老年病人全麻术后认知功能障碍的发病率

目的：调查老年病人全麻术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发病率。方法：选择需要全麻且年龄≥60岁的老年病人131例，所有病人在术前和术后3—12天内接受一整套包括7项内容的神经心理测试，测试功能缺失是指术后舆术前的差值大于或等于所有病人术前该项测试的标准差，如果病人有两项或两项以上测试功能缺失则认为发生了术后认知功能障碍，记录每项测试结果。结果：131例入选病人中，53例病人出现术后认知功能障碍，术后认知功能障碍的发生率为40．5％。结论：老年病人全麻术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发病率为40．5％。     

全麻复合硬膜外神经阻滞对胃癌手术病人术中和术后早期血糖的影响

目的比较观察全身麻醉下胃癌手术时加用硬膜外神经阻滞与否对病人术中和术后早期血糖的影响。方法30例胃癌手术病人随机分成G+E(全麻+硬膜外)组和G(单纯全麻)组,分别于麻醉前、麻醉后手术前、切皮后30min、90 min、手术结束时以及术后12 h,测末梢血糖。结果两组病人麻醉后切皮前的血糖水平与麻醉前无明显变化,两组血糖水平自切皮后30 min开始升高,手术结束时达高峰(P<0.05),手术后12 h开始下降;G组自切皮后30 min至术后12 h血糖升高幅度均大于G+E组(P<0.05)。结论胃癌手术时单纯应用全麻病人术中和术后早期血糖明显升高,而复合硬膜外神经阻滞时,可在一定程度上减低病人术中和术后早期血糖升高幅度。     

盐酸丁卡因用于胸科手术后硬膜外镇痛的临床观察

笔者对全麻下开胸肺叶切除术病人，用盐酸丁卡因施行硬膜外腔术后镇痛，收到良好效果。现总结报告如下。１资料与方法１．１镇痛方法：选择择期全麻下开胸行肺叶切除术病人，随机分为丁卡因组和布比卡因组，每组２０例。ASAI－Ⅱ级，年龄４２～６５岁，入室后全麻诱导前，经T６－７或T７－８椎间隙穿刺置入硬膜外导管，并注入２％利多卡因５ml；以针刺法测定平面，确认导管在硬膜外腔后，开始全麻诱导行气管内插管全身麻醉。术毕关胸时，丁卡因组从硬膜外导管注入０．１５％丁卡因１０ml布比卡因组从硬膜外导管注入０．１５％布比卡因１…     

硬膜外阻滞效果欠佳病人应用吗啡或芬太尼术后镇痛的效果观察

硬膜外腔阻滞麻醉是国内最常用的麻醉方法之一，不仅适用于手术，还可实施术后镇痛治疗。但硬膜外腔麻醉常可遇到麻醉效果欠佳的情况，对这类病人施行术后硬膜外镇痛，其效果又会如何？尚不了解。为探索这个疑问，本文对硬膜外腔麻醉效果欠佳的病人，术后仍然予以施行术后镇痛，观察和探讨其术后镇痛的有效性，以及其最佳镇痛方案。     

硬膜外阻滞对全麻单肺通气期间血液动力学及肺内分流的影响

全麻联合高位硬膜外麻醉开胸手术是近年来临床常用的麻醉方法。它不但可提供完善的术中麻醉，降低全麻药用量，而且还可提供良好的术后镇痛，明显改善了高危病人术后的肺功能和预后。高位硬膜外阻滞后，心肺交感神经阻滞，可使心血管功能情况发生改变，但它对肺缺血性血管收缩(HPV)和肺内分流的影响，以及它是否会引起单肺通气期     

