吸烟与新型冠状病毒肺炎：研究进展与展望

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情暴发以来,全球健康及公共卫生受到了严峻考验。烟草危害是当今世界最严重的公共卫生问题之一,全球每年因吸烟导致的死亡人数高达800万。随着吸烟与COVID-19关系相关研究的不断深入,二者之间的关联逐渐被发现,但目前仍存在争议,尚未形成统一共识。吸烟可能会在一定程度上增加COVID-...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎与严重急性呼吸综合症的对比分析

赵建刚①,靳素琴①#,胡云霞②摘要 通过收集中国境内2003年严重急性呼吸综合症（SARS）和2020年1—3月新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情信息,对这两种疾病从病原学、临床症状、流行特征和中医药诊治效果等方面进行了分析。2003年SARS在我国境内共累计确诊5 327例,报告死亡病例349例,病死率约为7%;2019年COVID-19在中国境内截止2020年3月31日共累计确诊81 554例,报告死亡病例3 312例,病死率约为4%,由此看出,尽管两种病毒同属于SARS相关冠状病毒,但2019年COVID-19的确诊人数远远多于SARS,但其死亡率却小于后者,究其原因可能与两种病毒的传染性、致病力和人员流动性等因素有关。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎实验室诊断技术研究进展

 

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市发现以肺部病变为主的新型冠状病毒感染,2020年2月11日世界卫生组织（WHO）将由新型冠状病毒引发的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）,该病毒称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）。COVID-19短时间内扩散到全国,3月11日WHO宣布COVID-19已构成全球大流行。实验室检测是确诊COVID-19的重要依据,对于该病的治疗和防疫工作至关重要。本文对COVID-19实验室临床诊断技术相关进展进行整理综述。

     

肺炎球菌合并感染及肺炎球菌疫苗接种对新型冠状病毒肺炎临床预后的影响

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎已波及世界各国。肺炎球菌作为常见的社区获得性肺炎病原菌, 与新型冠状病毒肺炎具有相似的高危易感人群, 合并肺炎球菌感染是导致新型冠状病毒肺炎重症和死亡的关键危险因素。肺炎球菌疫苗接种对降低新型冠状病毒肺炎的发生率及死亡率具有积极的影响。我国肺炎球菌肺炎疫苗接种率较低, 对老年、存在慢性基础性疾病等高危人群接种肺炎球菌疫苗或是应对新型冠状病毒肺炎的有效措施之一。     

26例新型冠状病毒肺炎病例临床特征分析

目的  分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)患者的流行病学特点、临床表现、实验室检查及影像学特征。 方法  收集26例COVID-19患者的流行病学资料和临床资料, 采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。 结果  11例(42.3%)患者有武汉旅居史, 6例(23.1%)患者与武汉旅居人员有接触史, 6例患者呈家族聚集性发病; 中位潜伏期6 d。26例患者中普通型18例(69.2%), 重型6例(23.1%), 轻型2例(7.7%)。重型患者较普通型出现乏力和胸闷人数更多(均有P < 0.05), 而两组患者发热、干咳、肌肉酸痛、纳差、咽痛、腹痛表现无差异(均有P > 0.05)。将普通型和重型患者实验室指标进行比较, 重型患者淋巴细胞(lymphocyte, Lym)计数、嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil, Eos)计数和CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺T细胞计数均低于普通型(均有P < 0.05)。C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A, SAA)重型组高于普通型(均有P < 0.05)。23例(88.5%)患者肺部CT出现磨玻璃样改变, 15例(57.7%)出现小叶间隔增厚, 10例(38.5%)患者出现马赛克征, 5例(19.2%)患者肺部有纤维化病灶。 结论  本组COVID-19患者多为武汉旅居人员或接触武汉旅居患者发病, 影像学主要表现为肺部磨玻璃样病变。普通型病例多见, 患者外周血Lym计数、Eos计数和CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T细胞减少、CRP和SAA升高预示病情加重。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者早期检验指标与疾病严重程度相关性研究

