先天性胆管扩张症45例影像学诊断分析

目的通过与磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)对照分析45例先天性胆管扩张症的超声声像图特征及漏诊原因。方法对45例先天性胆管扩张症的超声(US)与MRCP检查结果进行对照分析。结果本组病例超声检查正确诊断率为91.1%。先天性胆管扩张症的超声声像图表现根据胆管扩张形态、累及范围分为:胆总管囊性扩张型(Ⅰ型)(84.4%),肝内、外胆管扩张型(Ⅳ型)(13.3%),肝内胆管囊性扩张型(Ⅴ型)(2.2%)。结论Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症因表现为典型超声声像图特征,故其诊断符合率较高(97.4%);Ⅳ型肝内、外胆管轻度不规则扩张及Ⅴ型肝内胆管多发囊性扩张,超声诊断易漏、误诊为肝内、外扩张及肝多发囊肿。     

成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊治体会

目的探讨成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1986-2008年收治的成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症46例的I临床资料。结果46例中具有典型临床表现（腹痛、黄疸、腹部包块）者仅11例。45例检查辅以BUS、CT、ERCP、MRCP获确诊,误诊为“胰腺假性囊肿”1例,确诊率为97．8％。其中35例行囊肿切除,肝胆空肠ROUX—EN—Y形吻合胆道重建术。40例手术后早期恢复,无手术死亡病例。结论成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症仅靠临床表现不易确诊,应辅以影像学检查能明确诊断,手术以采用“囊肿切除肝管空肠ROUX—EN—Y形吻合胆道重建术为根治性术式。     

MRCP在先天性胆总管囊肿诊断中的价值

先天性胆管囊肿又称先天性胆管扩张症,以往放射科多采用静脉胆道造影检查,由于肠道内容物重叠常显示不清楚。磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）近年来已广泛应用于胰胆管疾病的检查。MRCP可多方位、多角度观察,立体显示肝内外胆管解剖,能清晰显示胆管扩张程度、范围及大小,对先天性胆总管囊肿的诊断有重要意义。现将一组经手术病理证实为先天性胆管囊肿病例的MRCP表现作一回顾性分析。报告如下。     

41例成人先天性胆管扩张症的诊治分析

目的:探讨成人先天性胆管扩张症的诊断和外科治疗。方法:对我科1997~2006年期间共收治41例成人先天性胆管扩张症患者的诊断和治疗进行回顾性分析。结果:术前B超诊断正确率为92.7%(38/41),磁共振胰胆管造影术(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)检查13例均确诊。39例行囊肿切除和肝总管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术(其中包括2例急诊手术后再行该手术和5例合并肝左外叶切除术),1例行肝右叶切除术,1例因癌变行胰十二指肠切除术。共随访35例,随访率为80.5%,平均随访45个月,未发现恶变者。结论:B超应作为先天性胆管扩张症的首选检查,MRCP有助于临床分型及术式的选择,囊肿切除和肝总管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术应作为首选术式。早期诊断,早期根治性治疗,是成人先天性胆管扩张症的关键。     

囊肿切除胆道重建治疗小儿先天性胆总管囊肿

目的总结72例囊肿切除、胆道重建手术治疗小儿先天性胆总管囊肿的经验,探讨有关的治疗问题.方法回顾1984年至今72例囊肿切除、胆道重建手术治疗的先天性胆总管囊肿患者,其中行囊肿切除、间置空肠十二指肠吻合15例;囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-y吻合57例,所有病例均行紧贴囊壁剥离法切除胆总管囊肿.对手术方式,手术后近、远期并发症进行分析.结果除1例因严重肝硬化死亡外,余71例均痊愈出院,在57例肝总管Roux-y型吻合术中,随访6个月～5年,1例出现腹痛、黄疸、发热,余56例,经B超检查,未见胆管狭窄及扩张.X线钡餐检查,未见有钡剂反流人胆道.结论紧贴囊壁剥离法切除胆总管囊肿,肝总管Roux-y型吻合术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的较好方法.     

