震后孤儿对地震相关图片的有意遗忘效应

目的研究汶川震后孤儿对地震相关图片信息的有意遗忘效应,为心理健康工作提供依据。方法以汶川震后孤儿为被试,以地震相关图片和地震无关图片为材料,采用有意遗忘的列表范式,对比震后孤儿对地震相关图片和地震无关图片的有意遗忘自由回忆正确率和再认正确率的差异。实验采用2×2×2混合设计,结果采用重复测量方差分析。结果①自由回忆结果发现,被试对指示记忆项目的自由回忆正确率(0.11±0.02)小于对指示遗忘项目的自由回忆正确率(0.13±0.02),但差异无统计学意义[F(1,17)=0.781,P0.05]。再认结果发现,被试对指示记忆项目的再认正确率(0.34±0.03)小于对指示遗忘项目的再认正确率(0.36±0.03),但差异无统计学意义[F(1,13)=0.103,P0.05]。由此可得,震后孤儿没有表现出显著的有意遗忘效应;②自由回忆结果发现,被试对地震无关图片的自由回忆正确率(0.14±0.02)显著大于对地震相关图片的自由回忆正确率(0.09±0.02),差异有统计学意义[F(1,17)=17.000,P0.05]。再认结果发现,被试对地震无关图片的再认正确率(0.35±0.02)与地震相关图片的再认正确率(0.35±0.03)近乎相等,差异无统计学意义[F(1,13)=0.002,P0.05]。结论震后孤儿对地震相关图片没有表现出显著的有意遗忘效应。     

汶川地震孤儿的创伤后应激障碍和自我意识

目的:了解震后6个月地震孤儿创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和自我意识的相互关系。方法:利用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表和儿童事件影响量表修订版对111名震后孤儿进行评定。结果:震后孤儿PTSD检出率为39.6%;除智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性两个维度之外,自我意识其它维度与PTSD症状成显著负相关,其中焦虑维度可显著预测PTSD。结论:低自我意识中的低焦虑得分可显著预测PTSD,震后及时的自我意识水平筛查可在一定程度指导孤儿心理援助工作。     

青少年的创伤后应激障碍对创伤后成长的影响:复原力的调节作用

目的:考察汶川地震后青少年的复原力在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)与创伤后成长(PTG)之间的调节作用。方法:采用创伤后应激障碍量表、复原力量表和创伤后成长问卷,对汶川地震1年后的644名中学生进行追踪测量。结果:震后1年的PTSD和复原力分别对震后1.5年的PTG有显著的正向预测作用,震后1年的PTSD与复原力的交互项对震后1.5年的PTG有显著的正向预测作用。结论:震后1年的复原力在震后1年的PTSD预测震后1.5年的PTG过程中起着调节作用。在高复原力水平的条件下,震后1年的PTSD对震后1.5年的PTG没有显著的预测作用;在低复原力水平下,震后1年的PTSD对震后1.5年的PTG发挥着显著的正向预测作用。     

地震后异地移居儿童少年行为问题的1年随访

目的:调查汶川地震后移居异地(日照)儿童少年的行为问题。方法:采用Achenbach儿童行为量表,分别在震后4个月、12个月对日照安康家园的523名6～16岁受灾儿童少年进行调查。震后4个月收回有效问卷477份,震后12个月收回有效问卷515份。结果:震后12个月行为问题总检出率低于震后4个月(2.5%vs.5.9%,P0.01)。按身份、年龄及性别分组调查发现,震前孤儿、震后孤儿、非孤儿在震后4个月、12个月行为问题检出率分别为5.8%、4.1%、7.3%和3.5%、2.3%、1.6%;6～11岁、12～16岁年龄组在震后4个月、12个月检出率分别为6.5%、5.5%和3.3%、2.3%;男孩、女孩在震后4个月、12个月检出率分别为5.9%、5.9%和2.7%、2.3%。结论:地震后移居异地儿童少年的行为问题发生率比较低,且随着时间推移而下降。本研究提示异地安康家园的教养模式是降低灾后儿童少年行为问题的一种较好的安置模式。     

心理弹性在负性生活事件和抑郁症状之间的中介和调节:以汶川地震后的青少年为例

目的:探讨汶川地震后青少年心理弹性、抑郁症状和震后继发的负性生活事件之间的关系。方法:震后6个月,采用分层整群取样法,使用青少年生活事件量表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表和心理弹性量表对都江堰地区2250名中学生进行测查。结果:①在控制人口学因素和地震暴露变量的影响后,心理弹性在震后继发的负性生活事件和青少年抑郁症状间有部分中介作用。②心理弹性在震后继发的负性生活事件和青少年抑郁症状间起调节作用,对青少年的抑郁症状起到保护作用。结论:震后继发的负性生活事件既可以对抑郁症状产生直接影响,又可以通过削弱心理弹性间接影响抑郁症状,另外,心理弹性削弱了负性生活事件对抑郁的负面影响,起到保护个体的作用。     

