136例慢性硬膜下血肿的手术治疗

目的探讨不同手术方式治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效。方法2007年12月至2012年12月收治慢性硬膜下血肿136例,采用钻孔冲洗引流术72例、经皮微创穿刺冲洗引流术25例、神经内镜辅助钻孔引流术39例。结果钻孔引流术患者治愈67例,复发5例,术后发生颅内积气20例;经皮穿刺引流术治愈20例,复发3例,术后并发硬膜外血肿1例,硬膜外血肿1例;神经内镜辅助钻孔引流术均治愈,术后残留少量积液、积气8例。结论三种手术方法均有其适用范围及局限性,神经内镜辅助钻孔引流术适用范围更广,术后并发症更少。     

112例慢性硬膜下血肿引流术后并发症分析

目的探讨慢性硬膜下血肿行钻孔引流术术后常见并发症的原因及相应防治措施。方法回顾性分析1997年1月至2007年1月武汉市普爱医院收治的112例慢性硬膜下血肿患者行钻孔引流术情况及术后8例出现并发症原创，并总结其有效的防治措施。结果112例慢性硬膜下血肿患者钻孔引流术后均治愈，但8例出现并发症，主要为颅内积气6例，继发性顷内血肿3例，癫痫发作4例，血肿复发3例，脑脊液漏2例。结论钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿简单有效，治愈率高，创伤小，但需预防其可能出现的并发症。     

微创单钻孔持续冲洗闭试引流穿刺术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿50例临床分析

目的探讨慢性硬膜下血肿微创单钻孔持续冲洗闭试引流术治疗的经过及疗效。方法选取在我科诊治的50例慢性硬膜下血肿患者,分析其临床特点和影像学特征,采用微创单钻孔持续冲洗闭试引流术治疗,并观察其预后情况。结果 50例患者均采用微创单钻孔冲洗引流术,术后患者恢复好,无并发症,少数病例术后CT发现有少量硬膜下积液,因颅内压不高无需处理,达到临床治愈标准。结论慢性硬膜下血肿微创单钻孔持续冲洗闭试引流术是安全有效的治疗方法,且简单,值得普及。     

高龄患者慢性硬膜下血肿手术治疗68例

目的探讨高龄患者慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特征和手术治疗。方法对我院自2000年至2009年手术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿68例进行回顾性分析。68例中,63例病人采用钻孔引流术治疗,5例采用小骨窗开颅血肿及包膜清除术治疗。结果 68例中,治愈59例,好转6例,死亡3例。结论应重视高龄患者慢性硬膜下血肿的早期诊断,颅骨钻孔引流术是治疗高龄患者慢性硬膜下血肿的首选方法,小骨窗开颅血肿及包膜清除术适于用血肿内有分隔、壁厚或已钙化者。     

慢性硬膜下血肿手术方法比较

目的 比较钻单孔冲洗引流术和钻双孔冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效及并发症发生率。方法 对80例慢性硬膜下血肿患者随机分两组，一组采用钻单孔冲洗引流术，另一组采用钻双孔冲洗引流术。术后48～72h复查头颅CT，对颅内积气、蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、术后平均住院日进行比较。结果 两组所有患者均治愈出院，蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、颅内积气发生率、平均住院日均无明显差异。结论 钻孔冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效满意，钻单孔可取代钻双孔。     

外伤性硬膜下积液的治疗经验

目的探讨外伤性硬膜下积液的治疗方法。方法对102例外伤性硬膜下积液患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果保守治疗52例,其中治愈45例,7例演变为慢性硬膜下血肿,行钻孔引流术后治愈。单侧或双侧钻孔引流手术治疗50例,治愈44例;复发6例,再次钻孔引流术治愈。结论外伤性硬膜下积液患者可根据不同的积液量和临床症状,采用相应的治疗措施,一般预后良好。     

慢性硬脑膜下血肿的诊断与治疗体会

目的探探讨慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及诊治要点。方法回顾性分析经钻孔引流术治疗的97例慢性硬膜下血肿患者的临床资料。结果 97例患者均治愈出院。术后并发症包括硬膜下积液3例,颅内血肿4例,张力性气颅3例,精神障碍6例,癫痫发作4例。血肿复发5例。结论头颅CT平扫是诊断慢性硬膜下血肿的首选检查。对于有症状的慢性硬膜下血肿患者,应采取手术治疗,并积极防治手术并发症。     

慢性硬膜下血肿手术方法比较

目的 比较钻单孔冲洗引流术和钻双孔冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效及并发症发生率。方法 对80例慢性硬膜下血肿患者随机分两组,一组采用钻单孔冲洗引流术,另一组采用钻双孔冲洗引流术。术后48～72h复查头颅CT,对颅内积气、蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、术后平均住院日进行比较。结果 两组所有患者均治愈出院,蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、颅内积气发生率、平均住院日均无明显差异。结论 钻孔冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效满意,钻单孔可取代钻双孔。     

单孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的体会

目的总结单孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的经验。方法回顾性分析我科自2006年8月至2013年1月收治的82例慢性硬膜下血肿患者的临床资料,均行单孔引流术治疗。结果82例患者均治愈出院;术后出现气颅25例、硬膜外血肿3例、硬膜下积液15例、对侧出现慢性硬膜下血肿3例,均经保守治疗痊愈。结论钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿效果良好,术后需注意并发症防治。     

慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术中尿激酶应用分析

目的总结慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术中尿激酶应用的经验。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月共32例慢性硬膜下血肿的临床资料,患者行钻孔引流术及术后向血肿腔注入尿激酶治疗。结果经钻孔引流术后第2天复查头颅CT,12例（37.5%）血肿基本清除;20例（62.5%）的血肿仍有较多残留,给予注入尿激酶后8例患者血肿明显缩小或消失,12例患者硬膜下残留少量积液,随访3月无复发。结论钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的残留量及复发率较高,经向血肿腔注入尿激酶辅助治疗后,可以明显改善引流效果,减少复发机会。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -