胎鼠海马神经元原代培养及转染条件的优化

目的 建立一种稳定的大鼠胎鼠海马神经元培养方法并能够有效的鉴定其纯度,探讨用化学转染试剂体外转染大鼠胎鼠海马神经元的最佳转染条件.方法 分离Wista大鼠E18d胚胎并取海马组织,无血清培养基培养并做MAP2荧光染色鉴定其纯度.应用lipofectamine <'TM>2000转染试剂盒,大鼠神经元电转试剂盒,lipo...     

子宫内电穿孔转染胎鼠脑室管膜下区神经干细胞的条件优化

背景:神经干细胞是一群可以自我增殖并具有多向分化潜能的细胞.子宫内电穿孔转染可将RNA或质粒瞬时转入活体小鼠神经干细胞内对目的基因进行干扰或过表达,是目前活体研究大脑皮质发育的最直接可靠的研究方法.目的:以胚胎小鼠脑室管膜下区的神经干细胞为目标,以增强型绿色荧光蛋白作为报告基因,优化子宫内电穿孔转染的条件,为研究大脑皮...     

hTERT基因转染对人胚胎大脑皮质神经元生长的影响

目的观察hTERT基因转染后对人胚胎大脑皮质神经元生长活力的影响。方法制备pSU-CMV-hTERT腺病毒,以MOI感染人胚胎大脑皮质神经元。免疫细胞化学荧光染色观察神经元内hTERT表达。MTT法测量接种病毒后24h、72h、1周、2周、3周的神经元活力。结果经鉴定正确的重组质粒pSU-CMV-hTERT与骨架质粒正确重组,经包装扩增后得到含hTERT基因的腺病毒。病毒转染24h时荧光染色可见神经元内有hTERT表达,第3周末表达减弱。hTERT基因转染后的神经元平均活力较对照组高,转染病毒后24h、72h、1周、2周、3周,hTERT基因转染对神经元的保护率分别为27.4%、42.4%、17.3%、7.4%和15.9%。结论hTERT基因转染对人胚胎大脑皮质神经元有一定的保护作用。     

电穿孔法高效转染COS-7成纤维细胞系

目的　以电穿孔法转染COS 7细胞系以得到较高的转染率。方法　以CMV/LacZ质粒转化COS 7细胞系 ,48小时后用X gal染色。观察不同的穿孔电压 (6 0 0V ,5 5 0V ,5 0 0V ,45 0V ,40 0V)、时间常数 (40us、10 0us)、操作温度 (室温 ,4℃ )、质粒浓度 (5us/ml,2 5us/ml)和细胞悬液体积 (2 0 0ul、40 0ul)对转染率的影响。结果　利用Eppendorf公司的Multiporator及低渗透压缓冲液转化COS 7细胞的最优条件是 :转化体积 40 0 μl,细胞密度 2× 10 6cells/ml,场强 2 0 0 0V/cm ,时间常数 10 0us,室温质粒浓度2 5 μg/ml。条件优化后COS 7转染率可达 85 %。 结论　优化的电穿孔法可得到较高的COS 7转染率。     

显示大脑皮质神经元的银浸改良法

本文以Lindere银浸技术为基础,在方法上进行了改进.改良后的方法,能够同时显示出大脑皮质多种神经元,并可使其胞体、突起、神经纤维以及神经元上的棘状突起显示得清晰可辨.此法特异性强,结果可靠,操作简便.便于观察大脑皮质各层神经元的形态结构、分布以及相互联系,为教学及研究提供一种简便可行的方法.1 材料和方法1.1 取材与固定 采用健康成年Wistar大鼠4只,体重200～250g断头处死,立即取出大脑皮质,固定于10%甲醛钙液或Bouin液中12～16h或者采用4%多聚甲醛磷酸缓冲液pH7.2灌注内固定处理12h,然后取出大脑皮质,再固定于上述固定液中4h,制作厚10μm的石蜡切片或厚20μm的冰冻切片.1.2 试剂配制(1)三甲基吡啶缓冲贮存液 取三甲基吡啶6.5ml加大约450ml双蒸水制备0.lmol/L溶液,过滤后,加入足量的10%硝酸溶液,调pH至7.2然后再加入双蒸水至500ml.此液在4℃冰箱中可长期保存.(2)稀释工作缓冲液取8ml三甲基吡啶缓冲贮存液加入92ml双蒸水制备成工     

