外周血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病及实体瘤的临床观察

目的　观察外周血干细胞移植 (PBSCT)治疗恶性血液病及实体瘤的初期疗效。方法　自 2 0 0 1年 3月至 2 0 0 2年 3月 ,用PBSCT治疗恶性血液病及实体瘤患者共 2 1例 (含儿童患者 10例 ) ,其中 :急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL) 8例 ;急性非淋巴细胞白血病 (ANLL) 1例 ;非霍奇金淋巴病 (NHL) 8例 ;霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HD) 2例 ;多发性骨髓瘤 (MM ) 1例 ;小细胞肿癌 (SCLC) 1例。除 1例异基因和 1例同基因移植患者采用G CSF对供者进行动员外 ,其他病例均为自体外周血干细胞移植 ,动员方案为化疗 +G CSF。经 2～ 4次采集 ,获得MNC中位数为 5 2× 10 8 kg ,CD3 4+ 细胞为 6 4× 10 6 kg ,CFU GM为 3 6× 10 5 kg。预处理方案 :17例患者采用Cy TBI,4例患者采用高剂量化疗方案。结果　所有患者移植后均重建造血。外周血WBC于移植后 4 4± 2 5d降至 0。PLT于 7 6±2 2d降至 10× 10 9 L以下。WBC >1 0× 10 9 L、中性粒细胞 >0 5× 10 9 L、PLT >2 0× 10 9 L ,分别为 10± 3d、11± 3d、15± 7d。 5例患者于移植后 1～ 6个月死于感染或病情复发 ,其余患者均无病存活 2～ 11个月 ,疗效仍在近一步随访中。结论　PBSCT对儿童及成人恶性血液病、实体肿瘤都是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

造血干细胞移植治疗儿童白血病的临床研究

【目的】评价造血干细胞移植 (HSCT)治疗儿童白血病的疗效及合并症。【方法】非血缘相关脐血移植 (UD UCBT)治疗儿童白血病 5例 (AML 4例 ,HR ALL 1例 ) ;同胞外周血造血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)治疗CML及HR ALL各 1例 ;自体外周血造血干细胞移植 (auto PBSCT)治疗AML 2例。UD UCBT中 4例为HLA 5 / 6相合 ,1例为全相合。输入的脐血 (UCB)平均有核细胞数 (NC)为 6 2 9× 10 7/kg ,CFU GM为 0 17× 10 5/kg ,CD34+ 细胞数为 4 6× 10 5/kg。预处理主要以马利兰 (Bu)、环磷酰胺 (CY)、氟达拉宾 (Flu)和马法兰 (Mel)等组成的方案。【结果】 4例可评价的UD UCBT患儿中 3例完全植入 ,1例未植入者自体造血恢复 ,2例allo PBSCT患儿均完全植入。UCBT后外周血中性粒细胞绝对计数 (ANC)≥ 0 5× 10 9/L的中位时间为 +2 1d ,血小板 (PLT)≥ 2 0× 10 9/L的中位时间为 +40d。 2例allo PBSCT患儿外周血ANC≥ 0 5× 10 9/L的中位时间分别为 +10d和 +12d ,PLT≥ 2 0× 10 9/L的中位时间为 +11d和 +14d。 3例植入的UCBT者 2例分别发生Ⅰ度和Ⅲ度aGVHD。 2例allo PBSCT患儿分别发生Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度aGVHD。随访 2 5个月 ,2例auto PBSCT患儿均复发。allo HSCT 7例中 2例复发 ,2例死于移植合并症 ,3例无病存活至今。【结论】H     

异基因外周血干细胞移植治疗二例急性白血病

目的 :评价异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)治疗急性白血病的疗效。方法 :预处理方案 :改良BUCY。预防移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)方案 :CsA +短程MTX ,用G CSF 5 μg/kg·d-1× 4～ 5d进行造血干细胞动员。分离单个核细胞 5 .5 3～ 6 .92× 10 8/kg。结果 :2例患者移植后均重建造血。粒细胞 >0 .5× 10 9/L ,+12d ;血小板 >2 0×10 9/L ,+13d。 1例发生慢性GVHD。结论 :allo PBSCT有造血重建快 ,采集干细胞方便 ,供者易接受之优点 ,是一种治疗急性白血病的有效方法     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗恶性淋巴瘤的临床研究

