Enlarged peroneal process with peroneus longus tendon entrapment

 A 50-year-old man was treated conservatively for chronic bilateral ankle pain for several years. Plain radiographs obtained following exacerbation of symptoms showed bilateral enlarged peroneal processes. CT and MRI demonstrated bony detail of the unusual processes and also showed isolation of the peroneus longus tendons and associated tendinitis and partial tears.     

部分腓骨长肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的 探讨关节镜辅助下自体部分腓骨长肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效.方法 2009年5月-2010年4月治疗46例53膝复发性髌骨脱位患者,关节镜下进行外侧髌股支持带松解后,采用自体部分腓骨长肌腱游离移植重建MPFL,调整移植肌腱在不同角度下屈伸活动时的张力,关节镜下观察髌骨运动轨迹和股骨滑车与髌骨的对应关系,然后采用可吸收界面螺钉将肌腱端固定于股骨内侧髁的骨道内,同时行胫骨结节内移抬高术.了解髌股关节的稳定情况、脱位复发、患膝主观症状以及患肢整体功能康复情况.结果 术后随访平均18个月(12～24个月),膝关节稳定性增加,髌骨脱位无复发.恐惧试验阴性,髌骨轴位X线片和CT示髌股关节解剖关系恢复正常.手术前后Kujala 髌骨稳定度问卷评分术前(54.6±5.4)分,术后(92.3±8.9)分(t =55.41,P＜0.01).所有患者运动能力均较术前有所改善.术后CT检查对比发现,髌骨与股骨滑车适配角从术前的(27.8±8.1)°改善为(2.3±9.4)°(t=20.87,P＜0.01).肌腱供区踝关节活动良好,功能没有影响.结论 关节镜下外侧髌股支持带松解与自体部分腓骨长肌腱移植重建MPFL,结合胫骨结节内移抬高术能够有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,并且避免了膝关节周围切取肌腱的潜在并发症.     

Foot posture is associated with morphometry of the peroneus longus muscle,tibialis anterior tendon,and Achilles tendon

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between foot type and the morphometry of selected muscles and tendons of the lower limb. Sixty‐one healthy participants (31 male, 30 female; aged 27.1 ± 8.8 years) underwent gray‐scale musculoskeletal ultrasound examination to determine the anterior‐posterior (AP) thickness of tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and peroneus longus muscles and tendons as well as the Achilles tendon. Foot type was classified based on arch height and footprint measurements. Potentially confounding variables (height, weight, hip and waist circumference, rearfoot and ankle joint range of motion, and levels of physical activity) were also measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the association between foot type with muscle and tendon morphometry accounting for potentially confounding variables. Foot type was significantly and independently associated with AP thickness of the tibialis anterior tendon, peroneus longus muscle, and Achilles tendon, accounting for approximately 7% to 16% of the variation. Flat‐arched feet were associated with a thicker tibialis anterior tendon, a thicker peroneus longus muscle, and a thinner Achilles tendon. Foot type is associated with morphometry of tendons that control sagittal plane motion of the rearfoot; and the peroneus longus muscle that controls frontal plane motion of the rearfoot. These findings may be related to differences in tendon loading during gait.     

Operative treatment of peroneusbrevis and peroneus longus tendon tears

The peroneal tendons provide important functions to the foot and ankle including stabilization of the lateral ankle and plantar flexion of the first ray. Injury to the peroneal tendons might occur as a result of an ankle or peroneal tendon instability or a local degenerative process. Conservative management for peroneal tendon tears is not uniformly successful and surgical management remains a common method for treatment. The peroneal tendon rupture might be treated by simple repair of isolated longitudinal rupture, by excision of degenerative tendon and longitudinal repair of the remaining tendon, or by excision of degenerative tendon and side-to-side tenodesis for extensive tendon damage. Stability of the tendons also is addressed by bony and or soft tissue stabilization procedures.     

部分腓骨长肌腱重建治疗膝关节后外侧复合体损伤

目的 探讨部分腓骨长肌腱移植重建治疗膝关节后外侧复合体损伤的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年5月—2018年5月郑州市第七人民医院关节外科收治的膝关节后外侧复合体损伤患者22例,男性16例,女性6例;年龄17～51岁,平均31.4岁;均为单侧损伤,左侧10例,右侧12例.患者均采用部分腓骨长肌腱重建外侧副韧带及腘腓...     

Intermittent dislocation of the flexor hallucis longus tendon

Dislocation of the flexor hallucis longus tendon is an exceptional occurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first case ever reported of an intermittent dislocation in a 17-year-old woman; she was a synchronised swimmer. She consulted for a right internal retro-malleolar syndrome. Voluntary "snap" was triggered by a mechanism which combined maximal ankle dorsiflexion and interphalangeal plantar flexion of the toes. Non-enhanced dynamic helical CT and axial MRI were performed, which revealed the dislocation of the right flexor hallucis longus tendon outside the posterior intertubercular talar groove. Static and dynamic imaging would appear to be required to make this uncommon diagnosis.     

Tear of the peroneus longus tendon: MR imaging features in nine patients

PURPOSE: To determine the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features that characterize tear of the peroneus longus tendon at the midfoot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records and MR images in nine patients with a tear of the middle segment of the peroneus longus tendon were retrospectively reviewed. All nine patients had undergone routine ankle MR imaging; three had undergone additional oblique coronal MR imaging. Surgical proof of a tear was available for three patients. RESULTS: Partial tear was present in four patients, and complete tear was present in five. Partial tears were characterized by heterogeneous signal intensity and thickening of the tendon. Complete tears were characterized by discontinuity of the tendon. Additional findings included fluid in the tendon sheath (n = 6), marrow edema of the lateral calcaneal wall (n = 3), enlarged peroneal tubercle (n = 3), and tear of the peroneus brevis tendon (n = 2). The extent of the tear was better assessed with oblique coronal MR images. CONCLUSION: The characteristic MR imaging appearance of complete or partial tear of the middle portion of the peroneus longus tendon includes foci of increased signal intensity in the distal tendon, morphologic alterations, and/or discontinuity of tendon. Bone marrow edema along the lateral calcaneal wall may be suggestive of the diagnosis. Additional oblique coronal midfoot MR images may help in assessment of the extent of the tear.     

