超声波法提取槐花中紫外吸收剂的研究

采用超声萃取法从槐花中提取天然防晒剂,探讨不同萃取时间、乙醇浓度、料液比、超声温度以及萃取次数对萃取液吸光度的影响。实验结果表明：槐花以60%乙醇水溶液为萃取剂,料液比1：25（g/ml）,在30℃超声提取50min,萃取一次即可得到较满意的结果。     

超声法与闪式提取法提取龙胆中龙胆苦苷的工艺对比研究

目的对比研究超声法与闪式提取法提取龙胆中龙胆苦苷的工艺。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定龙胆中龙胆苦苷的含量,超声法以乙醇浓度、提取时间、超声功率、料液比为考察因素,闪式提取法以乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间为考察因素,以龙胆苦苷提取率为考察指标,采用L9（34）正交试验优选最佳提取工艺条件。结果与超声法相比,闪式提取法效率更高,其最佳提取工艺为提取溶剂50%乙醇,料液比1∶60,提取时间3 min。结论本法工艺简单、经济、提取率高,可为中药龙胆的开发利用提供参考。     

超声法提取荔枝核黄酮类化合物的工艺研究

摘要目的确定超声法提取荔枝核黄酮类化合物的最佳提取条件。方法以荔枝核中总黄酮的含量为指标,以提取温度、提取时间、提取溶剂、提取次数、料液比为因素,利用单因素实验确定因素水平,正交实验法进行实验设计,对超声法提取荔枝核黄酮的工艺进行系统研究。结果超声法提取荔枝核黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件为：提取温度100 ℃,时间60 min,50%乙醇溶剂,料液比1：15。结论该方法可用于优化荔枝核黄酮的提取工艺。     

睡莲花总黄酮超声提取工艺研究

目的以黄酮含量为评价指标,优选睡莲花超声提取最佳工艺。方法单因素实验考察乙醇浓度、料液比、超声提取时间、超声提取次数、超声功率对药材黄酮提取效果的影响,并通过正交实验确定最佳提取工艺。结果乙醇浓度、料液比、提取次数和提取时间对黄酮的提取率有显著影响。超声提取维药睡莲花中黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇浓度80%,料液比1：16,超声提取5次,提取时间30 min。结论所优选的提取工艺稳定,重复性良好。     

分心木中总黄酮的提取工艺考察

目的：考察分心木中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。方法：利用超声波法对分心木中总黄酮的提取工艺进行研究,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验法,确立最佳提取条件,考察乙醇浓度、提取温度、液料比和提取时间对提取物中分心木总黄酮含量的影响。结果：超声波法辅助提取分心木中总黄酮的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为50％,提取温度为50℃,液料比为20：1．提取时间为30min,总黄酮含量可达4．745％。结论：超声法对分心木总黄酮的提取简单易行,产率较好。     

风柜斗草中总黄酮超声提取工艺的研究

目的对风柜斗草中总黄酮超声提取工艺进行研究,优化该药材总黄酮的提取工艺,为该药材的质量研究提供依据。方法以紫外分光光度法为检测手段,以总黄酮含量为评价指标,采取正交实验设计确定最佳的超声提取工艺。结果影响风柜斗草中总黄酮提取率的因素主次顺序为：乙醇浓度、液料比、提取时间、提取次数,其中乙醇浓度对黄酮提取率的影响显著。结论风柜斗草中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为：60%乙醇,液料比为12∶1,提取3次,每次40min。     

三叶青总黄酮提取工艺研究

目的优选三叶青总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。方法通过回流提取法、超声提取法及微波法提取法的比较,优选三叶青总黄酮最佳提取方法,且通过单因素考察和正交试验,优化最佳工艺条件,用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。结果最佳提取方法为微波提取法,最佳工艺条件为：料液比1∶25,60%乙醇,微波功率450w,微波时间15min。结论优选得到的提取工艺合理、操作可行、质量可控。     

双水相体系协同超声法提取绿茶中的茶多酚

目的：优化双水相协同超声法提取绿茶中茶多酚的最佳工艺，并比较不同季节绿茶中茶多酚的含量。方法：以茶多酚含量为指标，选择乙醇浓度、硫酸铵浓度、料液比、超声时间进行单因素试验，在单因素试验基础上通过正交试验优选绿茶中茶多酚最佳提取工艺，采用最佳提取工艺提取并比较春、夏、秋季绿茶中茶多酚的含量。结果：最佳提取工艺为：采用45%乙醇、0.20 g·mL^-1硫酸铵的双水相溶液，以1∶90料液比，超声提取15 min；利用该提取条件测得不同季节绿茶中茶多酚含量为：夏季 > 秋季 > 春季。结论：双水相协同超声法可作为提取茶多酚的有效手段；夏茶可作为获取茶多酚的重要来源。     

利用响应面分析法优化金银花中的绿原酸的超声提取工艺

目的 优化金银花中绿原酸的超声提取工艺。方法 以绿原酸得率为指标,采用响应面分析法,考察料液比、提取时间、乙醇浓度等不同因素对提取条件的影响,优选最佳提取工艺。结果 超声提取法的最佳提取条件为：料液比为1∶14,乙醇浓度为58%,提取时间为27 min,绿原酸得率为1.39%。结论 该优化工艺简便稳定、重复性好,可用于金银花绿原酸的提取。     

利用响应面分析法优化金银花中的绿原酸的超声提取工艺

目的优化金银花中绿原酸的超声提取工艺。方法以绿原酸得率为指标,采用响应面分析法,考察料液比、提取时间、乙醇浓度等不同因素对提取条件的影响,优选最佳提取工艺。结果超声提取法的最佳提取条件为：料液比为1∶14,乙醇浓度为58%,提取时间为27 min,绿原酸得率为1.39%。结论该优化工艺简便稳定、重复性好,可用于金银花绿原酸的提取。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.