Clinical and high-resolution computed tomographic findings in five patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed respiratory failure following chemotherapy.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) findings in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed respiratory failure after starting chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records, chest radiographs, and HRCT findings in five patients with non-miliary pulmonary tuberculosis who developed respiratory failure after starting chemotherapy were reviewed. RESULTS: Chest radiographs taken early in the course of acute respiratory failure showed progression of the original lesions with (n = 4) or without (n = 1) new areas of opacity away from the site of the original lesions. HRCT demonstrated widespread ground-glass attenuation with a reticular pattern as well as segmental or lobar consolidation with cavitation and nodules, consistent with active tuberculous foci in all five cases. Prominent interlobular septal thickening was seen in two cases. Four of the five patients had received corticosteroids. Of these five, two died and three recovered with continued corticosteroid therapy. Transbronchial biopsy in three cases showed evidence of acute alveolar damage. CONCLUSION: In selected patients with tuberculosis who develop respiratory failure following the initiation of antituberculous therapy, HRCT may be a helpful adjunct to clinical evaluation in differentiating hypersensitivity reactions (presumed to be due to the release of mycobacterial antigens) from other pulmonary complications.     

HRCT findings of chest complications in patients with leukemia

High-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of several chest complications occurring in leukemic patients were reviewed. Although most entities show non-specific HRCT findings including ground-glass opacity and air-space consolidation, characteristic findings are observed in several pulmonary complications including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, fungal infections, miliary tuberculosis, leukemic infiltration, pulmonary edema, bronchiolitis obliterans, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. A combination of these characteristic HRCT findings and the information obtained from the clinical setting may help in achieving a correct diagnosis of chest complications occurring in leukemic patients.     

HIV感染者和AIDS患者并发肺结核的CT表现

目的 探讨HIV感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)并发肺结核的CT表现特征.方法回顾性分析48例HIV/AIDS并发肺结核的CT表现.结果 HIV/AIDS患者肺结核的CT表现为:继发型肺结核19例(39.6%),病变形态以斑片状阴影为主,10例可见融合成大片的实变影;血行播散型肺结核17例(35.4%),其中急性粟粒型肺结核7例,表现为大小、分布均匀的粟粒影,而亚急性血行播散型10例,表现为大小、分布不均匀的粟粒、小结节影;多种征象混合表现10例(20.8%),表现为双肺斑片状渗出病灶与弥漫分布的粟粒、小结节灶相混杂.纵隔淋巴结肿大36例(75.0%),胸腔积液13例(27.1%),心包积液10例(20.8%).结论 HIV/AIDS并发肺结核的CT特征为局灶性肺实质病变较少而弥漫性的病变较多.     

活动性肺结核肺间质病变的HRCT研究

目的 探讨活动性肺结核肺间质改变的HRCT表现.资料与方法 搜集肺部CT扫描以间质改变为主的活动性肺结核29例,分别在治疗前、治疗中和疗程结束时行HRCT检查,分析间质改变的影像特点及变化.结果 肺结核间质病变好发于两上肺野,主要表现为片状蔓延和沿支气管树分布两种形式.小叶内间质异常是肺结核间质改变的主要HRCT表现,包括小叶内细网织线影、微结节、磨玻璃影、树芽征等,其发生率分别为100%(29例)、100%(29例)、82.8%(24例)、69%(20例).此外可合并气道壁增厚、融合性实变、空洞、结节等征象.经抗结核治疗后间质病变吸收较缓慢,但在疗程结束时均大部分吸收.结论 小叶内细网织线影、微结节、磨玻璃影、树芽征为活动性肺结核间质的主要HRCT表现.     

支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT诊断

目的 回顾性分析支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现,探讨HRCT在该病诊断中的价值.方法 收集30例经纤维支气管镜活检、CT导引下穿刺活检或痰培养证实的支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的临床资料及影像学资料,所有HRCT图像均经2位经验丰富的胸部影像学主任医师阅片并分析总结其征象.结果 30例患者,19例具有多种CT征象,其中树芽征8例,支气管狭窄6例,支气管扩张8例,磨玻璃样密度灶(GGO)8例,腺泡结节10例,结节灶12例,腺泡结节灶伴有晕征4例,结节灶伴有晕征9例,空洞10例.11例具有单一CT征象,树芽征2例,支气管扩张2例,GGO 1例,腺泡结节2例,结节灶伴有晕征2例,空洞2例.30例病例中各征象出现率为:树芽征33.3%,支气管狭窄20%,支气管扩张33.3%,磨玻璃影30%,腺泡结节40%,结节灶46.6%,晕征53.3%,空洞40%.结论 支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT的主要征象是树芽征、支气管管腔狭窄或扩张,肺内见磨玻璃影、腺泡结节、结节灶,空洞,结节及空洞周围有晕征.支气管扩张合并树芽征、腺泡结节及晕征对诊断本病具有较高的特异性.     

