肋骨良恶性肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的影像学表现

目的 探讨肋骨良恶性肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析57例经手术病理证实的肋骨良恶性肿瘤及肿瘤样病变患者的影像学资料.结果 根据影像学表现及病变累及肋骨数量分为:囊状膨胀性骨破坏26例,溶骨性骨破坏20例,骨增生硬化表现8例,骨性突起3例,单骨表现32例,多骨表现25例.结论 肋骨溶骨性破坏或伴软组织肿块或伴病理性骨折多见于恶性肿瘤.囊状膨胀性骨破坏多见于良性肿瘤或肿瘤样病变,胸部X线片结合CT检查有助于提高肋骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断正确率.     

超声对睾丸肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨超声对睾丸肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断及鉴别诊断效果。方法选取疑似睾丸肿瘤及肿瘤样病变患者49例,对其实施超声检测,以病理学诊断结果作金标准,评估超声对于睾丸肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断准确率和鉴别效果。结果超声诊断准确率高达95.92%(47/49),且不同类型睾丸肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的超声图像特点差异明显。结论超声对睾丸肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断准确率较高,鉴别诊断,值得推广。     

胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT诊断相关观察

目的探析胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT诊断。方法选取我院2015年1月至2016年6月收治的35例胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变患者为观察对象,给予螺旋CT扫描,之后结合病理分析其CT表现。结果 35例患者中,胸腺瘤16例,侵袭性胸腺瘤10例,胸腺淋巴瘤3例,胸腺癌2例,胸腺类癌2例,颈部胸腺囊肿1例,异位胸腺瘤1例。结论在胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变中,CT诊断价值较高,且结合临床表现能够对部分恶性胸腺肿瘤患者的病理类型予以判断,值得临床广泛应用与普及。     

胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT诊断

目的探讨CT检查对胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断价值.方法回顾性分析经手术证实的胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变32例,全部行螺旋CT扫描,其中18例进行了增强扫描.结果不同类型的胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变有其好发部位及特征性CT表现,CT诊断准确率高.结论CT检查在胸腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断上准确度高,可作为胸腺肿瘤的一种常规检查方法.     

肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT诊断价值

本文回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年5月间经手术病理或随访证实的25例肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT特征,并与病理结果对照分析,以期提高对肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的的诊断准确性。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:25例肾上腺病变中,男性14例,女性11     

肝脏常见肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的16层螺旋CT诊断及鉴别

目的：探讨用16层螺旋CT诊断肝脏常见肿瘤以及肿瘤样病变的临床价值以及与其他疾病的鉴别诊断。方法选择本院2010年8月-2012年8月间诊治的448例肝脏肿瘤以及肿瘤样病变患者,分别对所选的患者进行CT平扫和增强扫描。结果 CT上肝脏肿瘤以及肿瘤样病变主要表现为单发或者多发低密度病灶,边界可清晰也可以模糊不清,增强后可强化也可以不强化。本文所选的患者CT表现均较典型,同时结合临床检查多能做出明确的诊断。结论肝脏肿瘤以及肿瘤样病变的诊断运用16层螺旋CT多期扫描的临床意义显著,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

鞍区肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的影像诊断

目的 探讨鞍区肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT、MRI影像表现及鉴别诊断.方法 回顾性分析36例鞍区肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的CT、MRI平扫及其增强扫描影像表现,并与手术证实和病理结果对照.结果 不同病变在生长部位、信号或密度上各有特点,大部分病例影像检查能做出正确定位、定性诊断,部分病例信号或密度相似,鉴别诊断有一定困难.结论 MRI是鞍区病变首选检查方法,在显示病变大小、形态及邻近解剖关系,血管及血管病变方面优于CT,但CT在显示病变钙化及骨质破坏方面是MR1不能替代的.     

CT诊断肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变

目的探讨肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT表现及诊断要点。方法对经CT检查并证实的肾上腺病变20例进行回顾性分析。结果无功能性肾上腺病变12例、有功能性肾上腺病变8例、良性病变14例、恶性6例。结论CT检查对诊断肾上腺病变有着无可替代的作用,但CT对肾上腺肿瘤的定性诊断无特异性,需要依据临床体征,生化检查,特别是病理学的检查。     

临床常见眼眶病及眼眶肿瘤诊断浅谈

目的 探讨临床常见眼眶病及眼眶肿瘤诊断特点.方法 近几年在我院门诊及住院诊治的数量前四位的眼眶病及眼眶肿瘤69例,其中血管瘤24例,炎性假瘤18例,甲状腺相关免疫眼眶病13例,皮样囊肿10侧.另外眶部爆裂性骨折4例.结果 发现这些眶部疾病容易和某些体征相同的疾病相混遥,但它们又具有特征性的影像学表现.彩色多普勒可有例于血管性肿瘤的诊断,CT及MRI扫描可显示病变形态、大小、位置,进行准确的空间定位,同时也可显示周围结构的继发改变.结论 对于临床常见眼眶病及眼眶肿瘤的诊断,要充分利用B超和CT及其它影像学检查来进行鉴别诊断,降低误诊率.     

手部常见肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的X线诊断

目的 通过总结手部常见肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的X线表现、鉴别诊断要点,以期达到提高该类疾病的诊断水平.方法 拍摄X线平片,根据病人的年龄、性别、病变部位、临床表现、X线表现及周围软组织改变进行分析.结果 大部分病变具有较为特征性表现,其余的病变有待于结合其他检查或病理检查才能确诊.结论 X线平片检查是手部肿瘤与肿瘤样病变诊断简单而重要的方法.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.