上尿路结石微创外科治疗技术进展

泌尿系结石是泌尿外科的常见病,在泌尿外科住院患者中占居首位,其发病率居高不下,且呈不断上升趋势。随着人们对泌尿系结石治疗研究的不断深入,其治疗逐渐向微创方向发展。该文仅就上尿路结石微创外科治疗进展作一综述。     

泌尿系结石的微创治疗

结石是泌尿外科最常见的疾病之一．近年来．随着泌尿外科新技术的应用，微创技术正在彻底的改变泌尿系统结石的治疗。现就泌尿系统结石的微创治疗进展作一介绍。     

输尿管软镜 硬镜治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

<正>输尿管上段结石作为泌尿外科临床中最常见的一类疾病,距离肾脏位置较近,尿路梗阻导致的肾功能损害发生时间早、病损程度重,需要及时采取有效的治疗措施以缓解患者临床症状,同时治疗疾病根源[1-3]。微创技术是当前泌尿外科发展的主要方向,输尿镜技术更是泌尿外科微创领域的重要组成部分。输尿管镜治疗泌尿系结石优势具体体现在创伤小、出血少、痛苦少、恢复快,这也越来越受到医生及患者的青睐[4,5]。目前,对于输尿管上     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石26例围手术期护理

输尿管结石是泌尿外科常见病,部分病人因输尿管结石导致肾脏积水需手术治疗。随着腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科的广泛应用,为输尿管结石的手术治疗开辟了微创而有效的治疗途径。我科于2007年4月至2008年12月共收治26例输尿管上段结石病例,采用后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石治疗取得了良好的效果。现将该手术前后的护理体会总结如下。     

经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石围手术期的护理

随着腔内技术的不断完善和提高，输尿管结石的治疗正朝着微创的方向快速发展。输尿管气压弹道碎石术，是当前较为理想和有效的腔内碎石技术之一。输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术（URSL）是20世纪90年代初应用于临床的泌尿外科腔内碎石新技术，其机制是将压缩气体产生的能量驱动碎石机手柄内子弹体，子弹体脉冲式冲击结石而将结石击碎，是目前治疗输尿管中、下段结石的首选治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的护理观察

<正>输尿管结石是一种常见泌尿外科疾病,多见于男性患者。此类患者就诊时多存在腰部疼痛、酸胀表现,严重影响患者的日常生活和工作。微创手术是一种泌尿外科常用的结石治疗方法,其中输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术对于输尿管结石具有十分显著的治疗效果,因此被推荐应用于此类患者的手术治     

泌尿外科腔镜技术治疗结石性脓肾效果探析

目的研究并探讨泌尿外科腔镜技术治疗结石性脓肾效果。方法研究选取本院泌尿科在2008年3月至2012年9月收治的100例结石性脓肾患者,所有患者都自愿接受调查和服从所有准则,将患者作为研究对象对其进行泌尿外科腔镜技术治疗,观察患者在采用该方法治疗后的效果,并将所得到的资料进行回顾性分析研究。结果在本院收治的100例结石性脓肾患者中,有92例患者体内结石被取尽,8例患者体内依然有残留碎石,有5例患者进行Ⅱ期肾切除手术。结论对结石性脓肾患者进行泌尿外科腔镜技术治疗,一方面手术安全性较高,保肾率较高,另一方面手术后并发症较小,因此该方法值得在临床上推广和使用。     

红外光谱法分析尿结石成分对患者健康教育的意义

泌尿系结石是泌尿外科常见疾病之一,治疗手段多样,疗效确切,但复发率较高。目前取石、碎石术成为治疗尿石症的主要手段,但治疗方法的进步并未降低结石的复发率,不能代替治疗性治疗,而结石成分特点是尿石症病因分析和预防治疗的重要依据[1]。     

体外冲击波碎石治疗肾和输尿管结石后加用坦索罗辛的研究

<正>肾及输尿管结石是泌尿外科的常见病,如何促进结石排出体外为广大泌尿外科医生和患者所关注。研究发现α1受体阻滞剂坦索罗辛能够促进输尿管内结石的排出。我院2006年9月至2008年2月,对60例患者体外冲击波碎石后加用坦索罗辛治疗,取得良好疗效,现报告如下。     

上尿路结石微创治疗的近况

结石是泌尿外科的常见疾病，发病率可达2％～3％，上尿路结石发病率高于下尿路。近年来，随着泌尿外科新技术的进展，上尿路结石的治疗方法已由开放手术取石转向微创治疗为主。     

Regression to the mean: a potential source of error in clinical pharmacological studies