Specific high-resolution computed tomography findings associated with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate whether high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) could predict the results of a sputum smear in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into 2 groups: sputum smear-positive (n = 25) and -negative (n = 23). The HRCT findings were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the presence or absence of features previously reported to indicate active pulmonary tuberculosis, including ground-glass opacity, cavitation, centrilobular opacity, and air space consolidation. RESULTS: Although air space consolidation was the least common feature overall, it occurred significantly more frequently in the smear-positive group than in the smear-negative group. This feature also had the highest specificity and positive predictive value. Cavitation and ground-glass opacity also occurred significantly more frequently in the smear-positive group. The frequency of centrilobular opacity did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested that the HRCT findings of air space consolidation, cavitation, and ground-glass opacity are significantly associated with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis.     

肺继发性淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的　分析肺继发性淋巴瘤的CT和HRCT表现特点 ,表现类型以及分布特点。方法　回顾分析 2 4例经临床或病理证实的肺继发性淋巴瘤的CT表现。结果　肺继发性淋巴瘤的CT表现主要包括支气管血管束增粗、单发和多发结节、肿块样实变及渗出性改变等 5种形式 ,分为肺炎肺泡、结节、支气管血管淋巴管、粟粒和混合型等 5种类型 ,其中混合型最多见 (Ρ <0 .0 5 )。HRCT表现为支气管血管束不规则增粗、肺小叶内结节和实变、肺小叶核增粗和间隔增厚、毛玻璃样改变及囊性变等 7种形式 ,肺内病变分布以双侧、下叶多见 (Ρ <0 .0 5 )。结论　多种表现形式并存是肺继发性淋巴瘤CT表现的重要特点 ,对诊断具有重要价值     

High-resolution CT findings of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 38 patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the high-resolution CT features of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and determine the useful findings in differential diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-resolution CT scans of 38 patients with pathologically proven diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma were reviewed. Sequential CT scans were obtained in 15 patients. The high-resolution CT findings were compared with those of eosinophilic pneumonia (n = 22), multiple pulmonary metastases (n = 12), and tuberculosis (bronchogenic: n = 22; miliary: n = 12). RESULTS: High-resolution CT findings of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma included ground-glass opacity (n = 29), consolidation (n = 29), nodules (n = 28), centrilobular nodules (n = 26), peripheral distribution (n = 19), and air bronchogram (n = 18). According to the major features, high-resolution CT findings of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma could be classified into three patterns: predominantly ground-glass (n = 4), consolidative (n = 22), and multinodular (n = 12). Most patients with diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma had a mixture of these findings. The frequency of findings of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma on high-resolution CT was not different from that of tuberculosis, but the predominant distribution of the nodules and areas of ground-glass attenuation differed between the two. Difference in distribution between bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and bronchogenic tuberculosis included ground-glass opacity remote from the consolidation and a lower lung predominance. CONCLUSION: Although these high-resolution CT findings are not specific, the combination of consolidation and nodules and the coexistence of centrilobular nodules and remote areas of ground-glass attenuation are characteristic of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.     

SARS胸部表现和并发症的CT研究

目的 探讨CT扫描在SARS诊断中的作用。方法 82例SARS患者行螺旋CT扫描112次，其中胸部106次，头颅5次，腹部1次。采用标准肺窗、纵隔窗摄片观察。结果82例中病变位于双侧肺野66例(80．49％)，单侧16例(19．51％)。病变累及4～6个肺野的54例(65．85％)，下肺野63例(76．83％)。病变形态表现为胸膜下局灶性实变影26例(31．71％)，斑片状实变影53例(64．63％)，大片实变影9例(10．98％)，磨玻璃样模糊影31例(37．80％)，肺泡实质影14例(17．07％)，间质改变16例(19．51％)。发生并发症6例(7．32％)，其中1例同时并发肺、脑部结核及纵隔气肿；余5例分别为肺部继发感染2例，肺霉菌、气胸、脓胸各1例。根据上述所见，作者提出了SARS的相对特征性肺部表现：(1)病灶呈多发性、两侧性分布，以两下肺多见。(2)斑片状、大片实变影，胸膜下局灶性实变和磨玻璃样模糊影，伴有支气管充气征。(3)肺泡内点状高密度影。(4)胸部X线检查和CT扫描动态观察中发现病灶大小、数量及分布部位有迅速变化和进展(即在24～48h内有动态变化)。上述征象提示为SARS病毒引起的肺部表现可能。结论 CT扫描检查是一种敏感的检查方法，能较准确地评估SARS患者肺部病变的演变过程和及时发现所出现的并发症。     

