The phytoestrogen daidzein affects the antioxidant enzyme system of rat hepatoma H4IIE cells

Phytoestrogens such as the soy isoflavonoid daidzein have potential health benefits. The antioxidant properties of phytoestrogens are considered to be responsible in part for their protective effects. The antioxidant enzyme (AOE) system plays an important role in the defense of cells against oxidative insults. To determine whether flavonoids can exert antioxidative effects not only directly but also indirectly by modulating the AOE system, we investigated the influence of the flavonoid daidzein on the expression of different AOE. Daidzein treatment of hepatoma H4IIE cells increased catalase mRNA expression two- to threefold. Expression levels of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) were not affected by exposure to daidzein. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA expression levels decreased slightly and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels increased slightly after daidzein exposure. Changes in AOE mRNA expression levels were significant at 300 micromol/L daidzein. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the strong increase in catalase mRNA, transfection experiments were performed. Transient transfection of hepatoma cells with reporter plasmids containing different parts of the upstream region of the catalase gene showed a significant one- to threefold increase in reporter gene activity after daidzein exposure. This indicates that daidzein can directly activate the rat catalase promoter region. Despite the increase in catalase mRNA, daidzein pretreatment of cells did not protect against oxidative stress resulting from H(2)O(2) exposure. On the contrary, daidzein itself exerted a mild oxidative stress. In conclusion, the changes in the AOE system provoked by daidzein affected the oxidant rather than the antioxidant properties of daidzein.     

Sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate derived from garlic induces phase II detoxification enzymes in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells

There is evidence that onions and garlic protect against cancer in humans. It has been suggested that this effect is partly due to the organosulfur compounds in Allium vegetables and that these substances act through induction of phase II detoxification enzymes. Here, we hypothesized that alk(en)yl thiosulfates, sodium n-propyl thiosulfate (NPTS), and sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate (2PTS), which were identified in onions and garlic, respectively, may induce phase II enzymes. Therefore, rat hepatoma cells (H4IIE) were cultured with 1 to 100 μmol/L of NPTS or 2PTS for 48 hours at 37°C; and the activities and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of phase II enzymes in H4IIE cells were investigated. The effects of diallyl trisulfide and tert-butylhydroquinone, known as phase II inducers, were also examined as positive controls and compared with the responses of NPTS and 2PTS. Quinone reductase (QR) activity and mRNA expression levels of QR and epoxide hydrolase 1 were significantly increased by 2PTS (P < .05-.005). In particular, QR activity was increased at a relatively low concentration of 2PTS (10 μmol/L). However, glutathione S-transferase activity and mRNA expression levels of glutathione S-transferase A5 and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 were not changed by 2PTS. In contrast, NPTS did not affect the activities and mRNA expression levels of these phase II enzymes. These results show that 2PTS can induce phase II enzymes, and its inductive effect is comparable or superior to that of diallyl trisulfide and tert-butylhydroquinone.     

氟对大鼠脑细胞DNA的损伤及诱导凋亡的作用

目的　探讨氟对大鼠脑细胞DNA的损伤作用及诱导凋亡的作用。方法　体内试验中 ,对照组大鼠腹腔注射蒸馏水 ,氟组大鼠注射氟化钠 ,染毒剂量为 2 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ;体外试验中 ,采用 5mmol/L氟化钠对急性分离的大脑神经细胞染毒 2h后用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 (SCGE)研究氟对细胞DNA的损伤 (单链断裂 )。采用TUNEL法和流式细胞术 (FCM)检测细胞凋亡。结果　体内试验氟组大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞DNA损伤情况明显比对照组严重 ,Ridit值分别为 0 351和 0 639,体外试验对照组与氟组Ridit值分别为 0 650 1和 0 3844。TUNEL阳性细胞在氟组大鼠大脑皮层、海马及小脑颗粒细胞层均可见到 ,在对照组大鼠则很罕见。流式细胞术检测结果表明大脑皮层及海马神经细胞凋亡百分率氟组 (2 7 1 2± 3 0 8,34 97± 5 46)均高于对照组 (4 63± 0 98,5 35± 0 79) ,差异有极显著性意义。结论　氟化钠可引起大鼠脑细胞DNA损伤和细胞凋亡发生     

