济南市双性恋的男男性接触者性行为及HIV、梅毒、HCV感染调查

[目的]分析济南市男男性接触者（MSM）中双性恋者艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况及其相关因素,以便为MSM人群高危行为的干预采用应对措施。[方法]2008年4～6月,在济南市使用同伴推动抽样法征募185名男MSM中双性恋者进行问卷调查与HIV、梅毒、HCV感染指标检测。[结果]调查185人,最近6个月与女性有性行为的占58.38%;最近6个月与男性性行为时未采取保护措施者占47.03%,与女性发生性行为时未采取保护的占70.37%（P〈0.01）;艾滋病基本知识知晓率为80.54%,接受艾滋病干预的占44.86%;抗-HIV阳性率为1.08%,梅毒抗体阳性率为7.02%,抗-HCV阳性率为2.16%。[结论]双性恋的MSM可作为艾滋病、性病和丙型肝炎的桥梁人群。     

2006年山东省部分男男性接触者艾滋病相关信息调查

[目的]了解山东省男男性接触者（MSM）艾滋病防治知识、态度、行为、其相关服务需求情况及艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况。[方法]2006年8～12月，在济南、青岛等8个市对部分MSM进行问卷调查，检测血清抗-HIV抗体、抗-HCV与梅毒抗体。[结果]调查1617人，58．50％认为自己是同性恋，28．20％艾滋病防治知识全部回答正确，81．57％最近6个月与不同的男性发生过性行为；最近6个月与男性肛交时每次都使用安全套者占25．53％（351／1375）；检测1415人，HIV感染率为1．27％，梅毒感染率为6．22％，HCV感染率为0．88％。[结论]山东省MSM有较强的认同感，艾滋病知识知晓率较低，性伴多，安全套使用率低。     

2008年济南市部分男男性行为人群艾滋病相关知识、性行为特征及HIV和梅毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解济南市男男性行为人群(MSM)的性行为特征、艾滋病及梅毒感染状况。[方法]2008年10~12月,对在济南市疾病预防控制中心自愿接受艾滋病咨询的男男性行为人群进行匿名问卷调查和艾滋病病毒抗体、梅毒抗体检测。[结果]调查542人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为84.51%。最近1年接受过有关预防艾滋病服务的占55.97%;相关知识信息的主要来源为网络(占64.66%)、电视(占43.46%)、免费宣传材料(占42.93%)、报刊(占41.62%);65.93%的人通过网络寻找性伴;24.56%的人同时与女性有性行为,最近半年内平均性伴数为4.23±8.08人;68.35%的人最近6个月与男性性伴发生肛交性行为时未能每次都使用安全套。HIV抗体阳性检出率为1.55%,梅毒抗体抗体阳性检出率为5.31%。[结论]MSM人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,但普遍存在高危性行为。     

长春市2012年艾滋病哨点男男性行为者监测结果

目的了解长春市男男性行为者艾滋病知识及相关高危行为,为艾滋病综合防治、制定干预策略提供依据。方法采用分类滚雪球抽样招募调查人群,根据全国哨点监测统一方案要求进行问卷调查和血清HIV、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测。结果共招募400人MSM,平均(30.2±9.6)岁;未婚占71.5%,在婚22.0%;大专及以上占57.5%,高中及中专占25.5%。艾滋病知识知晓率96.0%。最近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为时每次都使用安全套者占81.3%。HIV抗体阳性率6.0%,梅毒抗体阳性率11.8%,丙肝抗体阳性率0.2%。结论长春市MSM人群学历较高,非在婚比例达78.0%,年龄跨度从15岁至73岁,存在艾滋病掌握知识与行为背离现象。应继续加强干预力度,提高防范艾滋病意识,控制艾滋病的传播。     

