同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术与心瓣膜手术

目的　为了提高同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)与心瓣膜手术的疗效 ,降低死亡率 ,总结手术及围术期处理的经验。　方法　 2 4例患者中 ,二尖瓣病变 11例 ,主动脉瓣病变 3例 ,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜病变 10例。 1支冠状动脉病变 1例 ,2支 11例 ,3支 6例 ,另 6例为心瓣膜手术中发现左冠状动脉开口有阻塞 ,急症行 CABG。全组行二尖瓣成形术 2例 ,二尖瓣置换术 9例 ,主动脉瓣置换术 3例 ,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术 10例 ;移植 1支血管 7例 ,2支 11例 ,3支 6例。　结果　术后早期 (30天内 )死亡 2例 ,分别死于低心排血量综合征和多器官功能衰竭。随访 2 2例 ,随访时间 8个月～ 7年 ,晚期死亡 1例 ,其余 2 1例心功能明显改善 ,心功能 (NYHA分级 ) 级 15例 , 级 5例 , 级 1例 ,心绞痛消失 7例。　结论　冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和心脏瓣膜疾病并存时 ,应同期施行CABG和心瓣膜手术 ,彻底纠正心脏病变。术中加强心肌保护 ,尽量缩短心肌缺血时间 ;术后妥善处理心、肾等器官功能衰竭 ,是提高手术疗效的重要措施     

冠状动脉旁路移植术同期行心脏瓣膜置换手术59例临床分析

目的 研究冠状动脉旁路移植同时行心脏瓣膜置换手术治疗非缺血性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病的疗效.方法 59例冠状动脉旁路移植同时行瓣膜置换手术,包括二尖瓣瓣膜病变40例及主动脉瓣瓣膜病变11例,联合瓣膜病变8例,共搭桥132支.根据患者年龄及病变血管情况选用乳内动脉或大隐静脉作为血管桥.结果 本组1例术后1d死亡,死亡原因是严重的低心排综合征,搭桥4根.其他病例术后随访2个月至7年,均没有明显心绞痛复发并且心功能得到改善.结论 非缺血性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病患者一般无典型心绞痛病史,有冠心病高危因素的患者术前应该常规行冠状动脉造影检查明确是否合并冠心病.采取术前改善心功能状态,缩短手术及心肌缺血时间等措施,同时行冠状动脉旁路移植手术及心脏瓣膜手术是有效可行的治疗手段.     

非缺血性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病同期手术治疗的临床分析

目的 总结非缺血性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病同期手术患者的临床特征和手术效果,以提高手术疗效. 方法 2000年1月至2007年6月同期手术治疗105例非缺血性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病患者,年龄36～79岁(61.96±7.61岁),其中风湿性心瓣膜疾病59例,退行性二尖瓣病变24例,老年性钙化性主动脉瓣病变13例;其它主动脉瓣病变9例.术前行冠状动脉造影明确诊断98例,术中探查发现冠心病7例.全组均行冠状动脉旁路移植术,共移植血管216支(2.06支/例),同期行二尖瓣置换术36例,二尖瓣成形术15例,主动脉瓣置换术43例,双瓣膜置换术11例. 结果 术后住院死亡6例(5.7%,6/105).死于严重低心排血量3例,肾功能衰竭2例,术后心脏骤停并发多器官功能衰竭1例.术后随访93例,随访时间1个月至7年,失访6例.无晚期死亡患者.心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级53例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级5例.1例患者活动后仍有心绞痛存在. 结论 非缺血性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病患者绝大多数无典型的心绞痛症状,50岁以上的患者必须行冠状动脉造影检查,对有冠心病易患因素者,应积极作冠状动脉造影检查;冠心病所致的心肌缺血可明显加重心脏瓣膜疾病所引起的心肌损害,术中心肌保护尤为重要;正确评价术前左心功能低下的患者是选择手术治疗的难点,更是影响手术效果的关键因素.     