The design and interpretation of clinical trials in clinical pharmacology must avoid certain pitfalls to be useful in guiding drug therapy decisions. Here, we discuss one important problem in clinical trial design, the problem of regression to the mean. Because certain disease states tend to wax and wane in severity and because patients tend to present for treatment when disease activity is high, the expected course of the disease is improvement. Therefore, any treatment begun will appear to lessen disease activity. We give four examples of diseases where improper and inadequate recommendations for drug therapy have been made based on clinical trials that ignored the problem of regression to the mean: vasospastic angina, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic congestive heart failure, and renal stones. Studies of drug therapy in diseases such as these should be conducted with concurrent placebo controls rather than having each patient serve as his own control.     

肛周外伤后合并肛周和背部坏死性筋膜炎1例

肛周坏死性筋膜炎低发病率, 高病死率, 是临床中较棘手的问题。组织感染是主要病因, 早期诊断、积极治疗是治疗本病的关键。对于大面积组织缺损的患者建议二期愈合, 术后抗感染治疗应升阶梯使用。手术仍是治疗本病的主要方式。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病机制和临床药物研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）作为一个发病率越来越高的健康杀手,其发病机制被认为与肺脏因吸入有害气体或颗粒而引起的异常炎症反应有关。用于治疗COPD的药物包括支气管扩张剂和抗炎药物,目前多种长效支气管扩张剂及其复方制剂正在进行临床研究。本文对COPD的发病机制和临床药物进展作一综述。     

Nanoparticles in the Brain: A Potential Therapeutic System Targeted to an Early Defect Observed in Many Neurodegenerative Diseases

Currently, there are no effective treatments or cures for many neurodegenerative diseases affecting an aging baby-boomer generation. The ongoing problem with many of the current therapeutic treatments is that most are aimed at dissolving or dissociating aggregates and preventing cell death, common neuropathology often seen towards the end stage of disease. Often such treatments have secondary effects that are more devastating than the disease itself. Thus, effective therapeutics must be focused on directly targeting early events such that global deleterious effects of drugs are minimized while beneficial therapeutic effects are maximized. Recent work indicates that in many neurodegenerative diseases long distance axonal transport is perturbed, leading to axonal blockages. Axonal blockages are observed before pathological or behavioral phenotypes are seen indicating that this pathway is perturbed early in disease. Thus, developing novel therapeutic treatments to an early defect is critical in curing disease. Here I review neurodegenerative disease and current treatment strategies, and discuss a novel nanotechnology based approach that is aimed at targeting an early pathway, with the rationale that restoring an early problem will prevent deleterious downstream effects. To accomplish this, knowledge exchange between biologists, chemists, and engineers will be required to manufacture effective novel biomaterials for medical use.     

中成药治疗压疮的进展

压疮是临床常见病、多发病,是护理的一个难题。中成药对压疮的治疗有着良好的疗效。本文检索了国内近几年相关文献,现就已经申请专利的中成药对压疮治疗及其方法做一综述。     

Cardiovascular effects of oral pharmacotherapy in erectile dysfunction

Several drugs have been developed to treat patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). In general, patients prefer orally administered drugs. The use of these drugs (e.g. sildenafil and apomorphine) is reviewed. Because ED is a common problem in men with vascular disease it is important to assess the effect of these drugs on the cardiovascular system. The safe use of these drugs in patients with vascular disease needs to be clearly established in appropriately designed trials.     

Statistical method for analysis of the disease curve in animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a procedure used in the laboratory to examine drugs that may have utility in treating multiple sclerosis (MS). The problem of modeling the disease curve in animals with EAE is studied. The classification of animals after each experiment is considered and the chi-square test is proposed to test a homogeneity between treatment groups. A mixture type of nonlinear mixed-effects model with repeated measurements is considered, assuming that the onset and/or remission of disease is the fixed effect as well as the random effect. Statistical inference on the parameters of the disease curves is discussed. The proposed model is shown to be efficient for comparing the disease curves with different treatments. Examples concerning the study of the effects of test compounds in EAE are presented to illustrate the proposed model and statistical methodologies.     

Review article: extraoesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Although recent studies suggest that gastro-oesophageal reflux disease may frequently contribute to ear, nose and throat and respiratory diseases, the cause-and-effect relationship is far from proven. The review will address this controversial topic emphasizing recent literature raising concerns about the credibility of this association and our tests to make this diagnosis. The author believes these extraoesophageal symptoms suspected to be secondary to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are an unresolved issue, but selective use of aggressive proton-pump inhibitor therapeutic trials may help to resolve this problem in our individual patients.