急性粟粒性肺结核的CT及病理对照研究

目的 探讨急性粟粒性肺结核(AMPT)的CT表现特征及病理基础.方法 回顾性分析25例AMPT的CT表现,并对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性和阴性组各种CT征象的发生率行双侧确切概率法χ2检验.HIV阴性组2例尸检全肺标本行冠状面HRCT扫描,并切割成10 mm厚度肺标本薄片,选取结节丰富区制作冠状面大切片(80～150 μm)和5 μm组织切片,将CT与病理所见进行对照观察;对其中1例HRCT和病理显示微结节在肺小叶的分布行x2检验.结果 25例AMPT患者中HIV 阳性11例,阴性14例.HRCT扫描发现所有AMPT患者两肺均随机分布着弥漫微结节,磨玻璃密度(GGO,17例)是主要的伴发征象.结节融合、肺实变仅出现在HIV阳性患者中(分别为5和6例),阴性患者无一例.分析2例尸检病例,结节以小叶中心与小叶周边之间肺组织分布最多(分别为792和560个),病理证实位于肺泡间隔;其中1例HRCT显示结节在肺小叶内的分布(1060个微结节)与病理所见(864个结节)差异无统计学意义(x2=2.814,P＞0.05).AMPT合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)于HRCT上表现为弥漫GGO,病理基础为肺水肿、炎症及肺泡透明膜.结论 AMPT的CT表现有一定特征,呈血行分布结节;肺内出现弥漫GGO需警惕合并ARDS.

Abstract：

Objective To elucidate the CT characteristics and pathology of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis (AMPT). Methods The CT features of AMPT in 25 cases were analyzed retrospectively, and the CT features in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive patients were compared by 2-sided exact propability Chi-square test. Two lung specimens were inflated and fixed by Heitzman's method. HRCT scans, gross specimen section (80-150 μm) and histologic section (5 μm) were performed on dry lung specimens and CT-pathologic correlation was conducted. The distribution of micronodules in the secondary lobule on HRCT and pathology in one specimen was evaluated by Chi-square test. Results Twenty five patients with AMPT were included in this study, including 11 HIV-seropositive patients and 14 HIV-seronegative patients. HRCT showed diffuse micronodules randomly distributed throughout both lungs in 25 patients, and ground-glass opacity (17 patients)was the predominant complicated finding. Coalescence of nodules and consolidation in HIV-seropositive patients (5 and 6 patients) were markedly higher than that in HIV-seronegative patients (none). In lung specimens, most nodules located in the lung parenchyma between the central bronchovascular bundle and the perilobular structures (792 and 560 nodules), which located in the interlobular septum pathologically. The distribution of micronodules in the secondary lobule showed on HRCT (1060 nodules)and pathology(864 nodules) was not significantly difference(x2=2.814,P＞0.05). HRCT showed ground-glass opacities when ARDS occured, which were pulmonary edema,inflammation and hyaline membrane on alveolar wall pathologically. Conclusions The HRCT characteristic of nodule distribution in AMPT is random. ARDS should be suspected when diffuse ground-glass opacities appear on HRCT.     

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: spectrum of high-resolution CT findings

OBJECTIVE: Characteristic high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) include reticulation, architectural distortion, and honeycombing involving mainly the lung periphery and the lower lobes. In 50% of IPF patients, HRCT is nonspecific. This article illustrates the HRCT findings of IPF correlating with the pathology. CONCLUSION: The spectrum of HRCT manifestations varies from typical findings that allow confident diagnosis to atypical patterns mimicking other diseases, including predominance of ground-glass opacity, consolidation, nodules, and atypical distribution of lesions.     

