University. A total of 320 students across the 2 years completed the survey. The smoking rate among medical students was 17.5% (10.9% smoked daily and 6.6% occasionally). The awareness of harmful effects of smoking and knowledge about the causal role of tobacco in the development of specific diseases were deficient. The intention to perform smoking intervention in the future as doctors seemed unsatisfactory. About 85% of the students thought that doctors should carry out smoking cessation advice depending on the disease, while the rate of those who thought so irrespective of the disease did not reach 44%. Current smokers thought less actively about smoking intervention than non-smokers. Nearly two-thirds of students (65.3%) felt they were not sufficiently prepared for caring or counseling smokers, and only 31.9% of students were convinced of the effectiveness of the doctor's advice to stop smoking. Seventy-seven and half percent of them desired specific training in smoking intervention. Non-smokers were more in favour of legislative actions to discourage tobacco use than current smokers. These findings suggest that medical school authorities should design and implement an appropriate basic training aimed at better preparing medical students for their future role in prevention of smoking. Specific teaching of medical students about smoking-related diseases and a patient-centered smoking cessation intervention is required to provide future medical practitioners with the knowledge and skills they need to effectively intervene with smokers.     

云南五地区卫生机构吸烟的现状调查

目的：了解云南省卫生系统吸烟者有关“吸烟与健康”的PAK（知、信、行）状况,为“吸烟与健康”有关政策的制定提供科学的背景资料及决策服务,方法：采用自行设计的调查表对昆明,大理,丽江,玉溪和曲靖五个地区卫生机构吸烟人员进行吸烟的KAP调查。结果：1）总体KAP情况表明,开始吸烟年龄主要集中在15－25岁,占总调查人数的72％,83．5％吸烟者每日吸烟量低于20支,对吸烟危害健康的有关知识掌握良好,对控烟或戒烟的态度较为积极,吸烟的动因多样复杂,但在吸烟问题上形成“知”与“行”相互矛盾的心理,戒烟成功率较低（30．5％）,2）不同地区吸烟人员对吸烟卫生知识知晓或认知状况,对吸烟的态度及看法,戒烟情况和对控烟活动的态度及行为有差别,不同民族,不同文化程度KAP也不同。结论：云南省五地区卫生机构卫生人员吸烟的总体KAP与国内同类研究报道类似,但不同地区,民族和文化程度卫生人员对吸烟KAP的某些问题上存在差异,建议在医务人员中开展健康教育和健康促进。     

2012年南京市地铁站台/公交车控烟公益广告宣传效果评估

目的通过调查控烟公益广告在南京市地铁站台和公交车内的宣传覆盖程度及其对受众影响,评估控烟大众媒体宣传效果。方法 2012年5-10月选取南京市15个地铁站台和12辆公交车,进行内容为"吸烟正吞噬着你的生命"和"吸烟正在吞噬着你和你孩子的生命"的控烟公益广告宣传,11月在南京市8城区随机抽取1 706名≥18岁成人进行问卷调查,评估宣传效果。结果调查人群的地铁/公交车接触率为84.7%,看到两个广告的比例分别为19.6%和16.4%。看到"吸烟正吞噬着你的生命"的人群中,58.4%的吸烟者表示广告使其戒烟可能性变大,82.9%的非吸烟者表示广告使其劝说他人戒烟可能性变大;看到"吸烟正在吞噬着你和你孩子的生命"的人群中,76.8%的吸烟者表示广告使其在他人面前吸烟可能性减少,78.3%的非吸烟者表示广告使其劝阻他人不当面吸烟可能性变大。结论控烟公益广告宣传能改变公众对吸烟相的态度,提高吸烟者戒烟和非吸烟者拒绝二手烟的意识,今后应持续开展高强度高频次的大众媒体控烟宣传,让更多公众了解吸烟和二手烟的危害,共同拒绝吸烟与被动吸烟。     