目的　观察自体外周血干细胞移植 (APBSCT)治疗恶性淋巴瘤的初期疗效。方法　自 2 0 0 1年 4月～ 2 0 0 2年 3月 ,以APBSCT治疗恶性淋巴瘤患者共 10例 ,其中 :非霍奇金淋巴瘤 (NHL) 8例 ;霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HD) 2例。动员方案为 :MOEP/CMOP +G CSF ,获得MNC中位数为 5 1× 10 8/kg ,CD34+ 细胞为 6 8× 10 6/kg ,CFU GM为 3 1× 10 5/kg。预处理方案 :Cy/TBI(7例 )及CEAC(3例 )。结果　所有患者移植后造血功能均快速重建。WBC >1 0× 10 9/L、中性粒细胞 >0 5× 10 9/L、PLT >2 0× 10 9/L ,分别为 (9± 4 )d、(10± 3)d、(14± 5 )d。随访至 2 0 0 2年 8月 ,2例患者于移植后 1月和 2月分别死于感染和疾病复发 ,其余患者已无病存活 6～ 14个月。结论　疗效显示 ,对于常规化疗无效的NHL ,APBSCT疗效较差 ,而经治疗后获得PR或CR及复发后再治疗获得PR或CR的淋巴瘤患者 ,治疗效果较好     

异基因外周血干细胞移植(S999方案)治疗白血病的临床观察

目的　采用S999方案中异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)治疗白血病 ,评价其疗效并观察移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)等并发症。方法　 1999年 9月～ 2 0 0 2年 9月间 ,共完成allo PBSCT治疗成人白血病 5 0例 ,其中慢性粒细胞白血病 (CML) 2 8例 ,急性髓细胞白血病 (AML) 13例 ,急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL) 9例。外周血干细胞动员方案 :格拉诺赛特 (G CSF) 5 μg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 5d ;移植预处理主要采用环磷酰胺 (CTX) +足叶乙甙 (VP16) +全身照射 (TBI)方案 :CTX 5 0～ 60mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 2d ;VP162 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 2d或 5 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 1d ,TBI 6.5～ 8.0Gy单次照射或l2 .0Gy分 3次照射 ;GVHD预防采用常规环孢素A(CsA)+短程氨甲喋呤 (MTX)和霉酚酸脂 (MMF)联合CsA +MTX两种方案。结果　本组患者除 1例移植早期因并发真菌感染而导致败血症死亡外 ,余 49例均获得完全供体型造血功能重建。中性粒细胞恢复至 0 .5× 10 9/L及血小板恢复至 2 0× 10 9/L的中位时间分别为移植后 14d( 10～ 2 2d)及 19d( 10～ 68d)。 49例移植成功者发生急性GVHD 16例 ( 3 2 .7% ) ,其中Ⅲ～Ⅳ度 5例 ( 10 .2 % )。 3 6例生存 6个月以上者发生慢性GVHD 2 4例( 66.7% ) ,其中广泛性 5例 ( 13 .9% )。MMF +CsA +M     

MOEP化疗联合G-CSF动员外周血干细胞的临床观察

目的　报告 8例恶性血液病患者采用MOEP联合rhG CSF动员外周血干细胞的疗效和副作用。方法　 8例住院病人中 ,急性淋巴细胞白血病 2例 ,非何杰金淋巴瘤 5例 ,何杰金病 1例。其中 5例移植前疾病完全缓解 ,1例部分缓解 ,2例疾病处于进展期。动员方案为米托蒽醌 :0 2mg/kg分 3d ;长春新碱 :2mg ,第一天 ;足叶乙甙 :10mg/kg分 2～ 5d ;强的松片 :30～ 6 0mg共7d。白细胞降至低谷开始回升时加用rhG CSF(10 μg·kg-1·d-1)动员 ,白细胞升至 5 0× 10 9/L以上开始采集外周血干细胞。共采集干细胞 (2 0～ 7 8)× 10 8/kg。结果　回输干细胞后均获快速造血功能重建 ,白细胞开始回升 (ANC >0 5× 10 9/L)的时间为移植后 9～ 16d,血小板的恢复 (PLT >2 0× 10 9/L)稍滞后于白细胞 ,为移植后 10～ 2 8d。结论　采用MOEP方案动员外周血造血干细胞效果显著、副作用轻、且经济实惠     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床观察

目的　评价自体外周血干细胞移植 (APBSCT)治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)的疗效。方法　以APBSCT治疗ALL患者共 1 7例 ,其中 ,ALL首次完全缓解 (CR1 ) 1 1例 ,ALL第 2次完全缓解 (CR2 ) 6例。动员方案为 :MOEP/CMOP +G CSF ,获得MNC中位数为 4 .8× 1 0 8/kg ,CD34+ 细胞为 5 .7× 1 0 6/kg ,CFU GM为 4 .1× 1 0 5/kg。预处理方案为 :Cy/TBI(1 5例 )及IEAC(2例 )。结果　所有患者移植后造血功能均快速重建 :ANC >0 .5× 1 0 9/L ,PLT >2 0× 1 0 9/L ,分别为 (1 0± 3)d、(1 5± 5 )d。中位随访时间 1 3个月 (2～ 2 6个月 ) ,其中 ,ALL CR1患者持续完全缓解 9例 ,死亡 2例 ;ALL CR2患者持续完全缓解 3例 ,死亡 3例。结论　APBSCT是急性淋巴细胞白血病一种安全有效的治疗方法 ,在首次完全缓解时移植疗效较好     

