2013年奎屯市18岁及以上居民吸烟现状调查

目的了解奎屯市18岁及以上居民吸烟现状,为制订控烟措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法,选取有代表性的样本,使用统一的问卷进行调查。结果奎屯市18岁及以上居民现在吸烟率为17．7％,男性现在吸烟率为35．8％,女性现在吸烟率为1．0％。现在每日吸烟率为11．7％,男性现在每日吸烟率为23．6％,女性现在每日吸烟率为0．8％。男女现在吸烟率、现在每日吸烟率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同年龄组、男性不同年龄组现在吸烟率以及现在每日吸烟率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。女性不同年龄组现在吸烟率、现在每日吸烟率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．01）。不同文化组、男性不同文化组现在吸烟率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同文化组现在每日吸烟率、男性现在每日吸烟率和女性现在每日吸烟率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。吸烟者主要吸机制卷烟（99．3％）。奎屯市18岁及以上居民被动吸烟率为38．2％,男性被动吸烟率（48．7％）高于女性（28．7％,P〈0．05）。结论奎屯市18岁及以上居民吸烟率低于全国平均水平,但吸烟者开始吸烟年纪较轻,应加强对吸烟人群尤其是青少年的健康教育,进一步降低烟草的使用。     

上海市初中生烟草暴露状况

了解上海市初中生吸烟率及烟草流行相关情况,为减少青少年烟草暴露提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层抽样方法,在上海市8个区县24所学校的3 155名初中生中开展问卷调查,调查内容包括青少年的烟草使用、戒烟、二手烟暴露、烟草制品获取渠道、烟草消费水平及对烟草的态度和认识等.对调查数据加权调整,运用点估计和95%可信区间分析各统计指标.结果 上海市青少年现在吸烟率和尝试吸烟率分别为1.1%和7.7%.在大多数情况下,男生现在吸烟率高于女生,但在12岁及以下的年龄段,女生现在吸烟率(1.4%)高于男生(1.0%).男生现在吸烟率随年龄的增长而增加,女生现在吸烟率随年龄的增长而降低;男女生的尝试吸烟率均随着年龄的增长而升高,不同年龄阶段男生的尝试吸烟率均高于女生;从15岁开始,男女生的尝试吸烟率均呈现出快速升高的趋势.青少年在家中的二手烟暴露率为41.5%,在室内公共场所和室外公共场所曾经暴露于二手烟的比例分别为51.4%和58.9%.结论 上海市青少年受到的被动吸烟危害依然较为严重,需重点针对15岁以下青少年开展系统性干预,降低青少年在家中和公共场所的二手烟暴露风险.     

南平市2015年青少年学生吸烟情况调查

目的 了解南平市2015年青少年学生吸烟情况及影响因素,为制订干预措施提供依据.方法 用分层整群抽样法,抽取南平市城区7所大中小学学生1 067人和农村3所中小学学生499人,进行健康危险因素及常见病问卷调查,分析吸烟情况及影响因素.结果 南平市在校学生尝试吸烟率23.5％(男生31.7％,女生17.2％);现在吸烟率9.9％(男生16.1％,女生5.0％).随着年龄增长,尝试吸烟率和现在吸烟率呈上升趋势,且男性均高于女性.随着父母文化程度升高,尝试吸烟率和现在吸烟率均降低;城乡学生尝试吸烟和现在吸烟率经标准化处理后两者类似;学生第一次吸烟主要原因是好奇和同伴影响;得到香烟途径主要从商店购买和向别人要,买烟时未遇到困难.结论 南平地区学生吸烟率低于其他地区,但易受社会、家庭、同伴及周围人影响,应进一步加强学生控烟指导.     

常州市青少年吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解常州市青少年吸烟状况、对烟草的认知情况及影响吸烟行为的因素,为制定控烟策略提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,使用“江苏省青少年与烟草调查问卷”,对常州市小学、中学、中专学生共1 050名进行调查.结果 常州市青少年尝试吸烟率为14.48％,男生为22.94％,女生为8.15％,差异有统计学意义(x2=45.39,P＜0.05);现在吸烟率为3.05％,其中男生为5.12％,女生为1.50％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.43,P＜0.05).半数以上学生对烟草与健康相关知识和态度较好.大部分学生认同被动吸烟有害健康,但是对被动吸烟损害与主动吸烟损害的认知差异有统计学意义(x2=37.10,P＜0.05).学生周围与烟草有关的信息不同,其尝试吸烟率也不同.结论 常州市青少年尝试吸烟年龄较小,中等职业学校是控制吸烟行为的重点.应针对不同年龄青少年开展健康教育活动,教师和家长也应从自身做起,给学生、孩子做好榜样.     

成都市中学生吸烟和被动吸烟3年追踪调查

目的 分析成都市中学生吸烟行为,为针对性地制定控烟措施提供科学依据.方法 对730名来自21所中学的一年级学生开展为期3 a的追踪问卷调查,分析其尝试吸烟率、现在吸烟率、规律吸烟率和被动吸烟率的变化情况.结果 中学生尝试吸烟率、现在吸烟率、规律吸烟率均呈上升趋势.其中尝试吸烟率从一年级的24.52％上升到三年级的43.29％,上升了76.55％;现在吸烟率从一年级的9.32％上升到三年级的19.45％,上升了108.69％;规律吸烟率从一年级的3.01％上升到三年级的6.85％,上升了127.57％.不同学校学生被动吸烟率呈波动趋势.结论 成都市中学生吸烟人数呈现明显增长趋势,应加大青少年控烟干预的力度.     