汶川震后14个月极重灾区县基层医务人员的心理健康状况

目的:探讨汶川地震14个月后极重灾区县基层医务人员心理健康状态及相关因素。方法:采用方便取样,选取参加卫生部-联合国人口基金会"汶川震后社会心理支持项目"培训与心理干预的6个极重灾区县基层医务人员307人。先用一般状况调查表、心理健康自评问卷(SRQ20)及创伤后应激障碍筛查表(PTSD7)进行调查。然后,对SRQ20≥10分或PTSD7≥4分者均进行国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷(MINI)的抑郁发作和PTSD诊断评估以及自杀倾向评定。结果:SRQ20≥10或PTSD7≥4者81人。在完成MINI抑郁发作诊断评估的51人中,符合目前抑郁发作7人;在完成PTSD诊断评估的61人中,符合PTSD发作7人;两者共病3人。在完成自杀倾向诊断评估的62人中,存在自杀倾向10人。不同性别和年龄组之间的抑郁发作、PTSD和自杀倾向检出率差异均无统计学意义;不同安置点之间的PTSD检出率差异有统计学意义,北川的检出率(40.0%)最高。搬迁次数是灾区基层医务人员精神痛苦的危险因素(OR=1.24)。结论:震后14个月后,极重灾区县基层医务人员仍存在明显的精神痛苦,少数人存在抑郁发作、创伤后应激障碍及自杀倾向。震后多次搬迁可能促使精神痛苦的发生及症状加重。     

创伤后应激障碍对创伤后成长的影响:情绪调节策略的调节作用

目的:考察雅安地震后青少年的情绪调节策略在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)与创伤后成长(PTG)之间的调节作用。方法:采用创伤后应激障碍量表、情绪调节策略量表和创伤后成长问卷,对雅安地震14个月后的302名中学生进行测量。结果:震后14个月的PTSD和认知重评策略对震后14个月的PTG有显著的正向预测作用,震后14个月的PTSD与表达抑制策略的交互项对震后14个月的PTG有显著的正向预测作用。结论:震后14个月的表达抑制策略在PTSD对PTG的影响过程中发挥着调节作用,具体表现为:在低表达抑制水平的条件下,PTSD对PTG没有显著的预测作用;在高表达抑制水平下,PTSD对PTG发挥着显著的正向预测作用。     

地震重灾区丧失子女者的创伤后应激症状2年随访

目的:了解地震重灾区丧失子女者创伤后应激症状(PTSS)变化情况及相关因素。方法:汶川地震后1.5年和2年时,对极重灾区155名丧失子女者(研究组)和35名未丧失子女者(对照组),采用心理创伤后应激障碍自评量表(PTSD-SS)和一般人口学资料调查表进行评估与调查。结果:震后1.5年时,研究组的PTSS检出率和PTSD-SS总分高于对照组(均P0.001)。震后2年时,研究组的PTSS检出率和PTSD-SS总分仍高于对照组(均P0.001),研究组的PTSD-SS总分低于震后1.5年(P0.05)。研究组中,尚未再孕者的PTSS检出率和PTSD-SS总分均仅在震后2年时高于已孕或已育者(均P0.05);受教育程度低者的PTSD-SS总分仅在震后2年时高于受教育程度高者(P0.01);与震后1.5年时相比,震后2年时男性的PTSD-SS总分上升,女性总分下降(P0.01)。结论:本研究显示,与震后1.5年时相比,丧失子女者的PTSS检出率在震后2年时下降,且症状减轻;但丧失子女者中尚未再孕再育者、受教育程度低者以及男性的症状呈加重趋势。     

震后1年某极重灾区干部的创伤后应激症状及相关因素

地震灾区干部既是地震受灾群体,又是灾后重建的组织者.在震后的重点工作中,他们长期处于高强度、高负荷的工作状态,精神高度紧张,身心倍感疲惫.为了解地震后1年灾区干部的心理健康状况,对四川省某地震极重灾县灾区干部的心理状况进行了调查.     

