HPLC同时测定桂枝茯苓丸中的肉桂酸和丹皮酚

目的 建立桂枝茯苓丸中肉桂酸和丹皮酚的测定方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Phenomenex C18(250 mm × 4.6mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水-冰醋酸(30:70:0.5),流速为1.0 ml·min-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为274 nm.结果 肉桂酸和丹皮酚的线性范围分别为5.105～51.050 ng(r=0.9998)和97～970 ng(r=0.9998),平均回收率分别为97.6%(RSD=1.54%)和96.9%(RSD=1.73%).结论 所建方法准确、简便、快速,适用于桂枝茯苓丸的质量控制.     

SPE-HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量

目的：建立桂枝茯苓胶囊中桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量测定方法。方法：以XTerra RP18色谱柱为分离柱,以甲醇-水（60：40）为流动相,采用SPE—HPLC法测定。结果：本品中桂皮醛含量测定线性范围为19．72～157．76μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为97．60％（RSD=1．13％,n=6）;丹皮酚含量测定线性范围为151．4～757．0μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为97．80％（RSD=1．53％,n=6）。结论：此法操作简单、结果准确,可用于桂枝茯苓胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中3种成分的含量

目的建立RP-HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中没食子酸、白芍苷和芍药苷含量。方法色谱柱:大连中汇达C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-体积分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:230 nm,柱温:40℃。结果没食子酸、白芍苷和芍药苷的线性分别为0.69~6.87 mg.L-1(r=0.999 6)、0.88~8.80 mg.L-1(r=0.999 6)和2.00~20.00 mg.L-1(r=0.999 5)。平均回收率:没食子酸为99.7%(RSD=1.0%,n=9)、白芍苷为101.5%(RSD=1.5%,n=9)、芍药苷为100.0%(RSD=0.7%,n=9)。结论此方法可为桂枝茯苓胶囊的质量控制提供方法。     

HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苦杏仁苷的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苦杏仁苷的含量。方法：采用HPLC法测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苦杏仁苷的含量。采用C18柱,流动相为甲醇∶水（55∶45）洗脱,流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为274nm,柱温为30℃,进样体积为10μL。结果：线性范围分别为0.198～3.166μg（r=0.9998）、0.195～3.128μg（r=0.9996）、0.197～30158（r=0.9997）。平均加样回收率分别为99.81%（RSD=2.48%）、99.69%（RSD=1.47%）、99.79%（RSD=2.12%）。结论：本研究建立的方法简便,结果稳定可靠,可用于桂枝茯苓胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定 桂枝茯苓方超临界二氧化碳萃取物中3种活性成分

［摘要］目的建立桂枝茯苓方超临界二氧化碳（CO2）萃取物中肉桂酸、桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法，色谱柱为Phenomenex ODS色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm），流动相为乙腈 水 冰醋酸（30：70：0.5），流速1.0 mL•min 1，柱温25 ℃，检测波长274 nm。结果肉桂酸在0.010 21～0.102 10 μg范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 8），平均回收率为97.8%，RSD=1.01%；桂皮醛在0.068 2～0.682 0 μg范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 7），平均回收率为98.1%，RSD=0.95% ；丹皮酚在0.162～1.620 μg范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 6），平均回收率为96.4%，RSD=0.85% （n＝6）。结论该方法准确、简便、快速，可用于枝茯苓方超临界CO2萃取物的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定腰痛胶囊中4种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定腰痛胶囊中芍药苷、桂皮醛、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent-C18,流动相为乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为240 nm(芍药苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素)、290 nm(桂皮醛),柱温为35℃,进样量为10μL。结果:芍药苷、桂皮醛、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.004 02~0.100 6 mg/mL(r=0.999 8)、0.024 50~0.612 7 mg/mL(r=0.999 8)、0.005 24~0.131 0 mg/mL(r=0.999 9)、0.005 11~0.127 8mg/mL(r=0.999 9);定量限分别为37.17、1.47、21.76、25.57 ng,检测限分别为11.15、0.44、6.53、7.67 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为99.02%~100.83%(RSD=0.68%,n=6)、98.58%~100.99%(RSD=0.83%,n=6)、99.78%~101.69%(RSD=0.89%,n=6)、100.06%~102.46%(RSD=0.92%,n=6)。结论:该方法操作简单、结果准确,适用于腰痛胶囊中芍药苷、桂皮醛、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素含量的同时测定。     

复方姜黄降脂片质量标准研究

目的:建立复方姜黄降脂片(姜黄素、丹皮酚、姜黄总酚)的质量标准.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定方中的丹皮酚和姜黄素的含量;采用分光光度法测定制剂中姜黄总酚的含量.结果:丹皮酚的含量测定线性范围为0.0503 ug"-O.5034 ug(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为98.25%(RSD=0.66%,n=5);姜黄素的含量测定线性范围为0.0202 ug～0.2020 μg(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为97.55%(RSD=0.66%,n=5);姜黄总酚的含量.测定线性范围为2.580ug.nd-1～5.160 ug.ml-1(r=0.9999,n=6).平均回收率为101.2%(RSD=1.08%,n=5).结论:所建立的方法简便、准确可靠,重复性好,可作为复方姜黄降脂片的质量控制标准.     

HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓浓缩丸中桂皮醛与丹皮酚的含量

目的：建立桂枝茯苓浓缩丸质量标准中桂皮醛、丹皮酚的含量测定方法。方法：色谱柱为ODS—C18（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-水（48：52）;流速为1．0ml·min^-1柱温为40％;检测波长为288nm。结果：桂皮醛在0．0055～0．0276μg（r=0．9999）范围内线性关系良好,丹皮酚在0．0454～0．2270μg（r=0．9999）范围内线性关系良好;桂皮醛平均加样回收率为98．61％（RSD=1．5％）,丹皮酚平均加样回收率为97．16％（RSD=1．44％）。结论：该方法可同时测定两个主要成分,准确、可靠、重复性好,为桂枝茯苓浓缩丸的质量控制提供了依据。     

HPLC测定肉桂配方颗粒中的桂皮醛和桂皮酸

目的 建立测定肉桂配方颗粒中桂皮醛和肉桂酸含量的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Hydrosphere C_(18)(250mm×4.6 mn,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水-0.1%磷酸溶液(35:25:40),流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为287 nm.结果 桂皮醛的线性范围为0.75～7.50μg(r=0.9995),平均回收率为98.2%(RSD=1.61%);肉桂酸的线性范围为0.22～1.32μg(r=0.9992),平均回收率为97.9%(RSD=1.32%).结论 所建方法简便、灵敏、准确,专属性较强,可有效地控制肉桂配方颗粒的质量.     

HPLC测定菘黄感冒颗粒中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的 测定菘黄感冒颗粒剂中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量.方法 HPLC,色谱柱为大连依利特ODS 柱(250 mm×4. 6 mm ,5.0 μm),流动相:甲醇∶ 0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶ 15),流速:0.90 ml·min-1, 检测波长:254 nm,柱温:40℃.结果 含量测定大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的线性范围分别在3.04～18.24 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、6.10～36.60 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、8.62～51.72 mg·L-1(r=0.9999),大黄酸平均回收率(n=5)为100.5%(RSD=1.8%),大黄素平均回收率(n=5)为98.35%(RSD=1.9%),大黄酚平均回收率(n=5)为99.25%(RSD=1.5%).结论 建立的含量测定方法简便、快捷、灵敏、准确.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.