福州市部分戒毒人员艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝及梅毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解福州市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)、乙肝病毒(HBV)、丙肝病毒(HCV)及梅毒螺旋体的感染情况。[方法]2004年用酶联免疫吸附试验对福州市某戒毒劳教所的戒毒人员进行抗-HIV、HBsAg、抗-HCV、TP检测。[结果]检测482名戒毒人员,HBsAg阳性率为17.2%,抗-HCV阳性率为60.6%,TP阳性率为16.0%,抗-HIV阳性率为1.9%;抗-HIV阳性率、抗-HCV阳性率,注射吸毒者高于烫吸毒者;482名戒毒人员中,在HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒中有1项或多项感染者358人,占74.27%,9名HIV感染者均同时感染HBV、HCV、梅毒。[结论]戒毒人员是HIV、HCV、梅毒感染的高危人群,应加强对此群体的宣传教育和行为干预。     

2010年太原市男男性行为人群艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV感染情况调查

[目的]了解太原市男男性行为（MSM）人群中艾滋病高危行为特征、艾滋病防治知识知晓情况及艾滋病/性病感染状况。[方法]2010年4～8月,对在太原市MSM人群聚集的活动场所对MSM进行问卷调查,同时检测艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体、梅毒抗体和丙型肝炎抗体。[结果]调查MSM 272人,平均年龄25.72岁,高中以上文化占84.93%;15～25岁占59.93%;未婚占84.93%。总的艾滋病知识知晓率为43.75%。272人中,最近6个月有79.78%的人与男性发生过肛交性行为,性行为时每次使用安全套的占44.24%,其中13.82%与同性发生过商业性行为,性行为时每次使用安全套的占73.33%;有27.57%的MSM与女性发生过性行为,性行为时每次都使用安全套的占40.00%。检测272人,HIV抗体阳性23例,阳性率8.46%;梅毒阳性37例,阳性率13.60%;丙型肝炎阳性1例,阳性率0.37%。[结论]太原市MSM人群艾滋病/性病感染率较高,高危行为较普遍。     

男男性接触人群性病艾滋病相关现况调查

[目的]了解MSM（男男性接触者,men who have sex with men）人群艾滋病知、信、行及相关疾病感染状况,为开展艾滋病干预工作提供理论依据。[方法]采用匿名自填问卷方法,对MSM人群的人口学基本特征、艾滋病知识、艾滋病相关行为3部分内容进行问卷调查;取血清进行艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝3项检测。[结果]回收有效问卷76份,其中15～45岁的占91.89%,已婚的占31.51%,双性恋占28.00%,艾滋病相关知识知晓率86.50%,有48.65%认为自己没有感染艾滋病的可能性,最近6个月,与男性发生过肛交口交的占90.14%,男性性伴侣在两个以上的占55.81%,最近1次与男性发生性关系没有使用安全套的占59.38%,最近6个月有12.50%通过付钱的方式得到过男性提供的性服务。自愿咨询检测75人,HIV抗体、梅毒、乙肝的阳性率分别为4.00%,5.33%,5.33%。[结论]参加活动的MSM人群艾滋病知晓率虽然较高,但艾滋病高危行为的存在频率及感染人数让人触目惊心,在今后的艾滋病干预工作中,特别是网络上宣传时应侧重改变此类人群高危行为。     

2012年福州市艾滋病哨点监测数据分析

目的了解福州市高危人群性行为、艾滋病（AIDs）知识知晓与艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒螺旋体、丙肝病毒（HCV）感染状况,为决策部门评估防治工作效果及制定防治策略措施提供科学依据。方法对2012年4～6月福州市监测点暗娼、吸毒者、男男性行为耆、性病门诊男性就诊者、孕产妇、流动人群和男性长途运输司乘人员血清学检测和AIDS相关知识知晓情况调查资料进行分析。结果合计检测7类人群2797人,HIV抗体阳性率为1.57％,梅毒抗体阳性率为3．54％,抗HCV阳性率为6．33％。其中,暗娼梅毒抗体阳性率、抗-HCV阳性率分别为1．58％、0．23％;吸毒者HIV抗体阳性率、梅毒抗体阳性率、抗-HCV阳性率分别为0．23％、7．22％、38．83％;男男性行为人群HIV抗体阳性率、梅毒抗体阳性率、抗-HCV阳性率分别为12．79％、10．10％、0．67％;性病就诊者HIV抗体阳性率、梅毒抗体阳性率分别为1．25％、6．25％;孕产妇构毒抗体阳性率、抗-HCV阳性率分别为1．25％、0．25％;男性长途运输司乘人员抗-HCV阳性率为0．25％。AIDS知识知晓率,暗娼为90．32％,男男性行为人群为86．53％,吸毒人群为52．60％,男性性病就诊者为56．75％,孕产妇为61．00％,流动人口为84．39％,男性长途运输司乘人群为61．79％。安全套使用比例,暗娼人群最近1个月发生商业性行为时每次都用的占52．25％;吸毒者最近1年与商业性伴发生性行为时每次都用的为32．88％;男男性行为者最近6个月与同性发生过肛交时每次都用的占45．38％;男性长途汽车司乘人员最近1年与小姐（暗娼）发生过性行为时每次都用的占17．65％。结论福州市对高危人群的艾滋病综合干预工作已经取得效果,对吸毒人群、男性性病就诊者和男性长途运输司乘人员的的艾滋病性病宣传干预措施有待加强。     