光气致小鼠肺脏细胞DNA损伤和凋亡

目的研究光气致BALB/c小鼠肺水肿模型的肺脏的DNA损伤和凋亡。方法26只二级BALB/C小鼠,雄性,随机分为正常对照组和染毒组,各13只。正常对照组小鼠给予空气,染毒组小鼠给予11·9mg/L剂量的光气,时间均为5min,染毒后4h,比较2组小鼠肺脏的湿干比、病理学变化,单细胞凝胶电泳测定2组肺Ⅱ型细胞DNA损伤情况及对小鼠肺脏进行DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳。结果11·9mg/L的光气染毒5min,小鼠肺脏湿干比(6·42±1·00)比正常对照组(4·25±0·47)显著增加(P<0·05);光镜下观察肺组织可见肺水肿发生;单细胞凝胶电泳法测定染毒组肺Ⅱ型细胞的尾长、尾部DNA、尾距均显著高于正常对照组(P<0·001);DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳出现DNA梯状样改变。结论光气染毒可造成小鼠肺水肿,引起肺Ⅱ型细胞发生DNA损伤和肺脏细胞凋亡。     

Low concentrations of quercetin and ellagic acid synergistically influence proliferation,cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells

Little information is available regarding possible synergistic or antagonistic biochemical interactions among polyphenols contained in fruits and vegetables. Identifying potential interactions among these compounds may help to define the efficiency of polyphenol-containing foods in cancer prevention as related to structure-function activity of the compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate interactions between quercetin and ellagic acid, two polyphenolics that are present predominantly in small fruits, on cell death and proliferation-related variables in the MOLT-4 human leukemia cell line. Assays were performed to determine cell cycle kinetics, proliferation, apoptotic DNA-fragmentation and caspase-3-activity after 12, 24 and 48 h. Ellagic acid significantly potentiated the effects of quercetin (at 5 and 10 micro mol/L each) in the reduction of proliferation and viability and the induction of apoptosis. Significant alterations in cell cycle kinetics were also observed. The synergy was confirmed by an isobolographic analysis of the cell proliferation data. The interaction of ellagic acid and quercetin demonstrated an enhanced anticarcinogenic potential of polyphenol combinations, which was not based solely on the additive effect of individual compounds, but rather on synergistic biochemical interactions.     

Fish oil decreases oxidative DNA damage by enhancing apoptosis in rat colon

To determine if dietary fish oil protects against colon cancer by decreasing oxidative DNA damage at the initiation stage of colon tumorigenesis, oxidative DNA damage, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed by colonic crypt cell position using quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Ki-67, and TUNEL assay, respectively. Sixty rats were provided one of two diets (corn oil or fish oil) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, an inducer of oxidative DNA damage) treatments (no DSS, 3% DSS, or DSS withdrawal). Fish oil feeding resulted in lower 8-OHdG levels (P = 0.038), higher levels of apoptosis (P = 0.035), and a lower cell proliferative index (P = 0.05) compared with corn oil feeding. In the top third of the crypt, fish oil caused an incremental stimulation of apoptosis with increased DNA damage (P = 0.043), whereas there was no such relationship with corn oil. Because polyps and tumors develop from DNA damage that leads to loss of growth and death control, the significant difference in fish oil vs. corn oil on these variables may account, in part, for the observed protective effect of fish oil against oxidatively induced colon cancer.     

辛硫磷对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞DNA损伤、细胞凋亡及P53蛋白表达的影响

目的研究辛硫磷对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)DNA的损伤作用及其对氧化损伤、细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达的影响。方法 Percoll离心法分离培养大鼠BMSCs,正常传代。取第3代BMSCs,调整细胞密度为1.0×106/瓶,当细胞至亚融合状态,分别以0(对照)、0.2、2和20μg/L的辛硫磷浓度染毒24h。采用MTT法检测BMSCs的存活率,分光光度比色法检测BMSCs超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,单细胞凝胶电泳检测BMSCs的DNA损伤,流式细胞术检测大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡率,Western blotting检测BMSCs的P53蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,0.2～20μg/L辛硫磷染毒24h,可诱发大鼠BMSCs的DNA损伤,且具有剂量-效应关系;各染毒组大鼠BMSCs的存活率、SOD和CAT活性均显著下降(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率和MDA含量均显著升高(P<0.05);辛硫磷染毒可以诱导大鼠BMSCs P53蛋白表达水平的增加(P<0.05)。结论辛硫磷可诱导大鼠BMSCs氧化损伤、DNA损伤、细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达,且具有剂量-效应关系。     