汶川地震灾后半年及1年都江堰安置点432例群众心理状况对照研究

目的探讨汶川地震半年及1年后,都江堰地震灾区群众的心理健康状况及其变化情况,并探索其心理健康状况变化的可能影响因素。方法采用创伤后应激障碍检查量表平民版（PCP-C）、贝克抑郁自评量表（BDI）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）分别在震后半年和1年对都江堰安置点受灾群众的创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状、焦虑及抑郁情绪进行评估,并实施相关的灾后心理健康教育。结果地震灾区群众震后半年及1年的PTSD症状发生率分别为18.3%、6%;抑郁症状发生率为21.6%、8.4%;焦虑症状发生率为19.7%、5.6%。结论震后1年较之震后半年灾区群众PTSD、抑郁及焦虑症状发生率明显降低,该结果可能对研究对象开展心理健康教育及政府、社会、家庭的支持等有关。     

应对方式对灾后重建人员心理健康的影响

目的研究参与灾后重建任务的人员在执行任务中,任务后心理健康状况,探讨应对方式对其心理健康的影响,为心理干预提供理论基础。方法对执行灾后重建任务的人员和同单位留守人员进行症状自评量表和应付方式问卷问卷调查,并进行比较。结果在执行任务过程中,执行任务的人员在躯体化(t=3.14,P0.05)、强迫(t=3.42,P0.05)、人际关系(t=3.85,P0.05)、偏执(t=2.70,P0.05)等维度显著高于留守人员,在恐惧(t=-5.65,P0.05)维度上显著低于留守人员。在任务后执行任务人员与留守人员心理健康状况没有显著差异。不恰当的应对方式会对执行任务人员的心理健康造成不良影响。结论灾后重建任务会对执行任务人员的心理健康造成一定的影响,在完成任务后可恢复。不恰当的应对方式是其心理健康受到影响的原因之一,应在任务中进行相应的干预和指导。     

The correspondence between persistent self-reported post-traumatic problems and general practitioners' reports after a major disaster

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the correspondence between persistent self-reported disaster-related psychological problems and these problems reported by general practitioners (GPs). The aim of this study is to analyse this correspondence and to identify the factors associated with GPs' detection of persistent psychological problems. METHOD: This study was conducted in a sample of 879 adult disaster-affected victims, taken from two longitudinal sources: the Enschede Firework Disaster Study and the GP-Monitor Study. Participants filled out a questionnaire 2-3 weeks and 18 months post-disaster and these data were combined with data from a GP-monitor collected up to 18 months post-disaster. The correspondence between persistent self-reported and GP-reported psychological problems was analysed with cross-tabulations. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables which predicted GPs' detection of psychological problems. RESULTS: The correspondence rate among victims who visited their GP 18 months post-disaster was 60.4% for persistent intrusions and avoidance reactions, 72.6% for persistent general psychological distress and less than 20% for persistent depression and anxiety symptoms or sleep disturbances. Characteristics that predict GPs' identification of post-traumatic reactions or psychological distress were the level of self-reported post-traumatic symptoms/mental health, the number of contacts the victims had with their GP and the level of the victims' disaster-related experiences. CONCLUSIONS: In general, there is a considerable correspondence between GP-reported and persistent self-reported incidences of post-traumatic stress and general psychological distress in disaster-affected victims. However, the correspondence declines in the case of more specific psychological symptoms.     

5.12汶川大地震后大学生学习适应性研究

目的探讨5.12汶川大地震后灾区大学生的学习适应性特点,为灾区高校教育教学工作提供心理学依据。方法使用大学生学习适应性调查表测查988名灾区大学生。结果大学女生灾后在学习动力适应性上好于大学男生;大学男生灾后在学习行为适应性上好于大学女生。理科大学生灾后在方法应用适应性上好于文科大学生。来自城市大学生比来自农村大学生灾后学习适应性好。父母关心学习程度高的大学生灾后学习适应性好于受关心程度低的大学生。心理健康水平高、身体状况好的大学生灾后学习适应好于心理健康水平、身体状况较差学生。结论灾后大学生学习适应性存在性别、学科等差异。     

Low birthweight in New York City and upstate New York following the events of September 11th

BACKGROUND: We examined pregnancy outcomes in New York City (NYC) and upstate New York after the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center disaster. METHODS: Using birth certificate data for NY residents (n = 1,660,401 births), we estimated risk of low birthweight (LBW: <2,500 g) and preterm birth (<37 weeks) one week after September 11th versus three weeks before, and for 10 four-week intervals post-disaster versus these intervals in the two previous years. To corroborate regression results, we used time-series analysis. RESULTS: One week after September 11th in NYC, we observed an adjusted odds of 1.44 for births <1,500 g (P = 0.07) and 1.67 for births 1,500-1,999 g (P = 0.01), but a decreased odds of 2,000-2,499 g. We found no immediate change in LBW upstate or preterm in either location. In extended analyses, we found, in both locations, increased odds of <1,500-g births around New Year and 33-36 weeks post-disaster and decreased odds of moderate preterm for several weeks post-disaster. Time-series analyses yielded similar findings. CONCLUSIONS: The events of September 11, 2001 in NYC were associated with immediate increases in births <2,000 g, slightly delayed decreased preterm delivery, and delayed increases in LBW among infants exposed periconception or in the first two trimesters. Stress may contribute to observed associations.     