Q fever pneumonia: CT findings

PURPOSE: To evaluate the computed tomographic (CT) features of Q fever pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the chest radiographs and CT scans obtained in 12 patients, who were selected on the basis of chest CT availability from a group of patients with a definite diagnosis of acute Q fever infection during an 8.5-year period. RESULTS: In all cases, CT depicted lesions indicative of airspace involvement, which was expressed as lobar (n = 3), segmental (n = 3), patchy (n = 3), or a combination of these patterns (n = 3). Involvement of more than one lobe was observed in seven (58%) patients. In one patient with multiple patchy areas of consolidation, nodular lesions with a vascular connection and a halo of ground-glass opacity, which were suggestive of an angioinvasive process, were demonstrated. In addition, CT performed in a patient with acute Coxiella burnetii infection who abused alcohol revealed necrotizing pneumonia. Pleural effusions were seen at both CT and radiography in three patients, and mild lymph node enlargement in isolated regions was seen at CT in four patients. Chest radiography was less accurate than CT in the detection of segmental and patchy areas of consolidation. CONCLUSION: The typical CT findings of Q fever pneumonia consisted mainly of multilobar airspace consolidation. A nodular pattern accompanied by a halo of ground-glass opacification and vessel connection, and necrotizing pneumonia in the setting of impaired immunity were less frequent.     

Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia: High-Resolution CT Findings in Ten Non-AIDS Immunocompromised Patients

Objective

To describe the HRCT findings of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study involved the ten all non-AIDS immunocompromised patients with biopsy-proven CMV pneumonia and without other pulmonary infection encountered at our Medical Center between January 1997 and May 1999. HRCT scans were retrospectively analysed by two chest radiologists and decisions regarding the findings were reached by consensus.

Results

The most frequent CT pattern was ground-glass opacity, seen in all patients, with bilateral patchy (n = 8) and diffuse (n = 2) distribution. Other findings included poorly-defined small nodules (n = 9) and consolidation (n = 7). There was no zonal predominance. The small nodules, bilateral in eight cases and unilateral in one, were all located in the centrilobular region. Consolidation (n = 7), with patchy distribution, was bilateral in five of seven patients (71%). Pleural effusion and bilateral areas of thickened interlobular septa were seen in six patients (60%).

Conclusion

CMV pneumonia in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients appears on HRCT scans as bilateral mixed areas of ground-glass opacity, poorly-defined centrilobular small nodules, and consolidation. Interlobular septal thickening and pleural effusion are frequently associated.     

Pulmonary tuberculosis: CT and pathologic correlation

Typical CT findings of active postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis include centrilobular nodules and branching linear structures (tree-in-bud appearance), lobular consolidation, cavitation, and bronchial wall thickening. The CT findings of inactive pulmonary tuberculosis include calcified nodules or consolidation, irregular linear opacity, parenchymal bands, and pericicatricial emphysema. The typical appearance of primary tuberculosis on CT scans is homogeneous, dense, well-defined segmental or lobar consolidation with enlargement of lymph nodes in the hilum or the mediastinum. Miliary nodules may be seen in primary and postprimary tuberculosis. On CT, tuberculomas appear as a nodule with surrounding satellite nodules and internal cavitation on CT. Atypical radiologic manifestations of tuberculosis, encountered in as many as one third of the cases of adult-onset tuberculosis, are single or multiple nodules or masses, basilar infiltrates, miliary tuberculosis with diffuse bilateral areas of ground-glass opacity, and reversible multiple cysts. Underlying histopathologic findings of typical and atypical CT findings of tuberculosis are caseating granulomas or pneumonia in the active phase and fibrosis and dystrophic calcification in the inactive phase.     

High-resolution CT findings of pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of 5 mm or less in diameter

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the high-resolution CT(HRCT) findings of pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of 5 mm or less in diameter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the HRCT findings of 43 histopathologically confirmed AAH of 5 mm or less in diameter in 7 patients who underwent lobectomy for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. For comparison, we also examined the HRCT findings of 13 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BAC) of the same size from these patients. RESULTS: We identified 36 of 43 AAH and all 13 BAC on HRCT performed with multidetector-row CT. Thirty-five AAH and 11 BAC showed ground-glass opacity without any high-attenuation component. Margins of 20 AAH were well defined, and 16 were ill defined. In BAC, 11 lesions demonstrated well-defined margins, with only 2 showing ill-defined margins. CONCLUSION: Most AAH lesions of 5 mm or less in diameter are identified as ground-glass opacity on HRCT. Detection of minute ground-glass opacity is important in locating AAH on HRCT.     

