间接免疫荧光法测定呼吸道9种病原体IgM结果分析

目的测定呼吸道感染患者血液中9种病原体IgM抗体,分析呼吸道感染9种病原体分布情况。方法采用荧光免疫技术对河南焦作煤业中央医院门诊和住院的2608例呼吸道感染患者血液中嗜肺军团菌（LP）、肺炎支原体（MP）、Q热立克次体（COX）、肺炎衣原体（CP）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、甲型流感病毒（IFA）、乙型流感病毒（IFB）、副流感病毒（PIVs）等9种病原体的IgM抗体进行检测,分析不同性别、不同季节各种病原体的检出情况。结果在2608例标本中,9种病原体IgM检测阳性率为62．96％（1642／2608）,单一病原体阳性检出率为48．35％（1261／2608）,混合感染检出率为14．72％（384／2608）;LP、MP、IFB在不同季节检出率有统计学差异（P均〈0．05）,不同性别间各种病原体检出率无统计学差异（P均〉0．05）。结论间接免疫荧光法是检测呼吸道病原体的一种灵敏、特异且简便的方法;该院呼吸道感染病原体检出率较高,以MP、IFB、LP、PIVs感染为主,冬春季节病原体检出率较高。     

儿童社区获得性肺炎非典型病原体临床分析

目的 对儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的病原学进行分析，加强对儿童CAP非典型病原体的认识，为经验性治疗提供依据。方法 对符合CAP诊断的住院患儿2230例进行病原学检查。咽拭子间接免疫荧光法（MIF）检测流感病毒A、B型，副流感病毒1、2、3型，腺病毒，呼吸道合胞病毒抗原。血清酶联免疫吸附法（ELLSA）检测肺炎支原体IgM、衣原体IgM、嗜肺军团菌IgM、柯萨奇病毒BIgM、巨细胞病毒IgM。乳胶凝集法检测EB病毒抗原，免疫金标法查EB病毒抗体。为避免假阳性和假阴性，病原检测均设对照组。结果 2230例CAP患儿检出病原体阳性768例，阳性率为34．4％。检出结果由高到低依次为肺炎支原体抗体361例（47．0％），呼吸道合胞病毒抗原103例（13．4％），EB病毒抗体75例（9．8％），副流感病毒抗原71例（9．2％），柯萨奇病毒BIgM55例（7．2％），腺病毒抗原47例（6、1％），衣原体抗体7例（0.9％）。检出两种病原体49例（6．4％），其中肺炎支原体抗体＋EB病毒抗体31例，副流感病毒抗原＋呼吸道合胞病毒抗原15例，EB病毒抗体＋呼吸道合胞病毒抗原3例。结论 ①非典型病原体尤其是肺炎支原体感染在儿童CAP中占重要地位。②不同的年龄段和不同季节病原不同，支气管肺炎多见于3岁以下婴幼儿，以病毒感染为主。大叶、阶段性、间质性肺炎多见于5岁以上儿童，以支原体感染多见。③混合感染不容忽视，病毒、支原体易继发化脓茵感染，支原体感染可合并EB病毒感染等。④儿童CAP经验性治疗应重视大环内酯类抗生素和抗病毒药物。     

儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒和非典型病原体的检测

目的了解急性呼吸道感染(ARI)患儿呼吸道病毒和非典型病原体感染的情况。方法收集17 048例拟诊断为ARI患儿的血清,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测9种常见的病毒和非典型病原体,包括肺炎支原体(MP)、乙型流感病毒(FluB)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、副流感病毒(PIV)、腺病毒(ADV)、甲型流感病毒(FluA)、嗜肺军团菌(LPN)、Q热立克次体(COX)、肺炎衣原体(CPn)的IgM抗体。结果 9种病原体的总体检出率为60.24%(10 269/17 048)。其中,MP的检出率最高,为47.78%(8 146/17 048),其次是FluB,检出率为30.87%(5 262/17 048)。MP各季节检出率都较高;FluB主要在夏季和冬春季有小流行;RSV在冬春季检出率较高;ADV春季检出率较高;FluA在春夏季出现了小流行;PIV和LPN季节性不明显。ADV、CPn、FluA、FluB、LPN、MP、PIV、RSV病原体检出率在各年龄组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2种病原体混合感染以MP+FluB最多,占39.58%;3种病原体混合感染以MP+FluB+RSV多见,占13.68%。4种病原体混合感染,以MP+FluB+RSV+PIV居多,占3.84%。其他混合感染模式的阳性例数较少。结论武汉地区引起儿童ARI的病毒和非典型病原体主要是MP、FluB和RSV;各种病原体检出率具有一定季节性且不同年龄段间有一定差异;混合感染比较普遍,主要是MP+FluB混合感染。     