目的　探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）患者发病早期检验指标与疾病严重程度的相关性。方法　回顾性分析武汉火神山医院2020年2—3月收治的326例COVID-19确诊患者的临床资料,将其分为普通型组（184例）与重型组（142例）,分析2组患者的血常规、CRP、肝功能、心肌损伤标志物等检验指标与疾病严重程度的相关性。结果　CRP（rs=0.429）与疾病严重程度呈正相关,淋巴细胞计数（rs=-0.439）、ALB（rs=-0.539）与疾病严重程度呈负相关（P均＜0.05）;WBC、ALT、AST、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、CK、CK-MB等指标与疾病严重程度无明显相关性。结论　CRP、淋巴细胞计数、ALB水平可作为预测COVID-19患者疾病严重程度的指标,为临床诊疗工作提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗的研究进展

2019年12月,中国以湖北省武汉市为中心暴发了一场新型冠状病毒导致的肺炎疫情,称为新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）疫情。截至2020年3月1日24时,据我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团报告,累计确诊病例80 026例,中国港澳台地区确诊148例。目前,COVID-19无特效抗病毒药物或疫苗,治疗药物的选择主要是基于既往严重急性呼吸综合征、中东呼吸综合征及其他一些流感病毒的治疗经验。瑞德西韦、氯喹、法匹拉韦、恢复期血浆在临床上初见疗效,但其安全性和疗效,还须要大样本量进一步验证。利巴韦林、洛匹那韦/利托那韦、干扰素-α、阿比多尔联合应用,应注意其不良反应,慎重选择。达鲁那韦目前还停留在体外实验阶段,中医辩证治疗还须进一步验证。本文围绕目前临床上治疗COVID-19药物的研究进展进行综述,为COVID-19治疗提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎动物模型研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎仍在全球范围内蔓延,给全球的公共卫生安全造成了巨大威胁。近期新型冠状病毒出现了新的变异毒株,因其传播速度快,传染性强,病毒载量高,症状不典型,重症病例多等特点,使新型冠状病毒肺炎的防控形势变得更加复杂。为了进一步了解新型冠状病毒肺炎的传播途径,发病机制,病理变化,加快抗病毒药物以及疫苗的研发,新型冠状病毒肺炎动物模型在这个过程中发挥了重要作用,本文对不同的新型冠状病毒肺炎动物模型的研究现状进行综述,比较其各自的发病特点,为选择合适的新型冠状病毒肺炎动物模型提供一定的理论依据。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展

目前,尚未有确认对新型冠状病毒肺炎有效的抗病毒治疗与疫苗预防手段。结合以往冠状病毒治疗的循证证据及临床一线治疗经验制定治疗方案,现就新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展进行综述,具体从核苷逆转录酶抑制剂、核苷类似物等抗病毒药物,以及恢复期血浆治疗等方面进行介绍。     

Rehabilitation in long COVID-19: A mini-review

We have been experiencing multiple waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. With these unprecedented waves, we have entered into an era of ‘new normal’. This pandemic has enforced us to rethink the very basics of childhood learning: Habits, health etiquette, and hygiene. Rehabilitation has immense importance during this pandemic considering a few aspects. Multidisciplinary COVID-19 rehabilitation clinics are essential to address the demand. The equitable distribution of COVID-19 rehabilitation services for differently-abled individuals during the pandemic is an important aspect. Rehabilitation needs identification and further studies on various rehabilitation interventions are among the key unmet future research needs.     

北京65例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者临床特征分析

目的　分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）确诊病例的流行病学、临床症状及实验室检查指标,为全面总结COVID-19的临床特征与正确评价患者预后提供依据。方法　采用回顾性研究方法,以2020年1月20日—2月29日期间本中心收治的65例COVID-19患者为研究对象,根据临床症状将患者分为轻型组（18例）,普通型组（31例）和重/危重型组（16例）3组,对所有患者流行病学、临床症状及实验室检查指标进行分析。结果　65例COVID-19患者中男37例（57%）,女28例（43%）;年龄3～85岁,平均（46.63±18.63）岁。从出现症状到入院平均时长为（7.00±5.02）d,住院时间为（17.07±10.51）d。3组间及两两分组之间年龄比较差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,即年龄越大的患者病情越重。相较于轻型组和普通型组患者,重/危重型组患者合并有更多的基础疾病。COVID-19患者临床症状以发热（75%）、咳嗽（57%）、肌痛或乏力（43%）为主,其余症状还包括咳痰,头痛,胸闷、气短及腹泻等。24例（37%）有武汉暴露史,19例（29%）有家族聚集性接触史。实验室检查结果显示：3组患者WBC和淋巴细胞绝对计数降低;D-二聚体,CRP,IL-6及ESR水平升高。在重/危重型组患者中,8例（50%）出现淋巴细胞绝对计数下降,9例（9/14,64%）出现D-二聚体水平升高。此外,重/危重型组患者中,CRP、IL-6、降钙素原和ESR水平都显著升高。COVID-19患者住院时间与淋巴细胞绝对计数呈负相关。结论　COVID-19患者的临床特点复杂,一般以发热、咳嗽、肌痛或乏力为主要症状。与轻型组和普通型组患者相比,重/危重型组患者淋巴细胞绝对计数减少和炎症相关的指标上升更显著,免疫平衡失调,可能影响患者的疾病进展、恢复和预后。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎病例流行特征及临床特征分析