成人型胆管囊肿的诊治分析

目的：探计成人型胆管囊肿的临床特点和治疗方法。方法：收集1994年12月-2004年12月上海复旦大学附属华山医院普外科收治的成人胆管囊肿15例，所有病例均经B超、胆道造影检查确诊并按Todani’s分型，随后行囊肿切除＋胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合（1例因急性胆道出血而未行该术式）。结果：所有手术患者无一例死亡，病理证实为胆管囊肿13例，1例为胆管囊腺瘤，1例未取病理。随访期8年，无复发、残余囊肿无癌变。结论：ERCP、MRCP对于成人型胆管囊肿的诊断，尤其是临床分型具有重要的作用，而ERCP更能为某些有严重并发症的患者创造手术条件。囊肿切除＋胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合仍为标准术式。     

B型超声诊断先天性胆管囊状扩张症

先天性胆管囊状扩张症又称先天性胆管囊肿,以往主要根据临床表现、胆道造影、钡餐检查等方法进行诊断:近年来,由于B超的广泛应用,它已成为术前诊断的主要方法。本文对经手术、病理证实的先天性胆管囊状扩张症21例进行回顾性分析,报告如下。     

空肠间置肝管十二指肠吻合术治疗先天性胆管扩张症的护理

先天性胆管扩张症是胆总管囊性扩张的发育畸形。随着PTC技术的发展,发现先天性胆管扩张症病例日益增多,因此,导致治疗方法的不断变革。从前常用的扩张胆管与十二指肠吻合术或扩张胆管与空肠作Roux-en-Y型吻合术,术后并发症多。自1987年3月～12月以来,我科对7例先天性胆管扩张症施行了空肠间置肝管十二指肠吻合术,切除肝外扩张的胆管和胆道再建,从而达到消除病灶,使胰胆分流的治疗目的。随着手术方式的改进,对护理工作提出了     

囊肿切除肝总管空肠Roux-y吻合术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿

先天性胆总管囊肿是最常见的一种先天性胆道囊性扩张症。采取囊肿切除，胆道重建作为先天性胆总管囊肿治疗的标准术式已无争议…。我院1992年～2001年采取囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux—y吻合术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿30例，取得良好的效果，总结如下。     

先天性胆管扩张症并胆胰管合流异常的MRCP诊断

磁共振胆胰管成像（magnetic rcsonance cholangiopancreatography，MRCP）是目前诊断胆胰管疾病最先进的非创伤性影像技术，已广泛应用于临床。先天性胆管扩张症（congenical bile-duct dilatation，CBD）是比较常见的胆道发育畸形，其主要病因是胆胰管合流异常（anonlous junction of panereatieobiliary duct，APBD）。目前，临床上确诊APBD主要依靠胆道造影（如术中胆道造影、ERCP等）。国内外有关MRCP诊断APBD的报道甚少。2年来，本院利用MRCP诊断CBD合并APBD6例，现报告如下。     

Intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Common bile duct (CBD) compression can be caused by stones in the cystic duct (Mirizzi syndrome) which can be difficult to diagnose even with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Conventional imaging often gives insufficient information and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging may improve diagnostic accuracy, but often the final diagnosis is made during exploratory surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients undergoing ERCP during a 3-year period were prospectively analyzed if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria: gallbladder in situ; obstructive jaundice with CBD stenosis, demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), but unexplained at ultrasonography; and inability to demonstrate the cystic duct during ERC. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) was carried out over a guide wire using a 20-MHz probe. Prior to ERCP, patients were evaluated with abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT), as well as by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or EUS in some. RESULTS: 74 patients out of 2089 undergoing ERCP fulfilled the entry criteria. Final diagnoses, from surgical exploration (n = 41), cytology (n = 21), or endoscopic extraction of stones from the cystic duct (n = 12), were Mirizzi syndrome (type I) in 30 patients and other causes in 44 patients (gallbladder carcinoma [n = 16], pancreatic carcinoma [n = 9], metastatic compression [n = 9], other [n = 10]). CT had shown suspected Mirizzi syndrome in 1/30 cases (3 %) and MRCP in 12/19 evaluated cases (63 %). EUS allowed a correct diagnosis in 11 of 15 evaluated cases (73 %). IDUS required an additional 8 +/- 3 min and showed a sensitivity of 97 % and specificity of 100 %. CONCLUSION: IDUS is a sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome.     