心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病10例手术治疗

目的:探讨心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠心病的手术治疗方法及围术期处理。方法:2000年8月～2004年8月,同期手术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病10例,其中二尖瓣病变7例,主动脉瓣病变2例,联合瓣膜病变1例,手术在中低温体外循环下进行,均行人工机械瓣膜置换。结果:其中1例因低心排死亡,其余病人心功能明显改善。结论:瓣膜疾病合并冠心病者,手术死亡率偏高,但若能纠正瓣膜功能,改善心肌缺血情况,并完善术中心肌保护,对提高此类疾病患者的生活质量有良好的效果。     

重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗结果,探讨提高早期生存率的措施。方法自2000年6月至2005年7月,对78例重症心脏瓣膜病患者施行瓣膜替换术。其中单纯二尖瓣置换12例,二尖瓣置换 三尖瓣成形22例,单纯主动脉瓣置换8例,二尖瓣 主动脉瓣置换 三尖瓣成形35例,二尖瓣置换 冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。结果死亡6例,其中术后并发低心排血量5例,心室颤动治疗无效死亡1例,死亡率7.69%。随访53例,平均随访2.5年,死亡5例。结论对重症心脏瓣膜病患者,注重改善术前心功能,掌握手术时机,尽量保留瓣下组织,选择合适瓣膜,重视围手术期处理,可提高手术成功率。     

同期施行瓣膜和冠状动脉手术的危险因素

目的探讨行冠状动脉旁路手术同时行心脏瓣膜手术的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2000年12月至2005年1月间126例行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）同期行瓣膜手术患者的临床资料。按照性别分为男性组和女性组,男84例,女42例。采用胸骨正中切口,2组都在中度低温体外循环心脏停跳下完成搭桥和瓣膜手术。结果2组患者术前体重、糖尿病及风湿性二尖瓣狭窄、冠状动脉三支血管病变等差异都有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,患者术后病死率和并发症的发生率差异有统计学意义,二尖瓣置换手术女性明显多于男性（P〈0．05）,男性组术后死亡5例,其中心脏衰竭1例,应激性高血糖昏迷1例,严重心律失常2例,心。肾肺多脏器衰竭1例;女性组术后死亡7例,其中心脏衰竭1例,应激性溃疡消化道大出血1例,严重心律失常3例,心肾肺多脏器衰竭2例。结论CABG同期行瓣膜手术是安全有效的,女性的并发症发生率和病死率高于男性,这与女性的低体重及风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病变等构成独立的危险因素有关。     

心脏不停跳下瓣膜置换同期实施改良迷宫术的手术配合

采用热凝及无水乙醇注射方式,对78例心脏瓣膜病变合并慢性心房颤动患者,于体外循环心脏不停跳下行瓣膜置换术的同时实施改良迷宫手术.结果 手术经过顺利,无低心排血量综合征,无房室传导阻滞,无出血;随访6～27个月,维持窦性心律73例,心房颤动复发5例,其中服用乙胺碘呋酮恢复窦性心律3例,失败2例.提出护士详细掌握手术步骤,做好充分的术前准备及术中护理配合,严密观察病情变化,是保证手术成功的重要措施.     

老年患者二尖瓣置换同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床分析

目的总结老年二尖瓣疾病合并冠心病患者心瓣膜置换术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的经验，以提高临床效果。方法2002年7月至2004年7月我科共30例老年二尖瓣疾病患者二尖瓣置换术同期行CABG。年龄66．0±9．1岁（60～73岁），4例为风湿性瓣膜病变，26例为二尖瓣瓣膜退行性病变。术前心功能分级（NYHA）：Ⅰ级3例，Ⅱ级5例，Ⅲ级17例，Ⅳ级5例。共移植旁路血管71支，使用左侧乳内动脉24例，其余均为大隐静脉。置换机械瓣27例，置换生物瓣3例；行三尖瓣De Vega成形术17例。结果术后早期死亡1例（3．3％）。随访29例，平均随访时间13个月，心功能均有明显改善，Ⅰ级18例，Ⅱ级10例，Ⅲ级1例，可从事简单的运动及正常家务劳动，生活质量满意。结论老年二尖瓣疾病患者二尖瓣置换术同期行CABG的危险性较大，充分的术前准备，正确的手术方案，术中良好的心肌保护及严密的术后处理是手术成功的重要因素。     