背根神经节电穿孔转染神经元技术的改进

文题释义：背根神经节：具有一组不同的感觉神经元,向大脑传递不同的感觉刺激,如疼痛、温度、触摸和身体姿势。背根神经节电穿孔是基因转染中通过非病毒的方式以物理方法转染神经元的技术。周围神经损伤：各种原因导致周围神经支配区域的感觉、运动及营养障碍。文献报道周围神经损伤常伴随损伤近端的神经元胞体的肿胀、尼氏体消失、细胞核偏移;损伤远端轴突发生华勒氏变性、许旺细胞增殖等现象。背景：背根神经节电穿孔技术是一种研究神经再生的高效基因转染方法,以往背根神经节电穿孔的电压条件使得标记的神经元及轴突数目较少,统计误差较高。目的：提高神经元及其轴突的标记率,为周围神经再生的研究提供理论依据。方法：以增强型绿色荧光蛋白为观察指标优化背根神经节电穿孔技术在神经元轴突再生方面的应用。将ICR小鼠随机分为2组,分别行背根神经节电穿孔手术,检测在35 V和60 V电压干预下神经元及其轴突的标记率。结果与结论：①35 V和60 V电压未造成神经元明显死亡;②与35 V电压相比,60 V电压条件下标记的神经元及其轴突数量显著增加,且通过损伤部位的轴突数量明显增多(P < 0.05);③60 V电压对实验动物未造成行为功能损害;④结果表明,60 V电压能够使神经元及其轴突的标记率增高,其结果能够为周围神经元轴突再生研究提供依据。ORCID: 0000-0001-8681-1346(齐士斌)中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

人端粒酶反转录酶基因转染人胚胎大脑皮质神经元的凋亡

背景：人端粒酶反转录酶重组腺病毒转染原代培养的人胚胎大脑皮质神经元,可以促进细胞生存,抑制凋亡。目的：观察人端粒酶反转录酶对β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)诱导人胚胎大脑皮质神经元凋亡的影响。方法：人胚胎大脑皮质神经元原代培养后,分为3组：对照组、Aβ_25-35组和人端粒酶反转录酶组。Aβ_25-35组和人端粒酶反转录酶组细胞在培养144 h后,用Aβ_25-35 5 μmol/L干预24 h。人端粒酶反转录酶组在Aβ_25-35      5 μmol/L干预72 h进行人端粒酶反转录酶基因转染。结果与结论：原代培养的人胚胎大脑皮质神经元培养7 d后,出现凋亡细胞,而Aβ_25-35干预后使凋亡细胞数量增加,而人端粒酶反转录酶可防止Aβ_25-35诱导的人胚胎大脑皮质神经元的凋亡。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

大脑皮质局部回路神经元研究进展——含GABA神经元的发育研究

大脑皮质含GABA神经元绝大部分属局部回路神经元，它们的发育、分布、形态特征对深入研究局部回路神经元的作用机制是不可缺少的资料。近年来国内外学者在这方面作了大量工作，取得了可喜的进展。本文扼要综述了80年代以来，主要是以是长类皮质为对象的关于新皮质含GABA神经元发育的研究工作。证明这些神经元在各个胎龄、各不同皮质区发育过程存在差异，GABA在大脑皮质发育过程中不仅作为神经递质而且在一些神经营养因子，DNA转录、神经元的移行和定位等方面亦起着重要作用。     

