妇科手术后下肢深静脉血栓超声特点及其引发肺栓塞危险性的初步研究

目的 分析妇科手术后下肢深静脉血栓(LDVT)特点及其引发肺栓塞(PE)的危险性,同时探讨彩色多普勒超声在妇科手术后对LDVT诊断价值.方法 研究对象为2008年4月至2008年12月所有于我院进行妇科手术的资料完整的患者395例.分别于手术前24 h、术后48～72 h及术后96～120 h,常规扫查患者双下肢深静脉,若有血栓,则进一步行螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA),明确有无肺栓塞,并彩色多普勒超声继续动态观察.术后超声检查未见LDVT,而临床症状、体征或实验室检查不能除外肺栓塞的患者,亦要进行CTPA检查,明确有无肺栓塞.结果 妇科盆腔手术后早期无积极预防措施时LDVT形成的发生率为11.1%, LDVT患者42.8%发生肺栓塞.结论 妇科术后,下肢深静脉血栓最常见的部位是小腿深静脉;且引发肺栓塞危险性高,小腿深静脉血栓的栓子是引发肺栓塞的主要因素.妇科手术后早期对高危人群常规行双下肢静脉,尤其是小腿深静脉超声检查具有重要价值.     

下肢深静脉血栓并发肺栓塞的急救与护理

总结6例下肢深静脉血栓并发肺栓塞患者的护理经验,认为主要护理措施是抗凝治疗的严密监测,加强呼吸、循环功能的监护,疼痛的护理,患肢的护理,营养支持,同时加强心理护理及健康教育。     

抗凝血酶缺乏症并发下肢深静脉血栓和急性肺栓塞l例

抗凝血酶缺乏症患者易发生下肢深静脉血栓,严重者并发急性肺栓塞。该文报道了1例抗凝血酶缺乏症并发下肢深静脉血栓和急性肺栓塞病例。该例以运动后左膝关节疼痛、活动受限入院,行深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查（彩超）示左侧股静脉、胭静脉、胫前静脉、胫后静脉深静脉血栓形成,给予制动、溶栓治疗稍好转,其后因突发意识丧失行实验室检查发现,血浆D-二聚体明显升高,抗凝血酶活性显著降低,胸部CT动脉造影示大面积肺栓塞,追溯家族史,疑为遗传性抗凝血酶缺乏症,但因未能完善遗传学相关检查,故未能最后确诊。     

1例下肢深静脉血栓并肺栓塞儿童的护理

肺血栓栓塞症（Pulmonary thromboembolism，PTE）指来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支，引起以肺循环和呼吸功能障碍为主要，晦床和病理生理特征的疾病。多见于50岁以上。本丈介绍了较少见的儿童患下肢深静脉血栓并肺栓塞的护理体会。     

抗凝血酶缺乏症并发下肢深静脉血栓和急性肺栓塞1例

抗凝血酶缺乏症患者易发生下肢深静脉血栓,严重者并发急性肺栓塞。该文报道了1例抗凝血酶缺乏症并发下肢深静脉血栓和急性肺栓塞病例。该例以运动后左膝关节疼痛、活动受限入院,行深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查（彩超）示左侧股静脉、胭静脉、胫前静脉、胫后静脉深静脉血栓形成,给予制动、溶栓治疗稍好转,其后因突发意识丧失行实验室检查发现,血浆D-二聚体明显升高,抗凝血酶活性显著降低,胸部CT动脉造影示大面积肺栓塞,追溯家族史,疑为遗传性抗凝血酶缺乏症,但因未能完善遗传学相关检查,故未能最后确诊。     

4种超声技术综合诊断下肢深静脉血栓形成

应用二维加压超声、彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）、脉冲多普勒（PWD）和二维血流显像技术（B—Flow）综合诊断下肢深静脉血栓（LEDVT）形成，旨在为临床早期诊断LEDVT提供可靠依据。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深静脉血栓的应用价值分析

选取我院2011年5月~2013年5月收治的86例高度疑似下肢深静脉血栓患者,86例患者均行彩色多普勒超声探查,结合患者不同临床特点选用不同仪器探头和与其适应的探查方法,通过观察超声显像,判断血栓类型等。结果 86例高度疑似下肢深静脉血栓患者的确诊率为100%,血栓部位114处,彩色多普勒超声查出111例,查出率97.37%。彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓的诊断上具有无创、安全、快捷、可重复性强、准确率高等特点,同时患者的依从性高且价格相对低廉,诊断效果显著,因此临床上值得应用和推广。     