心脏不停跳下瓣膜置换同期实施改良迷宫术的手术配合

采用热凝及无水乙醇注射方式，对78例心脏瓣膜病变合并慢性心房颤动患者，于体外循环心脏不停跳下行瓣膜置换术的同时实施改良迷宫手术。结果手术经过顺利，无低心排血量综合征，无房室传导阻滞，无出血；随访6～27个月，维持窦性心律73例。心房颤动复发5例，其中服用乙胺碘呋酮恢复窦性心律3例．失败2例。提出护士详细掌握手术步骤，做好充分的术前准备及术中护理配合，严密观察病情变化，是保证手术成功的重要措施。     

同期行冠状动脉旁路移植及心瓣膜置换术80例

目的总结80例同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG) 心瓣膜置换术患者的临床经验,分析手术死亡的危险因素,提高手术的成功率。方法1997年5月至2006年3月,共行CABG 心瓣膜置换术80例,共移植血管159支,平均每例移植血管1.99支。同期行二尖瓣置换术49例,主动脉瓣置换术18例,双瓣膜置换术13例(置换机械瓣68例、生物瓣12例)。结果术后住院时间19.2±13.4d。术后早期死亡10例(12.5%,10/80),主要死亡原因:低心排血量、急性肾功能衰竭、神经系统并发症、心室颤动、心脏骤停等。相关危险因素分析结果显示:术前有心肌梗死史、心功能差、心胸比率大、射血分数低与早期死亡有关(P<0.05)。术后发生并发症包括内出血、严重室性心律失常、神经系统并发症、切口感染等,经相应的治疗均痊愈。随访58例(82.86%),随访时间6～60个月,心绞痛和心力衰竭症状、体征均明显改善,80%的患者术后6个月恢复正常生活;远期死亡2例(脑梗死、肺部感染)。结论CABG联合心瓣膜置换术是治疗冠心病合并心瓣膜病变的有效方法,术前积极改善心功能、术中加强心肌保护、缩短手术和心肌缺血时间以及完全的心肌再血管化能有效地提高手术成功率。     

1110例冠状动脉搭桥术的早期结果

目的　回顾性总结１９９６ 年１ 月以来１１１０ 例冠状动脉搭桥术（ＣＡＢＧ） 的近期疗效,介绍冠心病搭桥术的体会和经验。　方法　体外循环下行ＣＡＢＧ１０４８ 例,非体外循环ＣＡＢＧ６０ 例。心肌保护均采用冷血含钾停跳液,体外循环时间１１５ ±３５ 分钟,主动脉阻断时间７２ ±２４ 分钟,单支搭桥１１０ 例,２ 支搭桥１４５ 例,３ 支搭桥４１５ 例（３７－３ ％） ,４ 支搭桥或４ 支以上４３９ 例（３９－５％） 。搭桥材料：左乳内动脉７５１ 例,大隐静脉８７７ 例,桡动脉１０１ 例,全动脉化７２ 例。合并手术：室壁瘤切除１１２ 例,室壁瘤折叠１４ 例,左室成形５ 例,瓣膜手术４８ 例,室间隔穿孔修补术５ 例。　结果　住院死亡９ 例,死亡率０－８１％ 。其余患者痊愈出院,心绞痛基本缓解。术后并发症：低心排１１ 例,主动脉球囊反搏７例,围术期心肌梗塞２ 例,脑部并发症３ 例,二次开胸止血４ 例。　结论　选择好靶血管和充分血管化是冠状动脉搭桥术的关键。另外要重视围术期处理。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后左心辅助临床应用体会