2015年某医院儿童呼吸道感染病原学特征分析

目的：比较并分析甘肃省妇幼保健院儿童呼吸道感染常见病原体的检出情况,为临床准确诊断、合理治疗提供依据。方法收集2015年1～12月甘肃省妇幼保健院6032例急性呼吸道感染的患儿标本,采用免疫斑点试验技术检测其血清中6种常见呼吸道病原体早期特异性抗体IgM：腺病毒（ADV）、流感病毒（IV）、副流感病毒（PIV）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、肺炎支原体（MP）、肺炎衣原体（CP）。分析患儿感染模式,以及不同年龄、季节、性别等感染情况的差异。结果6032例感染的标本中有2279例阳性,阳性率为37．8％。6种呼吸道病原体的阳性率依次为：ADV12．2％、IV9．6％、CP7．9％、MP4．6％、RSV3．0％、PIV0．3％。呼吸道病原体检出率在春、夏季节较高;1～3岁和4～6岁组阳性率高。结论该院儿童呼吸道感染常见病原体以ADV为主,其次是IV,其感染具有明显的季节性;支原体和衣原体也是呼吸道感染常见病原体,主要有MP和CP。     

急性呼吸道感染多病原体混合感染的检测分析

目的：了解急性呼吸道感染（ARI）非细菌性多病原体混合感染的情况,为预防误诊误治ARI提供客观依据。方法：对ARI患的呼吸道分泌物标本检测腺病毒（ADV）,巨细胞病毒（CMV）,柯萨奇病毒（COX）,呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,肺炎衣原体（CP）,肺炎支原体（MP）等病原体。结果：ARI组,两种及多种病原体混合感染占31．5％,对照线,也有少量阳性检测结果,但无混合感染情况。结论：在ARI患中,多病原体混合感染比较普遍。     

惠东地区小儿呼吸道感染9种病原体Ig M 抗体联和检测的意义

目的：了解惠东地区小儿呼吸道感染不同病原体的检出率及其流行特点。方法对818例呼吸道感染患儿的血清标本应用9项呼吸道联检试剂（间接免疫荧光法）同时检测9项主要病原体的 Ig M 抗体,包括嗜肺军团菌（L P ）、肺炎支原体（MP）、Q热立克次体（COX）、肺炎衣原体（CP）、腺病毒（ADV）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、甲型流感病毒（IFA）、乙型流感病毒（IFB）、和副流感病毒（PIVS）1、2、3型。结果9种病原体的感染率为30．9％,其中以MP最为多见,IFB、RSV次之;混合感染率达7．7％。结论该地区小儿呼吸道感染的主要病原体为M P、IFB、RSV ,明确呼吸道感染病原体有助于指导临床合理用药。     

福州地区4060例呼吸道感染患者病原体检测结果分析

目的：分析福州地区呼吸道感染患者非细菌病原体 IgM抗体分布特征。方法收集4060例疑似呼吸道感染患者血清标本,采用间接免疫荧光法检测9种常见病原体 IgM抗体。结果4060例标本中,肺炎支原体阳性率最高（27．6％）,Q热立克次体阳性率最低（0．5％）。不同年龄组间嗜肺军团菌、肺炎支原体、腺病毒、甲型流感病毒和乙型流感病毒阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。共检出混合感染510例,主要为肺炎支原体和嗜肺军团菌合并感染。结论肺炎支原体是福州地区呼吸道感染患者的主要非细菌病原体;不同年龄段患者对各种病原体具有不同的易感性;肺炎支原体和其他非细菌病原体的混合感染较为常见。     