超声检查对先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断价值

目的探讨超声诊断先天性胆管囊状扩张症的价值。方法回顾性分析50例先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料,分析超声检查对其的诊断价值。结果 50例先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者超声正确诊断48例,诊断符合率96.0%,误诊2例,1例Ⅰ型患者误诊为胰腺囊肿,1例Ⅴ型患者误诊为多发肝囊肿。44%患者合并结石,2%患者合并癌变,30%患者合并胆囊炎、胆囊结石。结论超声诊断先天性胆管囊状扩张症具有较高的诊断准确率,在诊断过程中为避免误诊、漏诊应注意鉴别诊断。     

胆管扩张时线条样假性充盈缺损病变的磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)表现及意义

目的探讨MRCP中胆管内线条样充盈缺损的表现及成因.方法分析300例胆总管扩张病人和50例正常人的MRCP,所见与轴位T2WI、T1WI、B超及ERCP检查和(或)手术相对照.结果 MRCP图像中胆总管内线条样充盈缺损见于中-重度扩张胆总管,但B超、ERCP检查和外科手术未能证实其存在.结论 MRCP图像中扩张胆总管中央的线条样低信号很可能是由胆汁流动形成的假性病变或伪影.     

25例胰腺胰管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤MRI和ERCP比较研究

目的研究胰腺胰管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤的临床特点,MRI影像表现并和ERCP比较。方法自1998年至2001年25例(主胰管型6例,分枝型19例)手术证明的胰管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤患者。手术前所有患者均接受了MRI和ERCP检查,回顾分析了临床特点,MRI和ERCP影像学表现。结果MRI上主胰管型表现为弥漫/节段扩张的主胰管,5例伴有壁结节;分枝型表现为葡萄串状或单发的囊状肿瘤,14例内有壁结节,增强后壁结节明显强化。MRCP可清楚地显示19例分枝型IPMT和主胰管之间的交通。MRI和ERCP对肿瘤的显示率分别是100%,52%。结论与ERCP相比,MRI是一种非侵袭性的有效地诊断胰管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤的方法。MRCP(磁共振胆胰管成像)对分枝型肿瘤的诊断有重要意义。     

胆囊切除术后残留胆总管结石的内镜诊治

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在胆囊切除术后残留胆总管结石诊治中的应用价值。方法：对胆囊切除术后腹痛、发热、黄疸或肝功能异常而经B超、CT或磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）证实或怀疑残留胆总管结石的患者进行ERCP检查，对发现胆总管结石的患者行EST或EPBD后取石。结果：ERCP检查的成功率为96．4％（108／112）。85例证实胆总管结石的患者行EST或EPBD后取石，79例（92．9％）取石治疗成功；6例因合并肝内胆管多发结石而行外科手术治疗。并发症发生率为4．5％，其中消化道出血2例，急性胰腺炎3例。结论；对于胆囊切除术后残留胆总管结石的患者，ERCP是理想的诊断方法，而且还可以同时进行治疗。     

ERCP与MRCP对胆胰疾病诊断的比较研究

目的评价磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)与经内镜胰胆管造影(ERCP)对胰胆疾病的诊断价值。方法对85例胰胆管疾病患者均进行ERCP和MRCP检查,并经手术和病理证实。结果85例MRCP与ERCP均获成功,其中两者诊断一致53例,不一致32例(37.6%,32/85),诊断一致的胆总管结石36例,肿瘤9例,其他8例。不一致32例中,MRCP诊断为肿瘤、结石32例,而ERCP诊断为结石或未见异常。结论MRCP诊断胆总管扩张的敏感性、准确性较高,对扩张的病因诊断尚不够理想,对胆总管较小结石的诊断不如ERCP敏感及准确,而且不能治疗,因此MRCP不能替代ERCP。     