目的：总结冠状动脉移植术（搭桥术）后使用左心机械辅助情况，为临床处理重症冠心病提供参考。方法：回顾分析了1704例搭桥术病人使用左心辅助的情况，并分析了其与并发症、病死率相关因素。结果：搭桥术病人左心机械辅助使用率为1.5％，脱机率76％，出院率48％。主要并发症为多发性器官功能衰竭（MOF）、出血等。死亡病人大多在脱机后发生，主要死因为MOF、肾功能不全、心功能衰竭。结论：搭桥术后左心机械辅助应强调早期使用，如有可能，小流量观察一段时间再停机。     

冠状动脉病变程度与冠心病危险因素的相关分析

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度与冠心病危险因素的关系。方法选择冠心病患者116例为冠心病组,选择冠状动脉样硬化狭窄程度〈50%的患者66例为对照组。分析冠状动脉狭窄程度与冠心病危险因素的关系。结果多因素分析结果显示,LVEF、Ccr与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈负相关,而hs-CRP与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论冠状动脉狭窄程度与LVEF、Ccr呈负相关,与hs-CRP呈正相关。     

冠状动脉内膜剥脱联合旁路移植治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变的近中期效果

目的探讨冠状动脉内膜剥脱术(CE)联合冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变的近中期效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年1月在南京市第一医院心胸血管外科接受CE+CABG的248例弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变患者的临床资料。男性201例,女性47例;年龄(65.6±8.5)岁(范围:43~79岁)。体外循环手术156例,非体外循环手术92例。共对269根病变血管完成CE,包括前降支108根,右冠状动脉140根,钝缘支21根。共完成旁路移植872支,包括左胸廓内动脉248支,桡动脉48支,大隐静脉576支,每例患者移植(3.5±0.8)支(范围:2~6支)。CE后平均血流量为(26±8)ml/min(范围:13~59 ml/min),血流指数为3.1±0.8(范围:2.0~6.7)。采用t检验或χ²检验比较体外循环和非体外循环患者的手术结果及术后通畅率。结果全组围手术期病死率为1.2%(3/248),2例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于术后顽固性低心排血量。9例发生围手术期心肌梗死。随访(41.8±21.4)个月(范围:1~68个月)。旁路血管术后1年通畅率为78.4%(182/232),3年通畅率为69.8%(162/232)。左冠状动脉系统通畅率明显高于右冠状动脉系统(1年:87.4%比73.1%,χ²=6.533,P=0.011;3年:78.2%比64.8%,χ²=4.588,P=0.032)。体外循环组和非体外循环组旁路血管通畅率无差异(1年:80.0%比76.9%,χ²=0.277,P=0.599;3年:71.5%比67.9%,χ²=0.300,P=0.584)。结论CE+CABG治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变可以获得较满意的完全再血管化,有较好的早、中期效果和旁路血管通畅率。体外循环和非体外循环手术具有相似的早中期结果。     