Erythrocyte oxidative damage in rat treated with CCl4: protective role of vanillin

Owing to the presence of hemoglobin and polyunsaturated fatty acids, erythrocytes are a convenient model to understand membrane oxidative damage induced by various xenobiotic pro-oxidants. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of vanillin, a naturally occurring food-flavoring agent, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced erythrocyte damages in Wistar albino rats. A single injection of CCl(4) (1 ml/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) caused a significant induction of oxidative damage as evidenced by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl levels and osmotic fragility accompanied with a significant decrease in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities. Furthermore, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly elevated, while glutathione levels, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities were markedly reduced in the erythrocytes of CCl(4)-treated rats. Pretreatment of rats with vanillin (150 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 3 consecutive days before CCl(4) injection protected erythrocytes against the increase of lipid peroxidation and degradation of membrane proteins compared to CCl(4)-treated rats and exhibited marked prevention against CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress, alterations of membrane-bound enzymes as well as erythrocyte osmotic fragility. Our results suggest that vanillin plays a protective and curative role against the harmful effects of CCl(4) on erythrocytes, thus ensuring membrane cell integrity.     

H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in colonial fish-eating waterbird eggs from the Great Lakes

Fish-eating waterbirds from the Great Lakes of North America have shown symptoms of poisoning similar to those observed in laboratory exposures of various avian species to planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHHs). PHHs, include among others, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and have been implicated in some of the reproductive problems of Great Lakes waterbirds. The objectives of this study were to assess the overall potencies of PCB-containing extracts from colonial water-bird eggs taken from the Great Lakes and to compare the potencies with the location and spatial distribution of the colonies. The potencies of the extracts were assessed by their ability to induce cytochrome P450IA1-associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells as compared to the standard, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The H4IIE bioassay-derived TCDD-equivalents (TCCD-EQs) in the waterbird eggs concur with residue analyses and biological data from other studies. The greatest concentrations of TCDD-EQs were found in waterbird eggs from historically polluted, industrialized or urbanized areas in which the reproductive impairment of colonial waterbirds was most severe. However, significant concentrations of TCDD-EQs were detected at all sites tested; with a range of 49 to 415 pg TCDD-EQ/g egg, uncorrected for extraction efficiencies. The H4IIE bioassay proved to be a useful biomonitoring tool to assess the overall potency of complex PHH mixtures in environmental samples.Some of these results were presented at the 1989 International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants, Plymouth, England (Tillittet al. 1989)     

线粒体损伤在镉诱导肝细胞凋亡和DNA损伤中的作用

目的探讨活性氧(reactive oxidative species, ROS)介导的线粒体损伤在镉(cadmium, Cd)暴露诱导肝L02细胞凋亡和DNA损伤中的作用。方法以肝L02细胞为研究对象,利用0～90μmol/L的Cd处理细胞24 h,采用噻唑兰法检测Cd暴露对细胞生存率的影响;以0、20和40μmol/L的Cd染毒细胞24 h,分别采用克隆形成实验、流式细胞术、彗星实验、2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐非标记性氧化敏感的荧光探针、线粒体红色荧光探针(Mitotracker Red CMXRos)和10-N-壬基-吖啶橙等荧光探针标记、线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)、ATP测定试剂盒以及Western Blot等方法,检测Cd暴露对细胞克隆形成能力、细胞凋亡、DNA损伤、ROS水平、线粒体形态、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP/Δψm)、线粒体质量、ATP含量及相关蛋白的影响;利用90μmol/L抗氧化剂维生素C预处理细胞1 h后给予40μmol/L Cd处理细胞24 h,检测ROS水平、Δψm、线粒体质量、ATP...     