Attitudes of Hungarian dental professionals to tobacco use and cessation

Smoking is the most preventable cause of death worldwide. The regularity of visits of patients to dental offices offers a valuable contact for health professionals and the healthcare system to initiate anti-smoking activity. However, these contacts remain unutilized and there is little interaction between doctor and patient with regard to prevention of smoking and its consequences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current situation and attitudes towards smoking and giving up smoking among dental professionals. A survey was carried out in the sample consisting in total of 342 participants, 212 students of dentistry and 130 dentists. Students were asked to complete a questionaire during the enrolment period; dentists were asked to complete the questionnaire while attending an annual compulsory in-service training course at the University of Szeged. The data were analysed statistically using SPSS 10.0 software, significance was tested using the Mann-Whitney U test and results were compared with data from a similar study conducted by the same research group in 2004 in which general knowledge and attitude towards smoking and giving up smoking was measured and evaluated. Results demonstrated that there is a lower number of smokers among dental professionals (dentists: 22.3%; students: 20.3%) than in the Hungarian general population and high interest in encouraging and assisting patients in giving up smoking (dentists: 45%; students: 54%). Comparing the results of this study to earlier data collated in 2004, we find a decreasing ratio of smokers among students (34% in 2004 and 20.3% in 2011). An increasing need for information about smoking cessation, tobacco related health hazards and the lack of detailed knowledge about methods and patient education were identified.     

四川某医学院校学生控烟课程干预效果评价

目的了解医学生控烟课程干预效果。方法在2013年3-6月在某医学院校对115名医学生实施控烟课程。在控烟课程实施前后,采用由中国控烟中心统一制作的问卷对医学生进行抽样调查。在描述性研究的基础上,采用χ2检验和秩和检验探讨控烟课程实施前后医学生在控烟态度及相关认知等方面的变化。结果控烟课程实施后,所调查学生的吸烟率由干预前的11.3%降为7.0%(P0.05);而且控烟态度更加明确(P0.05),尤其是在不可出售卷烟给青少年、应在舞厅酒吧游戏厅禁烟以及健康工作者应该成为病人或大众不吸烟的楷模三方面的态度很明确;在控烟课程实施后,不吸烟者对于将来自已肯定不会吸烟的态度更明确(P0.05),有超过90%的人认为控烟课程对今后的帮助有用,并且,有20%的人表示就目前所掌握的知识和技能能够帮助吸烟者戒烟。结论控烟课程提升了医学生的控烟态度及相关认知,能够帮助减少未来的吸烟者,可更广泛实施。     

成都市医生吸烟现状及男性医生吸烟行为影响因素研究

目的了解成都市医生的吸烟状况及男性医生吸烟的影响因素。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,对抽取的成都市710名医生进行吸烟现状调查,应用Logistic回归模型探讨男性医生吸烟的影响因素。结果本次调查的医生总体吸烟率为17.2%,男性医生吸烟率为37.3%;男性从不吸烟者和曾经吸现在已戒烟者的相关认知均好于吸烟者(F=3.61,P0.01;F=2.98,P0.01),从不吸烟者和曾经吸现在已戒烟者的相关态度均好于吸烟者(F=2.31,P0.01;F=2.29,P0.01);男性医生吸烟的影响因素为年龄、工龄、相关知识得分、相关态度得分和单位禁烟。结论本次调查的医生吸烟率较低,男性吸烟者吸烟相关认知差于不吸烟者,应该根据调查的相关吸烟影响因素制定医院控烟措施,进一步降低医生的吸烟率。     

Smoking habits and attitudes of medical,students towards smoking and antismoking campaigns in fourteen european countries

From an ongoing global international survey we present the results for 14 European countries. The survey was carried out through a WHO-based questionnaire given to the students at the beginning of their first year and during the course of their final year. Daily smokers comprised 13.7% in first year and 21.5% in final year, with an overall variation between 3 and 33% according to country. There were already 16% of ex-smokers among first year students. More than 50% of smokers had made attempts to quit. 60% of daily smokers, and almost all others, thought that they would no longer be smoking in five years time.Knowledge of aetiology was moderate in first year. It later improved but there remained many lacunae in final year, e.g. less than 30% were aware that smoking was a cause of coronary artery disease. There was little knowledge of public health measures for smoking control.Attitudes were greatly influenced by smoking; ex-smokers were similar to non-smokers, with occasional smokers intermediate between these and daily smokers. Only 25% accepted a preventive and educative role in advising patients. As regards smoking, students were concerned with their personal health and with advising patients whom they knew to have smoking-related disease, but in general had little conception of smoking as a public health problem.The differences between countries indicate that both habits and attitudes are social and cultural problems. In most of the centres there seemed to be much room for improvement of medical education in this field.Corresponding author. with the collaboration of Institut d'Administration des Entreprises, Bordeaux, France and Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale et de Bio-Statistique, Univ. Bordeaux II, Pr. R. Salamon, Dr. Y. Praque et A. Corson with the tecnical assistance of Mme S. Redon, Assistante Ingénieur de l'INSERM, Bordeaux, France.     