新生SD大鼠大脑皮质神经元的原代培养及鉴定

背景：培养神经元的质量是研究中枢神经系统疾病的关键所在,但培养方法一直没有统一的标准。目的：探究取材部位及阿糖胞苷处理对原代培养神经元活性、纯度及成熟度的影响。方法：选取新生24 h内的SD乳鼠,取大脑皮质表面2.0-3.0 mm处细胞,培养后24,48,72 h,用5μmol/L或10μmol/L阿糖胞苷处理48 h;另取全部大脑皮质细胞,培养后48 h用5μmol/L阿糖胞苷处理48 h。培养至第7天,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,采用CCK-8法检测阿糖胞苷对神经元活性的影响,免疫荧光和Western blot检测神经元的纯度及成熟度。结果与结论：（1）倒置显微镜：10μmol/L阿糖胞苷24,48,72 h组神经元密度分别低于同时间下的5μmol/L阿糖胞苷组,该6组神经元突起相互之间均可连接成紧密的网状结构,神经元胞体丰满并充满折光特性;全皮质组细胞密度低于正常对照组,并可明显观察到非神经元;（2）CCK-8检测：各阿糖胞苷组细胞活性均低于正常对照组（P <0.001）, 10μmol/L阿糖胞苷24,48,72 h组神经元活性低于同时间下的5μmol/L阿糖胞苷组（P &...     

鼠胚大脑皮层子宫内电穿孔法基因转移体系的建立

体内电穿孔法转基因技术作为一种新型有效的转基因方法,被广泛应用于发育生物学的研究,特别是中枢神经系统发育。本研究旨在通过子宫内电穿孔法,建立鼠胚大脑皮层体内基因转移体系:将带有GFP的表达载体pCAGGS-IRES-EGFP显微注入胚胎期14.5d的鼠胚侧脑室中,电极沿与脑中缝平行的方向夹持鼠脑,在电压30V,脉冲时间50ms,脉冲数5的条件下方波电击,将外源基因转移到室管膜层细胞。胚胎被重新放回母体内,继续发育3d。分离被转染的鼠胚脑组织,沿冠状面冰冻切片,在荧光显微镜下观察到外源蛋白GFP在鼠胚大脑皮层中的瞬时表达。鼠胚大脑皮层子宫内电穿孔法基因转移体系的建立将为进一步研究皮层发育、神经元迁移、轴突导向等以及神经发生过程中相关基因功能奠定基础。     

Epothilone D对体外培养的BTBR小鼠皮质神经元兴奋性突触结构的影响

目的： 探讨微管稳定剂埃博霉素D（Epo D）对孤独症谱系障碍BTBR小鼠皮质神经元兴奋性突触结构的影 响及机制。方法： 体外培养BTBR小鼠原代大脑皮质神经元,免疫荧光法检测所培养神经元的纯度;培养至相对 成熟的BTBR小鼠皮质神经元随机分为实验组（Epo D 组）、溶剂对照组（0.1% DMSO）干预24 h,再冷处理90 min 后行微管免疫荧光染色,观察微管的形态变化;免疫印迹检测微管稳定的标志蛋白（acetyl-tubulin、α-tubulin）、 微管相关蛋白（MAP2、STOP）的表达,及兴奋性突触结构前、后膜标志蛋白（VGLUT1、PSD95）、兴奋性谷氨 酸受体相关蛋白（GluN2B、mGluR5）的表达水平。结果：与对照组相比,10 nmol/L 的Epo D 可增加BTBR小鼠 皮质神经元微管的冷稳定性及微管稳定的标志蛋白、微管相关蛋白的表达;可以增加BTBR小鼠皮质神经元兴奋 性突触结构、兴奋性谷氨酸受体相关蛋白的表达,差异均有统计学意义。结论：微管稳定剂Epo D能改善体外培 养的BTBR小鼠皮质神经元兴奋性突触结构,其机制可能与增加微管稳定性有关。     