免疫损害患者肺结核的影像诊断

目的　探讨几种免疫损害疾病并发肺结核患者的X线和CT所见 ,包括糖尿病、肾移植术后及获得性免疫缺陷综合征 (AIDS)。方法　回顾分析合并有肺结核的 2 0例糖尿病患者的胸部CT所见、10例肾移植术后患者的胸部X线片及 2例AIDS患者的CT片。结果　糖尿病并发肺结核的CT表现为 :大片融合性肺实变 (10例 ) ,在单一病变区内有多发小空洞 (9例 ) ,病变不按肺段分布(2例 ) ,多数病变具有卫星灶。肾移植术后并发肺结核的胸部X线表现为 :斑片及大片融合实变(6例 )和粟粒型肺结核 (4例 )。AIDS病合并肺结核的CT表现为 :纵隔淋巴结肿大 (1例 ) ,肺内浸润(1例 )及胸部以外的结核病变 (2例 ) ,包括颈部及腹膜后淋巴结肿大。结论　 3种免疫损害病变患者并发肺结核的主要CT及X线表现为大片融合病变、单一病变内的多发小空洞、粟粒型肺结核、纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸部以外的淋巴结肿大     

High resolution CT findings in miliary lung disease.

High-resolution CT (HRCT) and chest radiographs were compared in nine patients with miliary lung disease. In all cases, miliary disease was documented to be infectious in etiology; six of these patients proved to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. A mixture of both sharply and poorly defined 1-3 mm nodules was seen in all cases, many of the latter having an appearance indistinguishable from airspace nodules. Other features attributable to the presence of nodules included nodular interlobular septae, nodular irregularity of vessels, subpleural dots, and studded fissures. Diffuse intra- and interlobular septal thickening also proved common, seen in all but one case (91%). Based on limited HRCT-pathologic correlation, CT findings appear primarily to be due to granulomatous foci developing in a seemingly random distribution involving both pulmonary airspaces as well as the interstitium. It is concluded that in the appropriate clinical setting this constellation of findings is characteristic of miliary disease; the role of HRCT especially in the early diagnosis of miliary disease in HIV positive patients remains to be determined prospectively.     

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. High-resolution CT findings in 11 patients and compared with the literature

We retrospectively evaluated the high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) findings in 11 women patients with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Numerous, thin-walled cysts distributed diffusely throughout the lungs and ranged in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters were seen on HRCT in all patients. Other findings at HRCT included interlobular septal thickening (six patients), ground-glass opacity (one patient) and architectural distortion (one patient). Our study found that HRCT imaging findings were similar to the literatures reported, except that majority of our cases also have interstitial changes. HRCT may help establish this diagnosis when diagnosis by clinical findings is uncertain and chest radiographs showed normal or nonspecific findings.     

Radiologic features of all-trans-retinoic acid syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) sometimes results in a syndrome characterized by fever, respiratory distress, weight gain, pleural and pericardial effusion, and pulmonary infiltrates. We report the radiologic features of ATRA syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the past 5 years, 69 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia were treated with ATRA. Of this group, 15 patients developed ATRA syndrome. Serial chest radiographs of the 15 patients with ATRA syndrome were evaluated retrospectively for the presence of pleural effusion, pulmonary nodules, consolidation, ground-glass opacity, septal lines, increased pulmonary blood volume, peribronchial cuffing, and air bronchogram. Also, we measured the cardiothoracic ratio and the vascular pedicle width. RESULTS: Chest radiographs showed increased cardiothoracic ratio in 13 of the 15 patients, increased vascular pedicle width in 13, increased pulmonary blood volume in 13, septal lines in nine, peribronchial cuffing in nine, ground-glass opacity in nine, consolidation in seven, and nodules in seven. Pleural effusion was noted in 11 of the 15 patients, and air bronchogram was noted in five of the 15 patients. Pulmonary hemorrhage developed in three patients who were being treated with ATRA; they showed bilateral, diffuse, poorly defined nodules and ground-glass opacity on radiography. CONCLUSION: Most patients with ATRA syndrome have abnormal findings on chest radiographs, and the abnormalities are similar to those of pulmonary edema.     

儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的影像学分析:比较X线与CT的诊断价值

目的:比较观察X线平片、常规CT和HRCT对儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症(IPH)胸内病变中的诊断价值。方法:对13例IPH患者进行胸部X线平片、常规CT和HRCT检查,将影像表现分类,并以HRCT为标准,评价X线平片和常规CT的诊断价值。结果:HRCT显示的肺内局限性病变包括均匀磨玻璃影(11例)、晕状影(7例)、结节影(6例)和不均匀磨玻璃影(1例);非局限性病变包括磨玻璃(3例)、细网状(7例)和细沙粒状改变(2例)。X线平片诊断上述病变征象的例数分别为7、0、2、0、1、3、0例。常规CT为10、6、4、0、3、3、0例。结论:X线和常规CT对显示IPH主要肺部改变各有优缺点,HRCT优于这2种方法。X线平片仍应作为IPH的主要影像检查手段,对于有不良预后因素或临床高度怀疑为继发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的患者,可根据实际情况选择HRCT或常规CT。