Coronary endarterectomy on beating heart: Our experience

Introduction Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) associated with Endarterectomy is a high risk procedure. After the first report of coronary endarterectomy by Bailey et al in 1951, the preference for this surgical procedure was decreased due to increased morbidity and mortality In patients with total or subtotal large coronary artery obstructions in which there is no possibility to receive a conduit as graft for myocardial revascularisation, endarterectomy remains the procedure of choice. This study was designed to study early and midterm results of off pump coronary artery endarterectomy. Methods Of 172 Consecutive Off Pump CABG done at our institution from Jan 2003 to July 2005, 22 patients underwent supplementary coronary endarterectomy. 16 patients had chronic stable angina 4 had unstable angina two required emergency CABG with endarterectomy following perioperative infarction. The mean ejection fraction was 29.2±4.3 and all of the patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) III or IV. All patients were planned for complete total arterial revascularisation using Left Internal Mammary Artery (LIMA). Right Internal Mammary Artery (RIMA), Radial composite “Y” graft, Two patients operated for periop infarct received vein graft. In 16 patients closed endarterectomy was done in five patients double endarterectomy in single vessel was done to chase the plaque distally, in one patient open left anterior descending (LAD) endarterectomy with vein patch reconstruction was performed. Results There were no deaths. None of the procedures were converted to on pump operation. All endarterectomies and bypasses were performed on Beating Heart, all patients were completely revascularised. Peri operative cardiac enzymes studied showed no significant rise in the Creatinine Phoshpokinase (CPK)-Creatinine Phosphokinase myocardial Band (CPK-MB). The mean postoperative Ejection Fraction (EF) was 36.7%±7.2% which was significantly higher than the Preoperative one (p<.05). At the end of four months to one and half year 22 patients were in NYHA class I to II and all were angina free in canadian cardiovascular society class.f Conclusions Coronary End Arterectomy without cardiopulmonary bypass can be performed in patients who are expected to benefit from complete revascularisation. It can be performed with closed as well as open method. However to achieve complete endarterectomy by closed technique in some patients it is essential to chase the plaque. Early and mid term results are encouraging.     

1198例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的早期临床分析

目的　总结分析非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)的早期临床结果和经验体会。方法　 1996年 10月至 2 0 0 2年 5月在国内 15个冠心病微创外科中心完成非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 1198例 ,占同期冠心病手术的 79 5 % ,OPCAB实施率 (即OPCAB占单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术的百分比 )为 85 2 %。年龄平均 (6 1 6± 9 0 )岁 ,男性占 77 3%。 18 7%为左主干病变 ,76 9%为 3支病变。左心室射血分数平均 0 5 6± 0 17。其中二次手术者占 1 5 % ,急诊手术占 9 9%。结果　 2 2例为小切口单支病变旁路移植手术 ,其余均为正中切口、多支病变的OPCAB手术。远端吻合口为 (3 1± 0 9)个 ,乳内动脉桥占 6 5 6 % ,桡动脉桥占 18 0 % ;5 2 %病人使用主动脉内球囊反搏。住院死亡 14例 ,病死率 1 2 %。其中术后心跳骤停或室颤 7例 ,大出血 2例 ,昏迷伴肾功能衰竭 2例 ,大面积脑梗塞 2例 ,呼吸衰竭 1例。并发症中 ,围术期心肌梗死占 0 4% ,急性左心功能衰竭占 0 3% ,严重心律失常占 1 2 % ,呼吸系统并发症占 2 0 % ,器质性神经系统并发症占 1 2 % ,新发或加重的肾功能不全占 0 7% ,出血二次开胸占1 0 % ,胸骨愈合不良占 0 6 %。结论　OPCAB手术安全可行 ,早期效果满意 ,远期效果有待进一步观察。OPCAB具备一     

Coronary artery bypass grafting for left main disease and the risk of stroke: Incidence,aetiology and prevention

This review explores the association between left main disease and the increased risk of perioperative stroke following coronary artery bypass grafting, specifically addressing the potential underlying mechanisms and its potential prevention. In particular, this correlation appears stronger for patients with left main disease when compared to patients with isolated triple vessel disease. Even though evidence on this topic is limited and of modest quality, there appears to be a significant association between ascending aorta atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, there seems to be a relationship between the severity and extent of carotid artery stenosis and coronary artery disease. Carotid artery disease is itself associated with atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, a well-recognised risk factor for postoperative atheroembolic stroke. The association between left main disease, ascending aorta atherosclerosis and carotid artery stenosis may reflect an increased systemic atherosclerotic burden and hence explain, at least partially, the higher risk of perioperative cerebrovascular events. Potential pre-, intra- and post-operative strategies for stroke prevention are discussed.     