小鼠胚胎脑组织移植块中选择性荧光标记神经元的发育和投射

目的:建立选择性荧光标记小鼠胚胎脑组织移植块移植模型并观察选择性荧光标记的神经元在成体脑组织中的存活、发育和投射。方法:将孕龄14～15 d选择性荧光标记的胎鼠脑组织块移植到受损的普通小鼠大脑皮层中,2个月后用荧光显微镜和共聚焦显微镜结合Nissl染色的方法观察胚胎脑组织移植块内选择性荧光标记的神经元在受体大脑中的生长发育情况。结果:在胚胎脑组织移植块内观察到只有少部分神经元被标记,这些类似于Golgi染色模式的选择性荧光标记的神经元有大量的神经纤维投射到受体鼠的不同脑区。通过Nissl染色和共聚焦成像发现胚胎脑组织移植块内神经元能分化并形成典型的突触结构-树突棘和突触终扣。结论:胚胎脑组织移植块内选择性荧光标记的神经元在受体脑内能够存活并特异性地表达荧光,这些标记的神经元具有正常的形态结构,可以投射到各个脑区并参与神经回路的重建。     

小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术方法的改良

目的 优化小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术,用于检测胎鼠大脑新生神经元的迁移和分化特征。 方法 通过选择异氟烷气体麻醉方式,改进毛细玻璃针的制备方法,减少手术中胚胎的暴露时间,优化电转参数等,对小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术进行一系列优化。采用优化的子宫内胚胎电转技术给6只怀孕16.5 d的孕鼠进行了手术,共电转胚胎42只。 结果 电转后孕鼠和胚胎的存活率达到100%,其中大脑表达外源基因的胎鼠占85%±3%。 结论 优化的小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术可以获得令人满意的胎鼠存活率和基因电转效率。     

小鼠睾丸支持细胞对大脑皮质细胞的体外营养作用

目的通过观察睾丸支持细胞(SCs)对大脑皮质细胞体外的营养作用,探讨移植的SCs在体内对神经组织营养作用的方式。方法将原代分离的小鼠大脑皮质细胞单独培养(对照组)或与小鼠SCs共培养(实验组),比较两组中神经元、神经干细胞(NSC)及神经胶质细胞的生长情况。结果实验组的神经元数及其突起数、神经元特异性烯醇化酶光密度(P<0.01)和神经胶质细胞数均较对照组高,两组各时期的神经元胞体面积也不相同(P<0.05),实验组于第3天出现NSC的集落形成。结论SCs在体外对大脑皮质的神经元、NSC和神经胶质细胞均有较强的营养作用,在中枢神经系统疾病的细胞移植治疗中将具有很大的应用价值。     

Primary culture of adult cortical neurons from reptile Gekko japonicus

Adult neurons of several reptiles still retain the ability of axonal regeneration in contrast to the low intrinsic regenerative capacity of those in the central nervous system (CNS) in mammals. This feature of the reptilian neurons has provided a perfect model for elucidating the regenerative mechanism lost in the mammalian counterparts. However, little information is available on the primary culture method of adult reptilian neurons, which greatly limits their valuable applications. In the present study, we introduced a simple and easy method for the isolation, culture, and identification of neurons from the cerebral cortex using the adult geckos. The cultured cells were further identified by immunofluorescence using antibodies against neuron-specific markers β-Ⅲ-tubulin and NeuN. The cortical neurons from adult gecko displayed spindle-shaped, bipolar, or multipolar morphology with a plump soma. This primary culture method for adult reptilian neurons will be beneficial for comparative studies of neuronal biology in various vertebrates.     