Smoking prevalence and attitudes of Gwynedd Health Authority staff towards passive smoking and the Authority's non-smoking policy

In 1989, a postal survey was undertaken to investigate the smoking prevalence and attitudes of Gwynedd Health Authority employees towards the Authority's non-smoking policy, passive smoking and other related issues. The results show a smoking prevalence rate of 22% for those participating in the survey, with over half of all smokers expressing a wish to stop. Although the rate was similar for males and females, it was marginally higher amongst nursing staff and young employees. Smoking prevalence was highest among the ancillary staff, and lowest among the medical and dental professions. Most employees were in broad agreement with the Authority's non-smoking policy, and a majority thought it about right or favoured extending it. Most non-smokers and ex-smokers believed passive smoking to be a health hazard, with an increased number rating it anti-social. Attitudes towards these issues were similar for males and females, with marked differences between the groups employed in different areas of the service. Younger employees were more aware of the dangers of passive smoking, but less sympathetic towards the policy than the older ones. The findings of this study highlight the differences between smokers and non-smokers on all smoking issues. The implications for health education and the Authority's non-smoking policies are discussed.     

Smoking habits of final-year Galician medical students

Smoking habits among final-year Galician medical students have been studied using a questionnaire complying with the recommendations of the W.H.O. and the U.I.C.C. Aspects reported include the prevalence of the smoking habit, the characteristics of smoker, drug and habit, and health problems attributed to smoking. The prevalence rate was high (61.9%); average consumption by smokers was 16 cigarettes/day; most smokers smoked cigarettes with medium-to-high nicotine and medium-to-low tar contents; and the proportion of ex-smokers was small. Smokers were found to be well aware of the dangers of smoking, and their failure to relinquish the habit is attributed to lack of social support. The role of Medical Faculties in the fight against smoking is discussed, and it is suggested that priority should be given to anti-smoking campaigns among secondary school students (14-17 year-olds) and university undergraduates, since 60% of smokers acquired the habit during the former period and 21% during the latter.     

Effect of medical education on smoking behaviour

At Manchester University medical students (n = 658) had more knowledge than law students (n = 245) about the hazards of smoking, were more convinced by the relevant evidence, and assessed the risk to health more highly. However, there was no significant difference in their smoking behaviour. Among medical students 61% were non-smokers, 10% ex-smokers, and 29% smokers, of whom three-fifths smoked regularly. During their training they were more likely to start smoking than to give it up, and more likely to increase their consumption than decrease it. Expansion of smoking occurred especially in the early years of the course, whereas the main increase in knowledge was in the clinical period. Students' knowledge and their opinion of the evidence were related to their stage of education, whereas their assessment of the risk was linked with their smoking behaviour. Expansion of smoking at medical school may be forestalled by providing information about the hazards as early as possible, although some smokers will continue the habit irrespective of knowledge.     

江西省公共场所禁烟及人群被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解江西省公共场所吸烟状况，以及成年人和青少年吸烟和被动吸烟状况，为制定被动吸烟控烟对策提供依据。方法采用现场观察法对南昌市、景德镇市和井冈山市共44个公共场所吸烟状况进行调查，对600名成年人和800名学生进行问卷调查，问卷内容包括吸烟和被动吸烟情况、吸烟相关知识和态度、学校开展控烟健康教育状况等。结果公共场所控烟标识率为65．9％，吸烟发现率为37．1％，吸烟劝阻率为8．2％，交通工具等候室地面烟头数量较多，吸烟者较多。成年人吸烟率为32．7％，其中男性为61．8％，女性为2．4％，分别有76．0％、86．7％和64．8％的成年人在家庭、室内娱乐场所和室内工作场所中存在吸烟情况。学生尝试吸烟率为27．8％，其中男生为40．9％，女生为11．7％，分别有66．6％和20．5％在调查前7天内遭受过和每天遭受被动吸烟的危害，学校控烟健康教育活动开设率较低。结论江西省城市公共场所禁烟实施情况不理想，青少年和成年人被动吸烟情况严蕈。     

Association between infection early in life and mental disorders among youth in the community: a cross-sectional study

Background

Surveys have provided evidence that tobacco use is widely prevalent amongst the youth in Pakistan. Several reviews have evaluated the effectiveness of various tobacco control programs, however, few have taken into account the perceptions of students themselves regarding these measures. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective anti-smoking messages that can be delivered to high-school students in Pakistan, based on their self-rated perceptions. It also aimed to assess the impact of pictorial/multi-media messages compared with written health warnings and to discover differences in perceptions of smokers to those of non-smokers to health warning messages.