异体手移植术的麻醉管理与术后镇痛

目的 探讨气管内全麻加硬膜外阻滞用于异体手移植术的安全性与术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛(Patient controlled epidural analgesia，PCEA）的效果。方法 3例ASA(美国麻醉医师协会对病人全身情况分级)I级4只手缺失行异体手移植的病人，采用气管插管全麻加C7～T1连续硬膜外阻滞，术中观察动脉压(Arterial blood pressure，ABP)，中心静脉压(Central venous pressure,CVP)，脉搏氧饱和度(Saturation of pulse oxygen，SpO2)，潮气末二氧化碳(End-tidal CO2，ETCO2)及血气的变化。术后行PCEA，镇痛效果以视觉模拟评分法(Visual analog scores，VAS)评估。结果术中ABP、CVP、SpO2、ETCO2以及血气均无明显改变，术后72h VAS0～3分。结论 全麻加硬膜外阻滞能维持术中内环境的稳定，可安全、有效地用于异体手移植手术；术后PCEA镇痛效果好，有利于康复。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞下胃癌根治术病人围术期血清皮质醇和细胞因子的变化

肿瘤病人免疫功能低下，麻醉和手术可进一步加重此趋势。术后免疫抑制与手术创伤引起的内分泌改变和应激反应增强有关，全麻复合硬膜外阻滞能减轻上腹部手术的应激反应。本研究拟通过观察胃癌根治术病人在全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻下围术期血清皮质醇和免疫相关细胞因子的变化，探讨不同麻醉方法下胃癌根治术病人围术期应激反应和免疫功能的变化。     

静注可乐定治疗产妇硬膜外阻滞后寒战的初步研究

有报道静注可乐定可有效抑制非妊娠病人全麻及硬膜外阻滞后寒战。本研究旨在探讨静注可乐定能否抑制产妇硬膜外阻滞后寒战。研究对象为40例健康产妇硬膜外阻滞后伴有寒战而需治疗者,其中正常分娩20例(硬膜外阻滞用0.125％布比卡因加肾上腺素1:80万),剖宫产20例(行硬膜外镇痛用2％利多卡因加肾上腺素1:20万之碱化液),麻醉效果满意。随机双盲法分两组:治疗组静     

老年下肢骨折手术采用蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉对患者术后认知功能障碍的影响

目的 比较分析蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉与全身麻醉对老年患者下肢骨折术后认知功能障碍的影响。方法 回顾性纳入2018年3月至2022年6月在本院经手术治疗的66例老年下肢骨折患者，按麻醉方式不同分为观察组（蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉）、对照组（全身麻醉），每组各33例。比较两组患者一般资料（年龄、性别、手术类型及术前ASA评分）；术前、术后1d、术后3d及出院前认知功能评估（MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间）；术后3d内不良反应及认知功能障碍发生率。结果 两组患者均顺利完成手术，在一般资料比较上无统计学差异（P>0.05），具有可比性。在认知功能评估比较上，观察组与对照组术前MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间及出院前MMSE评分、MoCA评分TMT时间，均无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后1d时MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间及术后3d时MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间，比较存在统计学差异（P<0.05）。观察组不良反应和认知功能障碍发生率分别为9.09%(3/33，例)、3.03%(1/33，例)明显优于对照组的21.21%(7/33，例)、15.15%(5/...     

硬膜外麻醉联合全身麻醉用于胃全切术的体会

全身麻醉辅以硬膜外麻醉是近年来临床常用的麻醉方法。本研究旨在通过比较丙泊酚静脉全麻和丙泊酚静脉全麻复合硬膜外麻醉时血流动力学的变化,探讨联合麻醉对血流动力学的影响,以期更好地指导临床麻醉。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:选择择期胃全切除术病人100例,年龄34时间较长,拔管也晚,术后也需另行处理。因此,近年来主张上腹部手术采用全麻与硬膜外麻醉联合,取长补短。笔者体会到采用丙泊酚为主的全麻与硬膜外阻滞复合麻醉,施行上腹部手术具有如下优点:①止痛完善,全麻和局麻药用量显著减少;②术中血流动力学调控较便易;③术后清醒完全;④术…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.