2011年上海市嘉定区艾滋病自愿咨询检测门诊求询者情况分析

目的分析2011年在上海市嘉定区艾滋病自愿咨询检测(Voluntary Counseling and Testing,VCT)门诊求询者的基本情况,为艾滋病防治工作提供科学依据。方法对到嘉定区VCT门诊求询者进行一对一匿名问卷调查,同时对求询者进行HIV及梅毒抗体筛查。结果 373名求询者主要求询原因为有商业异性性行为史,占40.5%,其中368人进行HIV及梅毒抗体检测,12人HIV抗体阳性,12人梅毒快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)筛查阳性,HIV抗体阳性检出率达3.3%;12人HIV抗体阳性者中,11人有男男性行为史,1人配偶阳性。39.1%的人既往曾做过HIV抗体检测,近两年内HIV抗体检测次数最多达10次,45.5%的人检测日期距高危行为发生时间间隔未满3个月,29.8%的人自述出现因感染HIV而引起的症状。结论进一步加强VCT门诊咨询检测工作,多种途径开展男男性接触者高危行为干预工作,在加大艾滋病知识宣传力度的同时应强调日常接触不会传播艾滋病。     

金华市2012年男男性接触人群哨点监测结果

目的：了解金华市男男性接触者（MSM）艾滋病行为特征及艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒感染情况,并探讨相关因素。方法对金华市2012年201名MSM进行问卷调查,收集相应的社会人口学和高危行为信息,并采血进行梅毒和艾滋病病毒抗体检测。结果 MSM人群平均年龄（25.63＆#177;6.74）岁,艾滋病防治知识知晓率为81.59％。最近六个月与同性发生过肛交行为占63.68％,每次使用安全套的占32.03％;最近六个月与异性发生过性行为占17.41％,每次使用安全套的占20.00％。HIV和梅毒阳性率分别为4.48％和4.98％。结论 MSM人群高危行为发生率较高,是HIV和梅毒感染的高风险人群,也是HIV和梅毒向一般人群传播的桥梁人群。     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Monitoring of Nutrients, Pesticides, and Metals in Waters, Sediments, and Fish of a Wetland

Wetland areas are of extraordinary importance for the conservation of wildlife. The Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park, located in Girona (northeast Spain), is one of the few areas in Europe acting as a way station for migratory birds. The natural park is made up of a brackish water reserve and a fresh water reserve. Agriculture and tourism, which are concentrated especially around coastal population centers, are the main activities in this area and result in the release into the environment of nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals. This article aims to investigate the presence of nutrients, selected pesticides (organochlorine compounds, permethrin and triazines) and metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb) in water, sediments, and fish samples. In the case of water, seasonal variations in levels of contamination were also monitored. Comparison was made of the fresh and brackish water reserves and concentration factors for metals and pesticides in sediment were determined. We conclude that the most significant sources of contamination in the natural park are from the entry of pesticides and nutrients into surface waters and sediments as a result of the intensive farming activity of the surrounding areas. The pesticides with the greatest presence were found to be lindane, heptachlor epoxide, permethrin, and atrazine. Among the metals analyzed, Cu and Cr presented the highest concentrations in surface waters and sediments.     