氯化镉对NRK肾细胞DNA损伤及细胞凋亡作用

目的观察氯化镉对大鼠肾细胞(NRK)DNA损伤和细胞凋亡的影响。方法用不同浓度氯化镉(0,2.5,5,10,20μmol/L)染毒NRK细胞12 h,应用Hoechst/PI双荧光活性染色检测镉致NRK细胞的凋亡率;单细胞凝胶电泳法检测镉对NRK细胞DNA的损伤。结果Hoechst/PI双染检测2.5,5,10和20μmol/L镉染毒组的细胞凋亡率分别为5.9%,12.4%,24.6%和46.2%,与对照组比较明显升高。单细胞凝胶电泳检测5,10和20μmol/L染镉组的尾部DNA含量和尾长,比对照组明显增加,且各染镉组与尾部DNA含量和尾长存在剂量-效应关系。结论氯化镉可诱发大鼠NRK细胞凋亡,DNA损伤是镉致NRK细胞凋亡的主要原因。     

煤烟对大鼠肺Ⅱ型细胞DNA损伤作用的研究

目的探讨煤烟对大鼠肺Ⅱ型细胞DNA的损伤作用.方法采用单细胞凝胶电泳法(SCGE)和溴乙锭荧光法(EFA)结合细胞原代培养技术检测了煤烟颗粒提取物对大鼠肺Ⅱ型细胞DNA单链断裂作用和双链交联形成作用.结果煤烟颗粒提取物在15～120 mg/L的浓度范围内具有细胞毒性,受试物剂量和检测到的A值存在剂量-反应关系(r=-0.943, P<0.05).在10～40 mg/L的剂量范围内可以引起细胞DNA发生单链断裂和DNA双链交联作用.与对照组相比,各剂量组检测到的DNA交联率分别增加了18.2%、23.7%和31.4%,最高剂量组检测到的平均彗尾长度是对照组的3.6倍.结论煤烟可以导致肺Ⅱ型细胞DNA的损伤.     

饮水氯化消毒副产物MX对人胚肝细胞(L-02)的DNA损伤及凋亡作用

目的　研究饮水氯化消毒副产物 3 氯 4 二氯甲基 5 羟基 2 (5氢 ) 呋喃酮 (MX)致人胚肝细胞 (L 0 2 )DNA损伤及凋亡作用。方法　以L 0 2为靶细胞 ,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 (SCGE)和流式细胞术 (FCM)分别检测MX致L 0 2细胞DNA损伤及凋亡作用。结果　随着MX浓度的增加 ,L 0 2细胞DNA链断裂逐渐增加 ,且 10 0和 30 0 μmol L剂量组与溶剂对照组相比具有统计学显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ;MX各剂量组均引起L 0 2细胞凋亡率明显增加 ,与溶剂对照组相比具有统计学显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　饮水氯化消毒副产物MX可致L 0 2细胞DNA单链断裂和凋亡     

甲醛致大鼠脑细胞DNA损伤的初步研究

目的检测大鼠脑细胞经不同浓度液态甲醛体外染毒后所致的DNA损伤。方法Wistar大鼠脑细胞暴露于不同浓度液态甲醛(0.005,0.025,0.125和0.625mmol·L-1)中,染毒1h,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(又称彗星实验)检测脑细胞的DNA损伤。结果浓度为0.005和0.025mmol·L-1的甲醛,可造成脑细胞DNA的严重断裂,而0.125和0.625mmol·L-1的甲醛则引起显著的交联作用。结论液态甲醛可造成脑组织DNA的断裂和交联。     

黄绿青霉素对人血管内皮细胞凋亡和DNA损伤的作用

目的:观察黄绿青霉素(CIT)对血管内皮细胞凋亡和DNA损伤的作用.方法:体外原代培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,给予浓度分别为1umo1/L、2umol/L、5upmol/L、1Oumol/L的CIT毒素,处理时间为48h.光镜观察细胞生长形态,MMT法检测细胞活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况,单细胞凝胶电泳法分析CIT对内皮...     