老年呼吸道疾病患者呼吸道非典型病原体IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的探讨9种呼吸道非典型病原体与老年患者呼吸道疾病的相关性,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考。方法选取2013年7月至2014年6月收治入院的老年呼吸道疾病患者1 407例,采用间接免疫荧光法检测血清中嗜肺军团菌血清1型(LP)、肺炎支原体(MP)、Q热立克次体(COX)、肺炎衣原体(CP)、腺病毒(ADV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、甲型流感病毒(FLUA)、乙型流感病毒(FLUB)、副流感病毒1~3型(PIV)等9种非典型呼吸道病原体IgM抗体,并进行临床分析。结果 1 407例老年呼吸道疾病患者中,检测出呼吸道非典型感染病原体抗体阳性816例,阳性率达58.0%,其中LP阳性率最高(20.5%),其次为FLUB(12.4%),MP和FLUA阳性率为第3、4位,分别为11.7%和4.1%。198例老年患者同时检测出2种以上非典型病原体,混合感染率达14.1%(198/1 407),占总感染例数的24.3%(198/816)。慢性支气管炎非典型病原体IgM抗体检出率最高(66.9%),其余依次分别为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(61.3%)、阻塞性肺气肿(59.4%)、支气管哮喘伴感染(59.0%)和肺炎(48.7%)IgM抗体。结论老年患者呼吸道疾病与呼吸道非典型病原体感染密切相关,主要病原体是LP、FLUB、MP和其他病原体的混合感染。进行呼吸道感染性疾病治疗时,应充分重视非典型病原体感染。     

上海地区社区获得性肺炎的病原学调查

目的：了解上海地区社区获得性肺炎病原的分布情况，为经验治疗提供依据。方法：对244例≥2岁的社区获得性肺炎患留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养，同时采用聚合酶链反应方法、血清学方法和尿抗原测定法检测非典型病原体。结果：244例患病原学检测阳性120例(49．2％)，其中细菌阳性53例(21．7％)，非典型病原体82例(33．6％)，细菌和非典型病原体混合感染15例(6．1％)。病原菌包括嗜血杆菌属26株，肺炎克雷伯菌10株，肺炎链球菌6株，其他链球菌属6株，葡萄球菌属6株和其他革兰阴性杆菌8株，非典型病原包括肺炎支原体65例次，肺炎衣原体17例次和嗜肺军团菌7例次。肺炎链球菌感染多见于2～4岁幼儿，肺炎支原体感染多见于5～14岁和15～44岁年轻患。细菌感染和非典型病原体感染的临床表现和实验室检查差异均无显性。结论：嗜血杆菌属细菌仍是社区获得性肺炎的主要病原菌之一，非典型病原体亦占重要地位．因此经验治疗宜选用对常见细菌和非典型病原体均有效的抗微生物药。     

2011-2013年常州地区急性呼吸道感染住院儿童病原学研究

目的：了解2011-2013年常州地区急性呼吸道感染（ARI）住院患儿的病原检出情况。方法选取常州地区2011年1月-2013年12月因ARI在常州市第一人民医院住院治疗的患儿6366例。收集患儿临床资料,同时用间接免疫荧光法（IFA）检测血清中嗜肺军团菌、肺炎支原体、Q热立克次体、肺炎衣原体、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒和副流感病毒1、2和3型的IgM抗体。分析病原检出情况、不同年龄患儿各病原检出率、各病原季节分布及其致病情况。结果患儿中有1850例至少有1种病原检测结果为阳性,总检出率为29．06％（1850/6366）,其中肺炎支原体是最常见的病原,检出率为25．3％（1423/6366）。病毒病原中呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒阳性患儿年龄中位数小于患儿总体年龄中位数（P＜0．01）。1～6月龄组呼吸道合胞病毒检出率最高,为3．58％（14/391）;其余各年龄组均以肺炎支原体检出率最高。病原除Q热立克次体、肺炎衣原体外,其余各病原均有明显的季节性。急性上呼吸道感染、喉炎、支气管炎、毛细支气管炎、支气管肺炎、支气管哮喘伴感染均以肺炎支原体居多。结论呼吸道合胞病毒是常州地区ARI住院儿童呼吸道感染常见病原。不同的病原,年龄分布不同,具有各自的季节性及疾病分布特点。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.