Three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with respiratory triggering in the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis: comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of respiratory-triggered three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (3D-MRCP) for the detection of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and to compare the specific findings of magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in patients with PSC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The MRCP findings were evaluated in 150 patients with clinical symptoms (progressive fatigue, pruritus followed by icterus) and/or elevated values for alkaline phosphatase and serum aspartate transaminase, and occasionally an elevated serum concentration of bilirubin as a sign of cholestasis, who were consecutively referred for magnetic resonance imaging. Two observers independently classified bile duct abnormalities and established the MRCP diagnosis in a consensus reading. The results of MRCP were compared with the definitive diagnosis, which was based on the clinical history and laboratory and histological data, as well as on endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) findings. In a second step, the observers compared the delineation of the biliary system and morphological findings using MRCP and ERCP in patients with confirmed PSC. RESULTS: Diagnostic examinations were obtained in 146 of the 150 MRCPs (97 %). The diagnosis of PSC was confirmed by clinical data and ERCP in 34 of these 150 patients (23 %). The sensitivity and specificity of MRCP for diagnosing PSC were 88 % (29 of 33) and 99 % (108 of 109), respectively. MRCP and ERCP yielded similar scores for the delineation of the biliary system (P = 0.2) in patients with PSC. However, different bile duct abnormalities leading to the diagnosis of PSC were depicted by MRCP and ERCP; more bile duct stenoses and pruning were seen with ERCP and more skip dilatation with MRCP (P < 10(-4)). CONCLUSION: In patients with PSC, MRCP is a highly sensitive method and its diagnostic accuracy is comparable to that of ERCP.     

MRCP of congenital pancreaticobiliary malformation

Background Congenital pancreaticobiliary malformations are sometimes associated with acute or chronic pancreatitis and biliary carcinoma. Currently, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is one of the first choices for investigating and diagnosing pancreaticobiliary diseases noninvasively. We compared the accuracy of conventional MRCP and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in making the diagnosis of congenital pancreaticobiliary malformations. Methods In patients with pancreas divisum (n = 17), pancreaticobiliary maljunction (n = 12), choledochocele (n = 2), and annular pancreas (n = 1) who underwent ERCP and MRCP, the diagnostic accuracy and findings on MRCP were compared with those on ERCP. Results Of the 32 patients with congenital pancreaticobiliary malformations diagnosed on ERCP, 23 (72%) presented the same diagnosis on MRCP. Complete pancreas divisum was diagnosed in 73% on MRCP based on the finding of a dominant dorsal pancreatic duct crossing the lower bile duct and emptying into the duodenum without communicating with the ventral pancreatic duct. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction was diagnosed in 75% on MRCP based on the finding of an anomalous union between the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct and the existence of a long common channel. Conclusions Conventional MRCP is a useful, noninvasive tool for diagnosing congenital pancreaticobiliary malformations; and the diagnostic accuracy can be increased with three-dimensional MRCP or dynamic MRCP with secretin stimulation.     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的影像学诊断(重点讨论CT诊断)

本文对２５例先天性胆管囊状扩张症根据ＣＴ表现分为三种类型：１）肝内型；２）肝外型；３）混合型。肝内型具有特征性ＣＴ表现为扩张呈囊状的胆管将门静脉分支包绕，在增强ＣＴ或胆道造影ＣＴ均可显示出“中心圆点。征象。肝外型囊壁见突出腔内结节时为癌变征象。ＣＴ对本病的显示准确率达１００％。对照其它影像检查方法，作者认为：超声对本病也有重要诊断价值；Ｘ线胆道造影诊断价值不大；ＥＲＣＰ和ＰＴＣ为痛苦性检查方法，提     

Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

The importance of diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) has dramatically decreased owing to the development of less invasive techniques such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and finally magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). MRCP is becoming the gold standard in the diagnostic work-up of the pancreaticobiliary duct. However, MRCP cannot solve all the problems that occur, and still has inadequate resolution for small stones and tiny pancreatic and bile duct lesions. ERCP continues to be useful in difficult cases and when the diagnosis is uncertain, particularly when fluid collection and tissue sampling are necessary. However, several alternatives to sphincter of Oddi manometry have been proposed. Finally, ERCP is always the first step before endoscopic treatment, which in contrast to diagnostic ERCP is still widely used.