氟对大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞DNA损伤和凋亡作用的研究

目的 观察饮水氟染毒对雄性SD大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞DNA损伤及凋亡的影响.方法 将60只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照(蒸馏水)组和低(10 mg/L)、中(50 mg/L)和高(100 mg/L)浓度氟化钠染毒组,每组15只.采用自由饮用方式进行染毒,连续染毒120 d.分别于染毒第60、90、120天,从每组随机抽取5只大鼠,采用硫代巴比妥酸法、单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)和流式细胞技术分别检测各组生殖细胞中丙二醛(MDA)含量、DNA损伤及细胞凋亡情况.结果 与对照组比较,各染氟周期中、高浓度氟化钠染毒组大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞中MDA含量均明显升高(P＜0.05);60和120 d时各浓度氟化钠染毒组大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞彗尾长和Olive尾矩较高(P＜0.05);但90 d时各浓度氟化钠染毒组大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞彗尾长和Olive尾矩无显著变化.与对照组比较,60和90 d时高浓度氟化钠染毒组及120d时中、高浓度氟化钠染毒组大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞凋亡率均较高(P＜0.05);随着染毒时间的延长,中、高浓度氟化钠染毒组大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞凋亡率呈逐渐增高的趋势.结论 过量氟通过诱导大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞脂质过氧化和DNA损伤进而激活生殖细胞凋亡,这可能是氟中毒雄性生殖损害的重要作用机制之一.     

Choline deficiency increases lymphocyte apoptosis and DNA damage in humans

BACKGROUND: Whereas deficiency of the essential nutrient choline is associated with DNA damage and apoptosis in cell and rodent models, it has not been shown in humans. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to ascertain whether lymphocytes from choline-deficient humans had greater DNA damage and apoptosis than did those from choline-sufficient humans. DESIGN: Fifty-one men and women aged 18-70 y were fed a diet containing the recommended adequate intake of choline (control) for 10 d. They then were fed a choline-deficient diet for up to 42 d before repletion with 138-550 mg choline/d. Blood was collected at the end of each phase, and peripheral lymphocytes were isolated. DNA damage and apoptosis were then assessed by activation of caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling, and single-cell gel electrophoresis (COMET) assays. RESULTS: All subjects fed the choline-deficient diet had lymphocyte DNA damage, as assessed by COMET assay, twice that found when they were fed the control diet. The subjects who developed organ dysfunction (liver or muscle) when fed the choline-deficient diet had significantly more apoptotic lymphocytes, as assessed by the activated caspase-3 assay, than when fed the control diet. CONCLUSIONS: A choline-deficient diet increased DNA damage in humans. Subjects in whom these diets induced liver or muscle dysfunction also had higher rates of apoptosis in their peripheral lymphocytes than did subjects who did not develop organ dysfunction. Assessment of DNA damage and apoptosis in lymphocytes appears to be a clinically useful measure in humans (such as those receiving parenteral nutrition) in whom choline deficiency is suspected.     

砷对大鼠生精细胞DNA损伤及XRCC1表达影响

目的观察不同剂量三氧化二砷(As₂O₃)对成年大鼠生精细胞DNA损伤及其X射线修复交叉互补基因1(XRCC1)基因表达影响。方法40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,对照组、低、中、高剂量As₂O₃组(0.375、0.75、1.5 mg/kg),灌胃法连续给药16周处死大鼠,应用单细胞凝胶电泳试验检测大鼠生精细胞DNA损伤,免疫组化法检测大鼠生精细胞XRCC1蛋白表达。结果对照组生精细胞平均尾长(1.04±0.61)μm,中、高剂量As₂O₃组可见部分细胞拖尾,平均尾长分别为(3.11±1.16)、(3.62±2.46)μm,明显长于对照组(P<0.01),细胞尾部DNA含量比及尾矩也明显增加(P<0.01);中、高剂量As₂O₃组XRCC1阳性细胞百分比分别为(11.13±7.06)%和(9.63±6.32)%,均较对照组的(15.49±8.23)%明显降低(P<0.05),XRCC1表达量随着染毒剂量增高而降低;DNA损伤与XRCC1表达呈负相关(r=-0.778,P<0.01)。结论一定剂量As₂O₃可通过抑制生精细胞XRCC1表达,诱导大鼠生精细胞DNA损伤,产生雄性生殖毒性。