不同产地黄芩中黄芩苷含量的RP-HPLC法测定方法分析

目的：对不同产地黄芩中黄芩苷含量测定方法进行分析探讨,为今后的中药有效成分研究工作提供可靠的参考依据。方法采取反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）对黄芩中黄芩苷含量进行测定,选用Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱,流动相配比为甲醇-体积分数为0.4%的磷酸,检测波长为280 nm。结果不同产地黄芩中黄芩苷的含量存在较大的差异（P〈0.05）。结论经反相高效液相色谱法对黄芩中黄芩苷含量进行检测具有明显优势。     

UPLC法测定黄芩药材中黄芩苷的含量

目的用超高效液相色谱法测定黄芩中黄芩苷的含量.方法参考已有文献方法对原高效液相色谱方法进行转换并优化为超高效液相色谱方法.色谱柱为Shim-pack XR-ODS C18柱(4.6mm×150mm,2.2μm);流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(45∶55∶1);流速:0.6mL·min-1;检测波长:274 nm;柱温:45℃.结果黄芩苷的线性范围为29.86～238.85ng(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=6)为101.2%,RSD为1.8%;1个分析流程大约需要3min.结论与高效液相色谱法相比,超高效液相色谱法测定黄芩中黄芩苷含量,加快了分析速度,提高了分析效率,减少了有机溶剂的使用,并且得到了更高的分析灵敏度.     

RP-HPLC法同时测定畅鼻通颗粒中3种组分的含量

目的建立同时测定畅鼻通颗粒中桂皮酸、黄芩苷和黄芩素含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法进行含量测定。色谱柱为DiamonsilTMC18(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-体积分数为1%的冰醋酸水溶液(体积比为65∶20∶115),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为280 nm。结果桂皮酸在0.82~8.20 mg.L-1内,黄芩苷在31.00~310.00 mg.L-1内,黄芩素在3.20~32.00 mg.L-1内,质量浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 9、0.999 9和0.999 7;平均回收率分别为101.1%、100.5%和101.4%;精密度RSD均小于2.0%。结论RP-HPLC法可用于畅鼻通颗粒的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定柴黄片中黄芩苷含量

用反相高效液相色谱法测定柴黄片中黄芩苷的含量.色谱柱为Kromasil-C18,流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸-三乙胺(60:40:0.2:2滴),紫外检测波长为280nm,流速为1.0ml·min-1.黄芩苷对照品在0.0252～1.008μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9996.平均加样回收率99.6%,RSD为1.4%.方法可行,结果可靠,重现性好.     

RP-HPLC法测定坤泰胶囊中黄芩苷的含量

目的反相高效液相色谱法测定坤泰胶囊中黄芩苷的含量。方法采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶柱;流动相:甲醇-水-磷酸(50∶50∶0.2),检测波长为280nm;流速为1.0mL.min-1。结果黄芩苷线性范围10.43~62.58μg.mL-1,平均回收率为99.2%,RSD=1.0%。结论方法简便,结果准确,能有效控制坤泰胶囊的质量。     

急慢支合剂中黄芩苷的含量测定

目的:测定急慢支合剂中黄芩苷的含量.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP HPLC),HYPERSIL C18柱,流动相为甲醇∶水∶磷酸(48∶52∶0.2),在280 nm波长处检测.结果:黄芩苷的线性范围为:0.004 8～0.096 0 mg•mL 1,r＝0.999 7,平均加样回收率98.85%,RSD＝2.07%(n＝6).结论:该方法简便,适用于测定急慢支合剂中黄芩苷的含量.     

UPLC法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷的含量

目的用超高效液相色谱法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷的含量。方法参考已有文献方法对原高效液相色谱方法进行转换并优化为超高效液相色谱方法。色谱柱为Shi m-pack XR-ODS C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,2.2μm);流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(45∶55∶1);流速:0.6 mL.min-1;检测波长:274nm;柱温:45℃。结果黄芩苷的线性范围为0.119～0.358μg(r=0.9992);平均回收率(n=6)为101.2%,RSD为1.8%;1个分析流程大约需要3 min。结论与高效液相色谱法相比,超高效液相色谱法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷含量,加快了分析速度,提高了分析效率,减少了有机溶剂的使用,并且得到了更高的分析灵敏度。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方鱼腥草合剂中黄芩苷的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定复方鱼腥草合剂中黄芩苷的含量,以控制该制剂的质量.方法:以 C18化学键合硅胶柱分离黄芩苷,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸( 40 : 60:1)为流动相,紫外检测波长为 274 nm.结果:黄芩苷在 10.5～ 105 μ g/mL范围内,进样量与吸收面积值呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为 99.67%( n=6), RSD=1.31%.结论:高效液相色谱法简便,结果准确,重复性好.     

高效液相色谱法测定清血解毒合剂中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立测定清血解毒合剂中黄芩苷含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为ODS-C18,流动相为乙腈-1%醋酸溶液(26∶74),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为315nm。结果:黄芩苷在4.43~110.85mg.L-1范围内峰面积与其浓度呈良好线性关系,平均回收率为98.54%(RSD为0.89%)。结论:此法简便、快速、准确,可作为清血解毒合剂含量测定的方法。     

RP-HPLC法测定肺泰胶囊中黄芩苷的含量

目的：用反相高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。方法：反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Inertsil-ODS-3（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相：甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液（45∶55）,流速：1.0mL/min;检测波长为280nm[1]。结果：黄芩苷在0.1036～1.036μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9998,回收率为98.7%,RSD=1.1%（n=5）。结论：本法简便、准确、重现性好,专属性强,可用于肺泰胶囊的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.