Magnetic resonance imagination of the peroneus longus tendon after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Several studies report that tendons can regenerate after harvesting. These studies have been performed especially in patellar and hamstring tendons. At our institution, 10 cm length of full thickness peroneus longus tendon has been harvested to reconstruct torn anterior cruciate ligament since 1997 as a different graft source. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the peroneus longus tendon used the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a regeneration potential or not. Twelve patients, who had originally undergone harvesting of the peroneus longus tendon for the primary surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Images of both legs were acquired simultaneously with the use of the scanner’s extremity coil, as we aimed to compare harvested peroneus longus tendon with the other leg’s peroneus longus tendon (healthy side) for evaluation of the regeneration potential. The average age of the patients was 31 years. There were eight right and four left legs. The average time interval was 52 months between ligament surgery and MRI. In all patients, a varying amount of the regeneration of the peroneus longus tendon was seen on the MRI images. Although the extent of PLT regeneration in proximal sections seemed better than in mid- and distal sections, there was no statistical difference between sections (P = 0.130). These data show that the peroneus longus tendon has a regeneration potential after harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.     

Pseudotear of the peroneus longus tendon on MRI, secondary to a fibrocartilaginous node

Objective

The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of a fibrocartilaginous node within the distal peroneus longus tendon (PLT) just proximal to the cubital tunnel and correlate this with MRI signal characteristics of the distal PLT, which could result in a pseudotear appearance on MRI. We correlated imaging characteristics with pathologic specimens.

Materials and methods

Institutional review board approval was obtained. Retrospectively, 91 ankle MRIs utilizing a standard ankle protocol were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Four cadaver ankles were imaged using a standard ankle MRI protocol and reviewed by the same radiologists. All the MRIs were examined for signal changes in the PLT. The cadaver ankles then underwent PLT dissection by an orthopaedic surgeon, and a pathologic review was undertaken by a pathologist with orthopaedic specialization, who looked for an os peroneum or proposed fibrocartilaginous node relating to the signal change found on the MRIs.

Results

In the 91 ankle MRI studies, the PLT demonstrated normal low and increased signals. On the fat-saturated T2-weighted sequence, 76 (83.5%) ankles demonstrated low signal and 15 (16.5%) demonstrated increased signal. Of the cadaver ankle MRIs, all four demonstrated increased signal within the PLT; three contained a fibrocartilaginous node and one contained an os peroneum in that same region.

Conclusions

The MRI signal of the PLT can change with the presence of a fibrocartilaginous node, which may be due to the molecular and chemical content of the fibrocartilage. This node increases the MRI signal in the distal PLT and gives the appearance of a pseudotear.     

Surgical treatment of concomitant chronic ankle instability and longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon

Chronic lateral ankle instability can be associated with a longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon. Patients with these problems have atypical posterolateral or retromalleolar pain, as well as clinical signs of ligamentous instability. This injury is frequently concomitant with lateral ligament injuries and the injury mechanism is similar; however, the tendon rupture is often missed. Laxity or insufficiency of the superior peroneal retinaculum allows the anterior part of the peroneus brevis tendon to ride upon the sharp posterior fibular edge, resulting in a longitudinal rupture of the tendon. We report on the results after surgical treatment in nine patients (10 ankles) with combined instability of the lateral ankle ligaments and longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon. All these patients underwent surgical repair of the peroneus tendon, reconstruction of the superior peroneal retinaculum, removal of the sharp posterior edge of the fibula and correction of the ligamentous instability of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. One constant finding at surgery was a longitudinal intratendineal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon combined with insufficiency of the superior peroneal retinaculum and insufficiency of the lateral ligaments. At follow-up 3 (2–5) years postoperatively, the functional results were excellent or good in nine ankles and fair in one. All the patients with excellent or good results had resumed their preinjury activity level. We conclude that this lesion should be suspected in patients with lateral ligamentous instability, combined with retromalleolar pain. In these cases, it is important to address both the tendon rupture and the ligamentous insufficiency.     

Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon in a professional skier

Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon is uncommon in sports activities. We report a rare case of a professional downhill skier presenting with a rupture of the EPL tendon. Repetitive motion of the wrist joint appeared to cause the rupture. The patient was treated successfully with tendon transfer of the extensor indicis proprius.     

Extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture following avulsion fracture of the third metacarpal

Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon rupture is a recognised complication of distal radial fractures and their fixation with dorsal radial plates and pins. A number of other conditions including internal fixation of wrist fractures and inflammatory arthropathies have also been reported as aetiological factors of EPL tendon rupture. We report a case of extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture following avulsion fracture of the third metacarpal and review the radiographic and sonographic features.     

Semimembranosus tendon avulsion fracture of the posteromedial tibial plateau associated with posterior cruciate ligament tear and capsular rupture

Semimembranosus tendon avulsion fractures are an uncommon occurrence and are often associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial meniscus tears. We present the imaging features of an unusual case of semimembranosus avulsion fracture of the posteromedial tibial plateau associated with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tear, medial meniscus tear, and capsular rupture in a 26-year-old man with a football injury.