SDF-1α与G-CSF动员造血干细胞的相关性研究

目的 :探讨趋化因子基质细胞衍生因子 (SDF 1α)与造血干细胞移植中G CSF动员造血干细胞的关系。方法 :应用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)试验检测 8例自体外周血造血干细胞移植 (auto PBSCT)病人及 9例异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)供者应用G CSF前 1天、后第 5天血浆SDF 1α水平的变化。结果 :应用G CSF前 1天 ,allo PBSCT供者及auto PBSCT病人SDF 1α的血浆水平分别为 ( 1918.0 1± 73 .2 2 )pg/ml;( 14 43 .42± 175 .3 7)pg/ml ,应用G CSF后第 5天 ,SDF 1α血浆水平分别降至为 ( 1841.94± 60 .70 )pg/ml;( 13 12 .2 8±111.3 3 )pg/ml,二者比较有统计学意义。allo PBSCT供者在G CSF动员前 1天、后第 5天的SDF 1α血浆水平均高于auto PBSCT病人。结论 :SDF 1α不参与G CSF诱导造血干细胞的动员过程 ,auto PBSCT病人的SDF 1α血浆水平的降低可能是骨髓基质细胞功能受损的表现。     

骨髓联合外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血

目的　探讨非清髓性、骨髓和外周血造血干细胞移植治疗高风险重型再生障碍性贫血 (SAA)及移植后供者干细胞输注 (DSI)的疗效和并发症。方法　移植治疗 3例高风险SAA。预处理 :抗淋巴细胞球蛋白 (ALG)联合环磷酰胺 (CTX) ,CTX总量为 60～ 12 0mg/kg ,ALG为 12 0mg/kg。移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)的预防 :环孢素A(CSA)联合甲氨蝶呤 (MTX)或甲基强的松龙 (MP) ,CSA和MP分别用至 6个月和 2个月逐渐减量并停药。供者外周血造血干细胞 (PBSC)动员 :G -CSF 5 μg/ (kg·d)× 5d。移植细胞数分别为MNC :7 2 4× 10 8/kg ,6 0 0× 10 8/kg ,6 66× 10 8/kg ;CD3 4+ 细胞 :4 2 6×10 6/kg ,8 95× 10 6/kg ,4 66× 10 6/kg。移植后形成混合性嵌合体 (MC)者 ,进行DSI。结果　移植后 3例白细胞最低值 :0 2 6× 10 9/L ,0 5 0× 10 9/L ,0 10× 10 9/L ,中性粒细胞 >0 5× 10 9/L和血小板 >2 0× 10 9/L时间分别为移植后第 12 ,3 ,15天和 0 ,5 ,10天。 3例均获得造血细胞成功植入。 1例形成供者完全嵌合体 (CC)并长期维持造血。 2例MC者 ,1例出现排斥 ,1例巨核细胞植入不良 ,均经DSI ,造血均有恢复。 3例分别存活 10 ,6,3 4个月。结论　非清髓性骨髓联合外周血高剂量造血干细胞移植治疗高风险的SAA ,增加植入率、减少     

无关供者脐血移植治疗小儿急性白血病

目的　探讨无关供者脐血移植 (UNRUCBT)治疗小儿急性白血病的可行性。方法　用HLA不全相合UNRUCBT治疗小儿急性白血病患儿 6例。供给受者的有核细胞 (3 63～ 15 35 )× 10 7/kg ,CD34 +细胞 (0 2 8～ 1 0 3)×10 7/kg ,粒 -巨噬细胞集落形成单位 (2 12～ 8 32 )× 10 5/kg。移植的预处理方案采用马利兰 +环磷酰胺 +抗胸腺细胞球蛋白方案。结果　 6例患儿白细胞均达到了植入的标准 ,其平均中性粒细胞 >0 5× 10 9/L时间为 19 33d ;5例血小板达到植活标准 ,其平均血小板 >5 0× 10 9/L时间为 5 7 4d。 5例患儿发生急性移植物抗宿主病 (aGVHD) ,其中Ⅰ度aGVHD 1例 ,Ⅱ度aGVHD 3例 ,Ⅳ度aGVHD 1例 ,慢性移植物抗宿主病 (aGVHD) 1例。 1例死于Ⅳ度aGVHD ,1例死于Ⅲ度HC。 4例长期存活的患儿中 ,1例在移植后 12个月出现“供者型”复发 ,经再次化疗获得完全缓解 ;另 3例分别无病存活 2 9,2 2 ,16个月。结论　URUCBT能长期重建受体造血功能     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.