下肢远端深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值

目的探讨膝、髋关节置换术后下肢远端深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值。方法应用超声检测行膝、髋关节置换术的101例患者术前1 d和术后1、2、3、7 d下肢血管,观察有无血栓及血栓特点。结果膝、髋关节置换术后58例患者发生血栓(57.4%),患肢79条,血栓均位于小腿部,77条发生比目鱼肌静脉血栓,发生率97.5%;35例患者血栓直径7 mm(60.3%),血栓累及多支静脉17条(21.5%)。临床常规抗凝治疗,术后第7天8例患者血栓消失,19例患者血栓缩小,31例患者血栓大小变化不明显。结论膝、髋关节置换术后超声可有效检测下肢远端深静脉血栓及其进展,临床上应重视小腿血栓的检测,以免漏诊而延误治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声对下肢深静脉血栓的评价

目的探讨彩色多普勒对下肢深静脉血栓的诊断与疗效的评价.方法对16例拟诊下肢深静脉血栓的患者进行检查.测量患肢静脉管径、受累部位,观察声像图改变及彩色多普勒的血流特征.随访治疗前后变化.结果急性血栓患者静脉管径增宽,内有不规则的低回声.彩色多普勒超声显示完全阻塞者无血流通过,不完全阻塞者为充盈缺损,且血流缓慢.经溶栓治疗及肢体活动等治疗后,血流逐渐恢复.慢性血栓显示回声较高,治疗后范围缩小,需时较长.结论彩色多普勒超声评价下肢深静脉血栓有重复性好、可靠性高的优势.     

Silent pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs

Summary. Background: One in every three patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs may have silent pulmonary embolism (PE), but its clinical relevance has not been thoroughly studied. Methods: We used the RIETE Registry data to study patients with proximal DVT and no PE symptoms, but with a systematic search for PE. We compared the outcome of DVT patients with silent PE and those with no PE. Results: Of 2375 patients with DVT, 842 (35%) had silent PE and 1533 had no PE. During the first 15 days of anticoagulation, patients presenting with silent PE had a higher incidence of symptomatic PE events than those with no PE (0.95% vs. 0.13%; P = 0.015), with a similar incidence of major bleeding (0.95% vs. 1.63%; P = 0.09). In patients with silent PE, the incidence of PE events during the first 15 days was equal to the incidence of major bleeding (eight events each), but in those with no PE the incidence of PE events was eight times lower (3 vs. 25 bleeding events). Multivariate analysis confirmed that DVT patients with silent PE had a higher incidence of symptomatic PE events during the first 15 days than those with no PE (odds ratio, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.27–18.1), with no differences in bleeding. Conclusions: DVT patients with silent PE at baseline had an increased incidence of symptomatic PE events during the first 15 days of anticoagulant therapy. This effect disappeared after 3 months of anticoagulation.     

下腔静脉滤器置入应用于下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器(VCF)置入联合抗凝溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的效果及防治肺动脉栓塞的意义.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年9月我院收治的DVT患者115例,选择27例适合行VCF置入的患者,在数字减影血管造影术下行VCF置入,术后给予溶栓、抗凝等治疗.结果 27例患者下腔静脉内均成功置入VCF,经溶栓、抗凝后患肢肿胀明显消退,术后无肺栓塞及滤器置入相关并发症发生.结论 VCF置人联合抗凝溶栓治疗DVT疗效好且安全,VCF置入可有效预防下肢深静脉血栓患者肺栓塞的发生.     

Pitfalls and sources of error of color duplex ultrasonography in detecting deep vein thrombosis of proximal lower extremities

Introduction　　TodetectDVTasaccuratelyandearlyaspossibleisveryimpor tantformanagingpulmonaryembolism .Immediateanticoagulationorinterventionalproceduressuchasvenacavafilterplacementorthrom bolysiswouldbeappliedifDVTdetected .Anticoagulationmaybewithheldifeitherpulmonaryembolism (PE)orDVTisnotfoundbe causeanticoagulationisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofmajorbleedingandotherpotentialseriousconsequences ,forinstance ,hep arin inducedthrombocytopenia[1] .Especiallyinsurgicalunit,there sultof…     

可回收型下腔静脉滤器用于预防下肢静脉血栓脱落导致肺栓塞的临床价值分析

目的分析可回收型下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)应用于下肢静脉血栓脱落所导致的肺栓塞(PE)的效果及其安全性。方法选取2008年1月至2013年6月间收治的41例行可回收型IVCF置入术患者(可回收型IVCF组)以及35例行永久性IVCF植入术的静脉血栓栓塞症患者(永久性IVCF组),回顾性分析其临床资料。比较两组治疗后的效果以及近期和远期并发症情况和死亡人数。结果两组术后0~6周和7周至2年病死率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。可回收型IVCF组慢性血栓后综合征、下腔静脉阻塞和血栓形成的发生率明显低于永久性IVCF组(P0.05)。两组出血发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论可回收型IVCF置入效果好,且出现并发症的发生率明显少于永久性VCF组,值得临床上的推广应用。     