北京市顺义区2013-2017年初中生烟草使用情况

了解北京市顺义区初中生近5年的烟草使用流行趋势,为制定青少年控烟策略和干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用两阶段抽样方法,分别于2013,2015,2017年使用全球青少年烟草流行调查问卷在北京市顺义区随机抽取的3所初中学校中进行问卷调查,每年调查的人数分别为1 520,1 404和1 467名.结果 顺义区初中生现在吸烟率、尝试吸烟率整体均呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为9.15,11.54,P值均<0.01).初中生在家里的二手烟暴露率逐年升高(x2=7.08,P=0.01).在家里及公共场所暴露于二手烟者的现在吸烟率、尝试吸烟率均高于非暴露者,对初中生现在吸烟率(x2值分别为25.86,37.61,P值均<0.01)、尝试吸烟率(x2值分别为49.51,63.86,P值均<0.01)的影响均有统计学意义.初中生通过不同的烟草信息获取渠道对现在吸烟率的影响逐年上升,不同的烟草信息获取渠道对初中生尝试吸烟率的影响差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 北京市顺义区初中生烟草使用整体呈逐年上升趋势,二手烟暴露情况不容乐观.烟草信息获取渠道监管力度亟待加强.     

枣庄市农村高中生健康危险行为现况分析

目的了解枣庄市农村青少年吸烟、喝酒、网络成瘾等健康危险行为现状,为制定干预措施提供依 据。方法于２０１２年９-１１月。随机抽取枣庄市５所学校学生进行物质成瘾和精神成瘾相关危险行为的问卷 调查。结果枣庄市农村青少年学生中尝试吸烟率２８％,现在吸烟率１１．８％,尝试喝酒率５６．６％,现在喝酒率 ２６．４％,上网率８５．４％,网络成瘾率５．４％,其中男生在尝试吸烟率、尝试喝酒率、现在吸烟率、现在喝酒率均高于 女生,差异有统计学意义（犘＜０．０１）。结论枣庄市农村青少年中存在吸烟、喝酒、网络成瘾等危险行为发生率 较高,应针对青少年开展相关的健康教育,提高自我防护意识。     

中国三城市在校中学生吸烟现况调查

目的 了解杭州、太原和贵阳市在校中学生吸烟现状及其影响因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,在杭州、太原和贵阳市选取11171名中学生采用自填问卷收集数据,调查烟草使用、烟草广告暴露情况、对烟草广告的感知度和易感性、二手烟暴露及知识、态度和行为.对调查数据进行加权调整,然后采用SPSS 15.0软件复杂抽样方法进行数据分析.利用可信区间判断分析指标在不同人群间差异是否有统计学意义,复杂抽样的logistic回归用于青少年吸烟影响因素的筛选分析.结果 3个城市11 171名在校学生总的尝试吸烟率为26.2％(95％ CI:23.6～29.1),其中男生为39.9％,女生为12.5％;现在吸烟率为12.5％(95％CI:11.1～14.2),其中男生为21.9％,女生为3.2％;不同类型学校学生的吸烟率有所不同,职业中学最高(25.8％),高中次之(7.9％),初中最低(6.3％);不同城市学生的吸烟率有所不同,经济状况越好,吸烟率越低.开始吸第一支烟的平均年龄为11.9岁;近半数吸烟学生没有戒烟打算.拥有烟草促销产品、希望拥有烟草促销产品、好朋友中有人吸烟、家人中有人吸烟、周围朋友对自己吸烟的态度、对吸烟的一些错误看法(如低估吸烟的危害和戒烟的难度、认为“吸烟是一种重要的社交方式”和“吸烟使人显得成熟”)均为青少年吸烟的危险因素.结论 3个城市在校中学生吸烟仍以男性为主,经济状况越差的城市吸烟率越高.此外,女生吸烟率已经高于成年女性,值得关注.建议尽快开展青少年控烟干预,尤其是经济较为落后的地区.     

深圳市常住居民吸烟、戒烟与被动吸烟现状分析

目的 了解深圳市15岁以上常住居民吸烟、戒烟与被动吸烟的分布和流行情况,为控制烟草使用、创建无烟环境提供依据.方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,对深圳市8 782名15岁以上常住居民进行问卷调查.结果 调查人群吸烟率为16.47％,现在吸烟率为16.34％,常吸烟率为14.30％,重型吸烟率为7.74％,被动吸烟率为...     

2021年云南省青少年烟草使用情况及影响因素分析

目的 通过对2021年云南省青少年烟草使用情况进行分析,了解云南省初高中学生烟草流行情况的相关影响因素,提出有针对性的建议措施,减少烟草对青少年的危害并为制定控烟政策提供科学依据。方法 采用分层多阶段整群概率抽样法分三阶段抽取云南省10个县区59所学校176个班级的8 818名初高中学生作为调查对象进行问卷调查,利用χ²检验分析不同特征的的青少年的尝试吸烟率以及现在吸烟率,应用logistic回归分析青少年现在吸烟率的影响因素。结果 2021年云南省青少年尝试吸烟率及现在吸烟率分别为24.87%和10.93%。单因素分析显示,不同性别、学校类型、年龄、城乡属性、零用钱水平、父母吸烟情况、好友吸烟情况、看过吸烟镜头情况、对吸烟让人有吸引力的看法、看过控烟信息情况的青少年尝试吸烟率及现在吸烟率的差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示除年龄外其余均是青少年现在吸烟率的影响因素(P<0.05),其中男学生、职高学生(OR=1.933,95%CI:1.374～2.720)、农村学生(OR=1.756,95%CI:1.491～2....     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.