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）流行病学特征、临床特点及CT影像变化,为当地疫情防治提供参考依据。方法 收集商城县人民医院和罗山县人民医院2020年1月23日至2月23日收治的所有COVID-19确诊病例的病历资料及影像学资料。采用描述流行病学分析方法进行分析。结果 共收治确诊COVID-19病例50例,男女性别比为1.38∶1,平均年龄为（50.92 ± 14.63）岁,其中45~64岁31例（占62%）。39例（占78%）具有流行病学暴露史,11例（占22%）无明确的流行病学暴露史。有6起家族聚集发病现象,共涉及13例病例。潜伏期1~23 d,平均为（5.95 ± 4.24）d。发热（占84%）和咳嗽（占72%）是该病例人群主要症状。入院时43例（占86%）白细胞计数正常或者淋巴细胞计数绝对值减少,40例（占80%）红细胞沉降率增快,26例（占52%）C反应蛋白升高。15例（占30%）合并原发基础疾病。40例（占80%）使用2种及以上抗病毒药物。入院2周后40例（占80%）CT显示病灶逐渐吸收。结论 多数患者具有明确的流行病学暴露史,存在家族聚集性发病现象,临床症状以发热、咳嗽为主,白细胞正常或者减少、血沉增快较多见,对临床诊断具有参考价值,CT表现病灶面积呈先扩大后逐渐吸收的变化趋势,积极抗病毒及对症治疗症状多能好转。     

Vaccine-induced seroconversion in participants in the North Carolina COVID-19 community Research Partnership

Well-regulated clinical trials have shown FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines to be immunogenic and highly efficacious. We evaluated seroconversion rates in adults reporting ≥ 1 dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort study of nearly 8000 adults residing in North Carolina to validate immunogenicity using a novel approach: at-home, participant administered point-of-care testing. Overall, 91.4% had documented seroconversion within 75 days of first vaccination (median: 31 days). Participants who were older and male participants were less likely to seroconvert (adults aged 41–65: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64, 0.73], adults aged 66–95: aHR 0.55 [95% CI: 0.50, 0.60], compared to those 18–40; males: aHR 0.92 [95% CI: 0.87, 0.98], compared to females). Participants with evidence of prior infection were more likely to seroconvert than those without (aHR 1.50 [95% CI: 1.19, 1.88]) and those receiving BNT162b2 were less likely to seroconvert compared to those receiving mRNA-1273 (aHR 0.84 [95% CI: 0.79, 0.90]). Reporting at least one new symptom after first vaccination did not affect time to seroconversion, but participants reporting at least one new symptom after second vaccination were more likely to seroconvert (aHR 1.11 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.17]). This data demonstrates the high community-level immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines, albeit with notable differences in older adults, and feasibility of using at-home, participant administered point-of-care testing for community cohort monitoring.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04342884.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎长期症状及其科学防控

国内外已有较多研究发现新型冠状病毒(简称新冠病毒)感染者存在长期症状,即COVID-19长期症状(long COVID-19),也被称为COVID-19后遗症(post-COVID-19 condition)。WHO将COVID-19长期症状定义为新冠病毒感染者在感染病毒3个月后所出现的、持续至少2个月,并且无法被其他诊断所解释的症状。COVID-19长期症状包括全身症状如疲劳、头痛及呼吸困难等,影响精神与神经、呼吸、心血管和消化等多个系统。基于已有研究证据,建议加强COVID-19长期症状的科学研究、现阶段坚持“动态清零”总方针、加快推进疫苗全程接种、未来开展COVID-19长期症状的早期监测与干预,以有效防止COVID-19长期症状带来的远期疾病负担和经济负担。     