Methods

This study was carried out in five major cities of Pakistan in private English-medium schools. A presentation was delivered at each school that highlighted the well-established health consequences of smoking using both written health warnings and pictorial/multi-media health messages. Following the presentation, the participants filled out a graded questionnaire form, using which they rated the risk-factors and messages that they thought were most effective in stopping or preventing them from smoking. The Friedman test was used to rank responses to each of the questions in the form. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test used to analyze the impact of pictorial/multi-media messages over written statements. The Mann Whitney U test was used to compare responses of smokers with those of non-smokers.

Results

Picture of an oral cavity cancer, videos of a cancer patient using an electronic voice box and a patient on a ventilator, were perceived to be the most effective anti-smoking messages by students. Addiction, harming others through passive smoking and impact of smoking on disposable incomes were perceived to be less effective messages. Pictorial/multi-media messages were perceived to be more effective than written health warnings. Health warnings were perceived as less effective amongst smokers compared to non-smokers.

Conclusion

Graphic pictorial/multi-media health warnings that depict cosmetic and functional distortions were perceived as effective anti-smoking messages by English-medium high school students in Pakistan. Smokers demonstrated greater resistance to health promotion messages compared with non-smokers. Targeted interventions for high school students may be beneficial.     

景德镇市卫生系统员工吸烟状况和控烟态度调查

目的了解景德镇市卫生系统员工吸烟状况和对控烟工作的态度。方法采取自行设计的调查问卷,采用分层整群随机抽样的方法调查了6所医院的1693名员工。结果被调查对象的总吸烟率为18.2%,而男员工吸烟率则为47.3%,在303名男性吸烟员工中医务人员又占了64.4%;另外,大多数人知道吸烟有害健康,但缺乏对相关法律、法规知识的了解;对控烟工作绝大多数人持赞成态度。结论大力开展医院控烟健康教育,卫生系统员工要作控烟工作的表率。     

山西某医学院校学生吸烟行为态度及影响因素分析

目的 了解医学生吸烟情况及知信行现状,为学校制定控烟政策提供参考依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取山西某医学院校500名学生进行问卷调查,使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,主要统计学方法包括x2检验、logistic回归分析等.结果 医学生吸烟率为9.7％,其中男生吸烟率为27.6％,女生吸烟率为0.3...     

Smoking behaviour and attitudes among Australian medical students

Teaching about tobacco and related diseases is essential in the undergraduate medical course in order for students to gain knowledge about smoking and how to intervene with patients who smoke. The objective of the study was to assess students'smoking-related behaviour, knowledge and attitudes towards tobacco, and perceptions of their future role as doctors. Data were collected from two consecutive years of year 1 and year 5 medical students at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. A total of 594 (79%) of students across the 2 years completed the survey: 90% of year 1 students, and 69% of year 5 students. The daily smoking rate among the total medical students was 2.9%: 11.8% in year 1 (2.3% daily, 9.5% occasional) and 13.7% in year 5 (3.3% daily, 10.4% occasional). There were significantly more male than female smokers in year 5 (P < 0.05). The overall smoking rates for males in years 1 and 5 were 12.4% and 19.3%, and the smoking rates for females were 11.2% and 8%. Knowledge about the causal role of tobacco in the development of specific diseases improved significantly from year 1 to year 5 (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, in year 5 there remained a lack of knowledge about the relationship of smoking and some diseases. Fifty-seven per cent of students thought that their current knowledge was sufficient to counsel smokers, with year 5 students (89%) being far more positive than year 1 students (34%) (P < 0.001). Teaching medical students about smoking-related diseases and a patient-centred smoking cessation intervention results in an increase in knowledge, as well as positive perceptions about their future role in intervening with smokers.