Levels of As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Se and Zn in bovine kidneys and livers in Jamaica

Paired liver and kidney samples from 100 free-range cattle in different parts of Jamaica were analyzed for essential and non-essential trace elements. We found significant enrichment of elements in the kidney (K) compared to the liver (L) with the K/L concentration ratios being 5.2 for Cd, 4.1 for Pb, 3.5 for Se and 2.1 for As, but the Cu contents of the kidney were significantly higher with the K/L ratio of 0.45. A large number of kidney and liver samples showed Cu concentrations in the ranges that were associated with deficiency effects in mammals. About 15% of the hepatic samples had Zn concentrations below 20 microg/g, suggesting that there might be zinc insufficiency in some of the animals. Positive associations were found between the metals in both the kidney and liver. On average, the intake of Cd from consumption of both bovine kidney and liver from the island was estimated to be 5.2 microg/day, equivalent to about 7% of the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), although anyone who habitually consumed the few kidneys or livers with >40 microg/g cadmium may be at some risk of exceeding the PTDI. The consumption of offal from local animals did not appear to be an important dietary source of any of the essential microelements.     

Concentrations of Metals in Water,Sediment, Biofilm,Benthic Macroinvertebrates,and Fish in the Boulder River Watershed,Montana, and the Role of Colloids in Metal Uptake

To characterize the partitioning of metals in a stream ecosystem, concentrations of trace metals including As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured in water, colloids, sediment, biofilm (also referred to as aufwuchs), macroinvertebrates, and fish collected from the Boulder River watershed, Montana. Median concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in water throughout the watershed exceeded the U.S. EPA acute and chronic criteria for protection of aquatic life. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediment were sufficient in the tributaries to cause invertebrate toxicity. The concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in invertebrates from lower Cataract Creek (63, 339, 59, 34, and 2,410 μg/g dry wt, respectively) were greater than the concentrations in invertebrates from the Clark Fork River watershed, Montana (19, 174, 2.3, 15, and 648 μg/g, respectively), that were associated with reduced survival, growth, and health of cutthroat trout fed diets composed of those invertebrates. Colloids and biofilm seem to play a critical role in the pathway of metals into the food chain and concentrations of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn in these two components are significantly correlated. We suggest that transfer of metals associated with Fe colloids to biological components of biofilm is an important pathway where metals associated with abiotic components are first available to biotic components. The significant correlations suggest that Cd, Cu, and Zn may move independently to biota (biofilm, invertebrates, or fish tissues) from water and sediment. The possibility exists that Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations increase in fish tissues as a result of direct contact with water and sediment and indirect exposure through the food chain. However, uptake through the food chain to fish may be more important for As. Although As concentrations in colloids and biofilm were significantly correlated with As water concentrations, As concentrations in fish tissues were not correlated with water. The pathway for Pb into biological components seems to begin with sediment because concentrations of Pb in water were not significantly correlated with any other component and because concentrations of Pb in the water were often below detection limits.     

Reference intervals of cadmium,lead, and mercury in blood,urine, hair,and nails among residents in Mansoura city,Nile delta,Egypt

A random sample of 68 males and 25 females who reside in Mansoura city, Egypt, was examined for concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails. The effect of gender and smoking on such levels was studied. The influence of dental amalgam on the levels of mercury in these biological samples was also examined. The results obtained show that only blood lead, which increased among males, was affected by gender. Blood levels of cadmium and lead as well as hair lead appeared to increase with smoking habit. Mercury levels in blood and urine were related to the presence of dental amalgam fillings. International comparisons between our results and the corresponding levels in other localities in the world showed that there were environmentally related variations in terms of cadmium levels in hair, lead levels in blood, urine, hair, and nails, and mercury levels in blood, hair, and nails. In conclusion, reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the biological samples are environmentally related parameters. Some factors, such as gender, smoking habit, and the presence of dental amalgam fillings, may affect such levels and therefore should be considered.