原发性闭角型青光眼小梁切除术后行白内障超声乳化联合房角分离术的疗效分析

目的 探讨原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)小梁切除术后再行白内障超声乳化联合房角分离术的临床疗效.方法 PACG小梁切除术后合并白内障的患者30例(32眼),行白内障超声乳化摘除加后房型人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术,记录手术前后视力、眼压、滤过泡形状、前房深度及房角形态等情况.结果 超乳术后视力均有不同程度提高.术前眼压(22.7±8.3)mmHg,术后1周(16.7±7.3)mmHg,术后3个月(18.3±6.3)mmHg,术后1周及3个月时与术前相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后患眼的滤过泡形态与术前相同.中央前房深度术前(1.85±0.51)mm,术后3个月(3.05±0.35)mm,术后前房加深(P<0.01).与超乳术前相比,房角粘连处大部分开放.结论 PACG小梁切除术后再行超声乳化联合房角分离术,在改善视力的同时可以进一步降低眼压、加深前房、开放房角且不影响原滤过泡形态.     

白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除效果观察

目的 探讨白内障超声乳化吸除后房型人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术(三联术) 的临床效果.方法 对31例(34只眼)不同类型的白内障伴闭角型青光眼患者行白内障超声乳化吸除并植入后房型人工晶状体联合小梁切除术,主要观察术后滤泡的形成、视力眼压和并发症的发生情况,术后随访时间12个月.结果 术后视力0.5以上者31只眼,术后平均眼压(14±4) mm Hg,较术前降低11.78 mm Hg,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01).功能性滤过泡为91.13%.结论 白内障超声乳化吸除并后房型人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术具有眼压控制好、术后视力恢复满意、并发症少的优点,是值得推广的手术.     

超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障临床观察

目的评价闭角型青光眼合并白内障行晶状体超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术的疗效。方法对92例青光眼合并白内障患者行超声乳化白内障摘出人工晶状体植入联合隧道巩膜瓣下小梁切除术,术后观察眼压、视力、滤过泡等情况。随访时间为术后3～6个月。结果术后平均眼压为（14．37±5．38）mmHg,较术前降低10．82mmHg。术后矫正视力≥0．4者78眼,占84．78％。术后功能型滤过泡占89．13％,非功能型滤过泡占10．87％。结论白内障晶状体超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术是治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的有效方法。     

小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化术联合人工晶状体植入术治疗青光眼并白内障疗效观察

目的分析小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化术联合人工晶状体植入术治疗青光眼并白内障临床疗效。方法 54例(58只眼)原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)合并白内障患者,采取小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化术联合人工晶状体植入术治疗。观察其临床治疗效果。结果患者术后3 d及1、3、6、12个月眼压较术前明显降低,术后视力较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后无视网膜脱离、角膜内皮失代偿等严重并发症。结论小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化术联合人工晶状体植入术治疗青光眼并白内障效果显著,安全性高。     

超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障的疗效观察

目的观察超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术（三联手术）治疗青光眼合并白内障的临床疗效。方法对确诊的100例100眼青光眼合并白内障患者行超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗,并比较手术前后视力、眼压、滤过泡及术中术后并发症发生情况。术后随访3-6个月。结果术后所有患者的视力均有不同程度的提高,术后视力〈0-2者15例,占15％,0．2～0．5者55例,占55％,〉0．5者30例,占30％,眼压控制良好,平均眼压较术前明显降低（P〈0．05）。术后功能型滤过泡占90％,非功能型滤过泡占10％。术后早期并发症有角膜水肿、浅前房、前房渗出、虹膜炎。结论超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术具有微创、临床疗效显著、安全等优点,能有效地控制眼压,迅速恢复视力,且并发症少,故此三联术是治疗青光眼合并白内障有效方法,值得在临床推广应用。     

不同切口白内障超声乳化吸除联合复合小梁切除术临床应用比较

目的 探讨不同切口白内障超声乳化吸除联合复合式小梁切除术的应用,评价其临床疗效.方法 选择23例（30眼）采用单切口青光眼白内障联合手术的患者为对照组;37例（42眼）采用双切口青光眼白内障联合手术的患者为观察组,随访6～12个月,比较两组眼压、视力、滤过泡、并发症等情况.结果 两组患者术后眼压、视力、功能性滤过泡形成、并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 青光眼合并白内障患者,均可建议其行超声乳化联合复合小梁切除手术,单切口与双切口术式均可行;但双切口术式更易于掌握.     