地震灾后心理援助的新视角

目的通过对5.12四川地震灾后心理援助工作的反思,为心理援助工作提出新的视角,提出新的工作理念与方法。方法文献法与临床经验法相结合。结果从社会工作入手是心理援助的极佳途径和行之有效的策略与方法。结论借鉴社会工作理念与方法的心理援助工作特点为：1将受助对象非心理病理取向;2从其现实需要出发,给予关心和实际的帮助,也易建立基本的信任关系;3运用大量的社会工作手法,同时起到心理援助的作用;4在实际的社会工作援助中,运用心理学的方法,对受助者因地震灾害带来的心理困扰进行疏解。     

Community perceptions of natural disasters and post-disaster mental health services

This research was designed to examine the cognitive and affective responses of residential dwellers in the aftermath of a natural disaster (a flood). In a 2 X 3 factorial design, the effects of fear (High, Medium, and Low) and sex on perceptions of the disaster were assessed. The results indicated that respondents who were highly fearful of the disaster were more likely than moderate or low fear respondents to believe that: a) additional flooding would occur in their vicinity, and b) that they resided closer to the flood zone than they actually did. The policy implications of the results suggested that post-disaster mental health services might have to be extended to include residents of geographical areas not directly affected by natural or man-made disasters.     

地震后青少年焦虑的特征及影响因素研究

目的 了解汶川地震6个月后青少年焦虑的水平、特征及其影响因素.方法 整群抽取都江堰市区初一至高一学生共2244名,使用儿童焦虑性情绪筛查表于震后6个月进行调查,同时收集人口学资料和地震暴露资料.结果 ①)焦虑总分和各因子分(躯体化惊恐、分离性焦虑、广泛性焦虑、社交恐惧、学校恐惧),女性均高于男性(t=5.9～11.6,...     

汶川大地震青川灾区灾后移民精神疾病状况调查分析

目的 研究汶川大地震青川灾区灾后移民精神心理疾病状况.方法 采用随机抽样的方法,用自编<一般情况调查表>一般问卷12项(GHQ-12)以及(SCID-I/P)病人版为调查的筛查和诊断工具.结果 511例调查对象中精神痰病患者112例,时点患病率为21.92%.其中焦虑障碍34例...     

The association between dispositional optimism and mental health problems among disaster victims and a comparison group: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the associations between the level of dispositional optimism on the one hand, and depression symptoms and other health problems on the other hand among disaster victims differ from the associations among non-affected residents. METHODS: To assess the associations between the level of dispositional optimism and health problems among disaster victims and non-affected residents, data of the longitudinal Enschede Fireworks Disaster Study was analyzed. Participants in the present study consisted of adult native Dutch victims of the disaster (N=662) and a non-affected comparison group (N=526). Both groups participated 18 months (T1) and almost four years post-disaster (T2). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to examine the association between optimism and health problems among both groups. RESULTS: Results showed that pessimistic victims were more at risk for severe depression symptoms and obsessive-compulsive symptoms than optimistic victims when controlling for demographic characteristics, life events, smoking, and existing health problems at T1. However, pessimistic participants in the comparison group were also more at risk for severe anxiety symptoms, sleeping problems, somatic problems, and problems in social functioning than optimistic control participants. LIMITATIONS: We had no information on dispositional optimism before 18 months post-disaster. CONCLUSIONS: Pessimists at baseline are more at risk for health problems after 27 months than optimists. However, among non-affected residents pessimism is a stronger independent risk factor than among victims. Results suggest that professional helpers such as general practitioners, psychologists and psychiatrists should not rely too much on optimistic views of disaster victims.     

Post-disaster depression and vigilance: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

The present study was designed to explore the relationships between post-disaster self-reports of depression, vigilance task performance, and frontal cerebral oxygenation. Forty participants (20 women) performed vigilance tasks following a magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand. In addition to performance, we measured self-reports of depression, anxiety, and stress anchored to the initial earthquake event, and frontal cerebral activity with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Among the participants, one case may have been an outlier with extremely elevated levels of self-reported depressivity. Excluding the extreme case, there was a correlation between change in response time (response slowing) and depressivity. Including the case there was a correlation between depressivity and right hemisphere oxygenation. These results provide some support for a relationship between moderate depressivity and sustained attention difficulties.