Safe evolution towards routine off-pump coronary artery bypass: negotiating the learning curve

Objective: Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) hopes to avoid morbidity associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, improving clinical outcomes. Yet its technical difficulty and unfamiliarity raise concern that adoption of OPCAB might be associated with poorer outcomes during each surgeon's ‘learning curve’. We examined trends in patient selection over time as a single surgeon's practice evolved to routine OPCAB. Methods: Between 10-1-96 and 12-31-01, 1479 consecutive patients had isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical data were gathered prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. Trends in adoption of OPCAB and clinical outcomes were examined. Results: There were 756 OPCAB and 723 CABG/cardiopulmonary bypass patients. The practice evolved from 90% conventional CABG to 93% OPCAB. An abrupt transition coincided with evolution of techniques to expose the obtuse marginal arteries, and improvements in suction-based coronary stabilizers. Mortality was 1.0% for the off-pump group and 2.1% for the on-pump group. Careful patient selection helped maintain acceptable outcomes during the ‘learning curve’. Patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, left main disease, and complex three vessel disease were excluded from OPCAB until significant experience (>200 cases) was attained. Presently, all isolated coronary bypass cases are candidates for OPCAB except patients with ischemic ventricular arrhythmias, those in cardiac arrest, and those for whom previous left pneumonectomy or deep pectus excavatum prevent rightward mobilization of heart. Conclusions: Despite a significant learning curve, evolution to routine OPCAB can be achieved while maintaining good patient outcomes. The development of specialized techniques, coronary stabilizers, and apical suction devices allows the application of OPCAB to virtually all coronary bypass patients, as surgeon experience matures.     

Combined surgical management of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis and coronary artery disease

The combination of constrictive pericarditis and coronary artery disease is rarely reported in medical literature. Constrictive pericarditis occurs after cardiac operations in 0.2–0.3 % of cases. Normal coronary vessels can be involved in the inflammatory process of constrictive pericarditis by scar tissue. The association between tuberculosis and coronary artery disease is rare. Obliteration of coronary vessels may occur in rare cases of tuberculous aortitis. We present a case of coronary artery disease associated with tuberculous constrictive pericarditis. Combined treatment by total pericardiectomy and coronary artery bypass surgery was successful.     

Is chlamydia pneumoniae associated with calcification in coronary atherosclerosis?

Background The various factors that initiate coronary atherosclerosis and calcification are unclear. Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated in several diseases, including atherosclerosis. The possible association of chlamydia pneumoniae with calcification in coronary atherosclerosis, has not been previously elucidated. Methods Coronary endarterectomy specimens were harvested from 73 patients (67 males, 6 females), aged 40 to 75 years (average age 58 years) at Coronary Artery Bypass Graft [CABG] operation, and analysed by immunohistology, Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR], and electron microscopy. T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and Chlamydia pneumoniae were identified using appropriate cell-specific antibodies. Results Calcification was observed in all specimens, varying from calcific stippling to diffuse calcification. Numerous T-cells and macrophages were seen within atherosclerotic plaques and areas of calcification. Large numbers of cells that stained positive for the antibody to Chlamydia pneumoniae, were distributed in 69% of specimens within atherosclerotic plaques, especially within areas of calcification, in close association with inflammatory cells, but not in the adjacent normal segments. Deoxy-ribo DNA chlamydia pneumoniae was identified in 65% of specimens by PCR. Clumps of chlamydia pneumoniae were observed in about 61% of specimens by transmission electron microscopy. Conclusions This study demonstrated Chlamydia pneumoniae within foci of calcification in atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques obtained following endarterectomy in Indian patients. Chlamydia pneumoniae, in association with macrophages and T-lymphocytes, may contribute to the chronic inflammatory reactions resulting in calcification of atherosclerotic coronary plaques. This finding may improve the treatment of coronary artery disease since Chlamydia pneumoniae is sensitive to antibiotic therapy.