Impact of COVID-19 vaccination in post-COVID cardiac complications

BackgroundAfter the acute infection, COVID-19 can produce cardiac complications as well as long-COVID persistent symptoms. Although vaccination against COVID-19 represented a clear reduction in both mortality and ICU admissions, there is very little information on whether this was accompanied by a decrease in the prevalence of post-COVID cardiac complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and the prevalence of post-COVID cardiac injury assessed by echocardiogram, and long-COVID persistent cardiac symptoms. Methods: All patients who consulted for post-COVID evaluation 14 days after discharge from acute illness were included. Patients with heart disease were excluded. The relationship between complete vaccination scheme (at least two doses applied with 14 days or more since the last dose) and pathological echocardiographic findings, as well as the relationship of vaccination with persistent long-COVID symptoms, were evaluated by multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, sex and clinical variables that would have shown significant differences in univariate analysis. Results: From 1883 patients, 1070 patients (56.8%) suffered acute COVID-19 without a complete vaccination scheme. Vaccination was associated with lower prevalence of cardiac injury (1.35% versus 4.11%, adjusted OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.17–0.65, p=0.01). In addition, vaccinated group had a lower prevalence of persistent long-COVID symptoms compared to unvaccinated patients (10.7% versus 18.3%, adjusted OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.40–0.69, p<0.001). Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 was associated with lower post-COVID cardiac complications and symptoms, reinforcing the importance of fully vaccinating the population.     

Factors influencing acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Malaysia: a web-based survey

ObjectivesThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has set a precedent for the fastest-produced vaccine as a result of global collaboration and outreach. This study explored Malaysians’ acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and its associated factors.Methods A cross-sectional anonymous web-based survey was disseminated to Malaysian adults aged ≥18 years old via social media platforms between July 10, 2020 and August 31, 2020.Results In the analysis of 4,164 complete responses, 93.2% of participants indicated that they would accept the COVID-19 vaccine if it was offered for free by the Malaysian government. The median out-of-pocket cost that participants were willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine was Malaysian ringgit (MYR) 100 (interquartile range [IQR], 100) if it was readily available and MYR 150 (IQR, 200) if the supply was limited. Respondents with a low likelihood of vaccine hesitancy had 13 times higher odds of accepting the COVID-19 vaccine (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.69 to 19.13). High perceived risk and severity were also associated with willingness to be vaccinated, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.22 (95% CI, 1.44 to 3.41) and 2.76 (95% CI, 1.87 to 4.09), respectively. Age and ethnicity were the only independent demographic characteristics that predicted vaccine uptake.Conclusion Public health strategies targeting perceived risk, perceived susceptibility and vaccine hesitancy could be effective in enhancing vaccine uptake.     

Calcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort Study

Context. Calcifediol has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients. Objective: To compare the administration or not of oral calcifediol on mortality risk of patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. Design: Retrospective, multicenter, open, non-randomized cohort study. Settings: Hospitalized care. Patients: Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between 5 February and 5 May 2020 in five hospitals in the South of Spain. Intervention: Patients received calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D₃) treatment (0.266 mg/capsule, 2 capsules on entry and then one capsule on day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28) or not. Main Outcome Measure: In-hospital mortality during the first 30 days after admission. Results: A total of 537 patients were hospitalized with COVID-19 (317 males (59%), median age, 70 years), and 79 (14.7%) received calcifediol treatment. Overall, in-hospital mortality during the first 30 days was 17.5%. The OR of death for patients receiving calcifediol (mortality rate of 5%) was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.61) compared to patients not receiving such treatment (mortality rate of 20%; p < 0.01). Patients who received calcifediol after admission were more likely than those not receiving treatment to have comorbidity and a lower rate of CURB-65 score for pneumonia severity ≥ 3 (one point for each of confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥ 30/min, systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≤ 60 mm Hg, and age ≥ 65 years), acute respiratory distress syndrome (moderate or severe), c-reactive protein, chronic kidney disease, and blood urea nitrogen. In a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for confounders, there were significant differences in mortality for patients receiving calcifediol compared with patients not receiving it (OR = 0.16 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.80). Conclusion: Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, treatment with calcifediol, compared with those not receiving calcifediol, was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality during the first 30 days. The observational design and sample size may limit the interpretation of these findings.