CT肺动脉成像联合下肢静脉成像评估肺动脉栓塞与下肢深静脉血栓的相关性

目的探讨应用CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)联合下肢静脉成像(CTV)技术,分析肺动脉栓塞(PE)与下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)关系的价值.方法 回顾性分析374例因怀疑下肢深静脉血栓而接受CTPA联合下肢CTV检查的患者资料,分别评估左下肢、右下肢、双下肢DVT并发PE的风险,分析PE与下肢DVT的相关性.结果 共检出下肢DVT 288例,PE 155例;下肢DVT合并PE共145例.共检出DVT病变血管321条,左下肢DVT的发生率(211/321,65.73%)明显高于右下肢(110/321,34.27%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=71.783,P<0.001).50.35%(145/288)的下肢DVT患者合并PE,左下肢、右下肢、双下肢DVT合并PE患者分别占44.38%(79/178)、58.44%(45/77)、63.64%(21/33),差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.883,P=0.032).93.55%(145/155)的PE患者合并下肢DVT,PE合并左下肢、右下肢、双下肢DVT的患者分别占50.97%(79/155)、29.03%(45/155)、13.55%(21/155),差异无统计学意义(χ²=13.025,P>0.05).PE与DVT呈正相关(r=0.8).结论 PE的发生与下肢DVT呈正相关,应用CTPA联合下肢CTV诊断下肢DVT可同时判断是否合并PE,有利于及时合理治疗,减低PE病死率.     

Neither baseline tests of molecular hypercoagulability nor D-dimer levels predict deep venous thrombosis in critically ill medical-surgical patients

Objective Predicting patients who are harboring asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), or who are at particular risk of developing DVT, is a desirable clinical goal since prevention or early treatment of DVT might reduce the risk of fatal pulmonary embolism. Thus validation of simple laboratory tests that reliably predict venous thromboembolism (VTE) would be clinically very important. Tests that might be useful for these applications include markers of hypercoagulability (predicting patients at risk of DVT) and D-dimer (predicting which patients may have acute DVT).Methods In a prospective cohort study we measured a panel of hypercoagulability markers at the time of ICU admission, and six commercial D-dimer assays were performed serially during the ICU stay in medical-surgical ICU patients who were screened for DVT with biweekly lower limb compression ultrasonography. Ultrasonography was also performed at the time of any clinically suspected DVT events. We matched cases with DVT with controls without DVT for length of stay in the ICU to generate receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves.Results One hundred ninety-seven patients were enrolled. Blood was collected on a total of 763 occasions (median number of occasions per patient: 3, range 1–21). None of the assays predicted DVT, as indicated by the areas under the ROC curves, that did not differ significantly from 50%.Conclusion In critically ill patients, neither tests of hypercoagulability nor D-dimer levels predict patients at risk of DVT and thus they should not be used to guide diagnostic testing for DVT.This study was funded by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.     

下腔静脉滤器植入对治疗下肢深静脉恤栓的探讨

目的总结下腔静脉滤器（IVCF）植入后取栓及溶栓治疗在下肢深静脉血栓中的应用经验。方法分析14例经下肢深静脉造影证实下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的病例资料,先行下腔静脉滤器植入,后在透视引导下用大腔导管取栓及溶栓导管局部溶栓治疗。结果下腔静脉滤器植人全部成功,取栓及溶栓治疗显效12例,有效2例,无肺动脉栓塞症（PTE）及严重出血发生,下肢症状消失。结论腔静脉滤器植入后取栓及溶栓治疗DVT,疗效显著。     

Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in pregnancy is challenging. Many of the common diagnostic tests, including compression ultrasonography (CUS), ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy (VQ scan) and helical computed tomography (hCT) that have been extensively investigated in non-pregnant patients, have not been appropriately validated in pregnancy. Extrapolating results of diagnostic studies of DVT and PE in non-pregnant patients to those who are pregnant may not be correct because during pregnancy, physiologic and anatomic changes may affect diagnostic test results, presentation and natural history of VTE. METHODS: We performed a systematic analysis of published studies addressing accurate diagnostic testing for DVT and PE in pregnancy to determine the accuracy of these tests in pregnancy. RESULTS: Our initial search yielded 530 articles of which four remained for inclusion, three studies investigating diagnostic testing in patients with a clinical suspicion of DVT or PE and one study in patients with a clinical suspicion of PE. CONCLUSIONS: From our systematic analysis of published studies investigating diagnostic testing for a clinical suspicion of DVT in pregnancy we conclude that; (i) two studies support withholding anticoagulant therapy in pregnant women with a clinical suspicion of DVT and normal results on serial IPG (impedance plethysmography), however, IPG is no longer used; (ii) one study demonstrated that a normal CUS at presentation combined with a normal D-dimer test or an abnormal D-dimer test combined with normal serial CUS appears promising for safely excluding DVT in pregnant patients, but too few patients were included in this pilot-study to draw firm conclusions; and (iii) one study investigated pregnant patients with a clinical suspicion of PE and this study concluded that in patients with normal or non-diagnostic VQ scans, withholding anticoagulant therapy might be safe, but this needs confirmation in larger studies. Recommendations on diagnostic testing of pregnant patients with a clinically suspected DVT or PE are provided.