Experimental cerebral aneurysms in the female heterozygous Blotchy mouse

The Blotchy mouse is characterized by an X-linked inherited disorder of connective tissue synthesis. The susceptibility to aneurysm formation in the cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis was compared in female heterozygous 'Blotchy' and control mice subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation either alone or associated with hypertension. Cerebral aneurysms developed only in hypertensive Blotchy mice (6/31 vs. 0/30 in hypertensive controls). Aneurysms of the aorta and its major branches occurred in normotensive mice only in the Blotchy group in which hypertension increased the incidence of mesenteric and coeliac aneurysms. A light microscopic study of interruptions of the internal elastic lamina (IIEL) showed that they developed in arteries of both Blotchy and control mice but to a greater extent in the Blotchy group where hypertension further increased their incidence. The IIEL incidence in the aortic arch varied in parallel to the occurrence of aneurysms in all the different arterial sites. Thus, in an apparently normally viable animal, the presence of a mutated gene which indirectly leads to defective elastin and collagen fibre synthesis, favours the formation of both peripheral and cerebral aneurysms. However, the development of cerebral aneurysms requires the addition of an increase in haemodynamic stress.     

Identification of an ATP-sensitive K+ channel in rat cultured cortical neurons

To determine whether membranes of mammalian central neurons contain an ATP-sensitive K⁺ (K_ATP) channel similar to that present in pancreatic cells, the patch-clamp technique was applied to cultured neurons prepared from the neonatal rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In whole-cell experiments with hippocampal neurons, extracellular application of 0.5 mM diazoxide (a K_ATP channel activator) elicited a hyperpolarization concomitant with an increase in membrane conductance, whereas application of 0.5 mM tolbutamide (a K_ATP channel blocker) induced a depolarization with a decrease in conductance. Similar results were obtained with cortical neurons. In outside-out patch experiments with cortical neurons, a K⁺ channel sensitive to these drugs was found. The channel was completely blocked by 0.5 mM tolbutamide and activated by 0.5 mM diazoxide. The single-channel conductance was 65 pS under symmetrical 145 mM K⁺ conditions and 24 pS in a physiological K⁺ gradient. In inside-out patch experiments, this channel was demonstrated to be inhibited by an application of 0.2–1 mM ATP to the cytoplasmic surface of the patch membrane. These results indicate that the membranes of rat cortical neurons contain a K_ATP channel that is quite similar to that found in pancreatic cells. It is also suggested that the same or a similar K⁺ channel may exist in membranes of hippocampal neurons.     

Variable histopathology features of neuronal dyslamination in the cerebral neocortex adjacent to epilepsy‐associated vascular malformations suggest complex pathogenesis of focal cortical dysplasia ILAE type IIIc

Focal cortical dysplasia type IIIc (FCD‐IIIc) is histopathologically defined by the International League Against Epilepsy''s classification scheme as abnormal cortical organization adjacent to epilepsy‐associated vascular malformations (VM). However, the incidence of FCD‐IIIc, its pathogenesis, or association with the epileptogenic condition remains to be clarified. We reviewed a retrospective series of surgical brain specimens from 14 epilepsy patients with leptomeningeal angiomatosis of Sturge‐Weber syndrome (LMA‐SWS; n = 6), cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM; n = 7), and an arteriovenous malformation (AVM; n = 1) to assess the histopathological spectrum of FCD‐IIIc patterns in VM. FCD‐IIIc was observed in all cases of LMA‐SWS and was designated as cortical pseudolaminar sclerosis (CPLS). CPLS showed a common pattern of horizontally organized layer abnormalities, including neuronal cell loss and astrogliosis, either manifesting predominantly in cortical layer (L) 3 extending variably to deeper areas with or without further extension to L2 and/or L4. Another pattern was more localized, targeting mainly L4 with extension to L3 and/or L5. Abnormal cortical layering characterized by a fusion of L2 and L3 or L4–L6 was also noted in two LMA‐SWS cases and the AVM case. No horizontal or vertical lamination abnormalities were observed in the specimens adjacent to the CCM, despite the presence of vascular congestion and dilated parenchymal veins in all VM. These findings suggest that FCD‐IIIc depends on the type of the VM and developmental timing. We further conclude that FCD‐IIIc represents a secondary lesion acquired during pre‐ and/or perinatal development rather than following a pathomechanism independent of LMA‐SWS. Further studies will be necessary to address the selective vulnerability of the developing cerebral neocortex in LMA‐SWS, including genetic, encephaloclastic, hemodynamic, or metabolic events.