小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化吸除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼并白内障的疗效观察

目的 探讨小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化吸除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼并白内障的临床疗效.方法 对56例(56眼)原发性闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者采用晶状体超声乳化吸除联合小梁切除术治疗,观察术前术后视力、眼压、前房角及前房深度、滤过泡及并发症情况.结果 56例(56眼)术前视力:＜0.01者26例、0.1 ～0.2者23例、0.3 ～0.5者6例、＞0.05者1例,术后6个月视力分别为:4例、11例、21例、18例,手术前后视力改善情况差异有统计学意义(Z=-5.074,P＜0.05).术后6个月眼压为(15.26±3.37)mmHg,明显低于术前眼压(34.60±3.85)mm Hg,(t=28.29,P＜0.05).术后6个月前房深度为(3.27±0.64)mm,明显大于术前前房深度(1.58±0.39) mm(t=16.90,P＜0.05).所有患者均有滤过泡形成,无严重并发症.结论 小梁切除术联合白内障超声乳化吸除术可有效地治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障.     

超声乳化联合改良切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障

目的评价白内障超声乳化联合改良小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障的临床疗效。方法对32例32眼青光眼合并白内障患者,采用超声乳化联合改良小梁切除术进行治疗:15眼经透明角膜切口行超声乳化术并植入折叠型硅胶人工晶状体,另17眼经巩膜隧道切口行超声乳化术,植入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯人工晶状体,观察术中术后并发症及视力变化。结果术后所有患者视力均有不同程度的提高;术后3个月眼压11.4~19.50mm Hg(1kPa=7.5mm Hg),平均(14.21±2.13)mm Hg。结论白内障超声乳化联合改良小梁切除术术后患者视力恢复快,眼压控制良好,手术并发症轻微,是一种治疗青光眼合并白内障的理想方法。     

青白联合及人工晶体植入术后疗效观察

目的探讨白内障超声乳化吸出、人工晶状体植入联合巩膜瓣+巩膜隧道内小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障的疗效。方法对28例(28眼)青光眼合并白内障施行超声乳化及人工晶状体植入联合巩膜瓣+巩膜隧道,内小梁切除术。结果术后随访末次矫正视力,其中<0.05者1眼,0.05～0.3者14眼,0.3～0.5者11眼,0.5～1.0者2眼。术后眼压全部降至正常范围,术后眼压14mmHg以下20眼,14～21mmHg8眼;平均眼压为(12.8±3.7)mmHg。术后Ⅰ型滤过泡8眼(28.6%),Ⅱ型15眼(53.6%),Ⅲ型5眼(17.8%)。结论白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合巩膜瓣+巩膜隧道内小梁切除术是治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的有效治疗方法。     

白内障超声乳化联合小梁切除术治疗原发闭角型青光眼合并白内障的疗效观察

目的研究超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶体植入联合小梁切除术治疗原发闭角型青光眼合并白内障的疗效。方法收集29例(32眼)原发闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者的资料,进行超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶体植入联合小梁切除术的疗效观察。结果所有的患者于表麻下进行手术,术后平均矫正视力较术前平均视力提高3.4行;术前平均眼压(28.87±5.41)mmHg降至术后平均眼压(13.9±3.07)mmHg;功能性滤过泡28眼(87.5%);无严重并发症的发生。结论超声乳化白内障吸除联合小梁切除术是治疗原发闭角型青光眼合并白内障的有效、安全的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.