中药对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质蛋白质非酶糖化的抑制作用

雄性Wistar大鼠70只,随机平均分为7组,正常对照组,糖尿病对照组氨基胍（100mh／kg／d）治疗组和黄芩苷,葛根素,川芎嗪,水飞蓟素（150mh/kg／d）治疗组,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（60mg／kg）诱发糖尿病。16周后,处死大鼠,分离肾脏,称重然后进行肾皮质糖基化终末产物（AGEs）测定。结果：治疗前后各组血糖无明显变化。治疗后糖尿病组双肾重量明显高于正常对照（P〈0．01）,5个治疗组双肾重量明显低于糖尿病组（P〈0．01）,各治疗组间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。糖尿病AGEs含量明显高于正常对照（P〈0．01）,5个治疗组AGEs含量明显低于糖尿病组（P〈0．01）,各治疗组间无明显差异（P〉0．05）结论：1．蛋白质非酶糖化生成AGEs参与DN的发生与发展。2．中药对非酶糖化的抑制作用与典型糖化抑制剂氨基胍相似,且价格低、副作用少,值得临床推荐应用。     

糖基化终末产物对大鼠肾皮质PAI-1表达和活性的影响

目的观察糖基化终末产物（AGEs）对大鼠肾皮质纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1（PAI-1）表达和活性的影响。方法大鼠尾静脉注射AGE修饰大鼠血清蛋白（AGEs）6周，其中部分大鼠同时腹腔注射AGE形成抑制剂氨基胍（AG），以注射天然大鼠血清蛋白（RSP）和正常大鼠（Con）作为对照。免疫组织化学、Western blot、RT—PCR检测PAI-1表达水平，酶谱法分析纤溶酶原激活物（PA）活性，PAS染色评估细胞外基质（ECM）含量。结果与Con组及RSP组比较，AGEs组大鼠肾皮质ECM含量、PAI-1蛋白及mRNA表达水平均明显增高，PA活性明显降低（PAI-1 mRNAP〈0．01，其余P〈20．05），而同时注射AG的大鼠上述变化明显减轻。结论AGEs上调大鼠肾皮质PAI-1的表达，抑制PA活性，可能是糖尿病肾病ECM积聚的原因之一。     

糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织糖基化终产物含量的变化和糖基化终产物受体的表达情况

目的研究糖尿病阴茎组织糖基化终产物(AGEs)含量的变化和糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)的表达情况。方法用葡萄糖和血红蛋白(Hb)在体外孵育形成Hb-AGEs,免疫新西兰兔,制备AGEs抗血清,建立竞争性ELISA法,测定大鼠阴茎组织AGEs含量。应用RT-PCR研究RAGEmRNA表达。结果各组糖尿病大鼠未经治疗时阴茎组织AGEs水平均较对照(NC)组明显升高(P<0.01),8周时糖尿病用胰岛素治疗(DMI)组及糖尿病用胰岛素和二氨基酚嗪(DAP)治疗(DMID)组的AGEs水平较糖尿病未治疗(DM)组降低(P<0.05～0.01),至16周DMID组上述指标较DMI组明显降低(P<0.01)。RAGEmRNA在DM组大鼠阴茎组织的表达明显高于NC组(P<0.01)。结论糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织AGEs水平明显升高,RAGEmRNA高表达,胰岛素和DAP治疗可降低AGEs水平。     

橙皮苷对STZ糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能和形态的影响

观察橙皮苷对链脲佐菌素导致的糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能和形态的影响,并与氨基胍进行比较。结果表明:（1）两治疗组大鼠尿蛋白排泄量显著低于对照组P<0.05）;（2）两治疗组肾组织AGEs和LPO含量显著低于对照组（P<0.01,P<0.05）:（3）治疗组肾小球系膜增生和基底膜增厚明显减轻。提示橙皮苷在抑制蛋白非酶糖基化、预防糖尿病肾脏并发症方面具有与氨基胍相似的作用。     

麝香、冰片对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞ICAM-1表达的影响

目的：研究麝香、冰片对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞ICAM－1表达的影响。方法：采用Pulsinelli的4血管闭塞法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型，运用免疫组化染色技术观察微血管内皮细胞ICAM－1表达，并进行半定量分析。结果：模型组、治疗组、尼莫通组缺血区域可见ICAM－1明确表达于脑微血管内皮，而在假手术组脑组织中未见ICAM－1表达，麝香、冰片（治疗组）能明显减少ICAM－1表达，与模型组、尼莫通组比较有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。结论：麝香、冰片可通过抑制ICAM－1的表达，从而抑制多形核白细胞黏附而在脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗中发挥脑保护作用。     

筋脉通对糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经传导速度醛糖还原酶及山梨醇浓度？…

目的 观察中药复方筋脉通对糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经传导速度、坐骨神经组织和江细胞内醛糖还原酶活性（ＡＲ）及山梨醇（ＳＮＳ）浓度的影响,并探讨其作用机理。方法 采用链脲佐菌素（ＳＴＺ）糖尿病（ＤＭ）大鼠模型,给予中药复方筋脉通灌胃,并以氨基胍为对照,疗程８周。观察该制剂对糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经传导速度、坐骨神经组织和红细胞酝酿糖还原酶生（ＡＲ）及对山梨醇（ＳＮＳ）浓度的影响。结果 经筋脉通治疗后,糖尿病大鼠坐     

核转录因子κB在糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经中的表达及其与传导速度的关系

目的研究核转录因子出（NF-κB）在糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经中的表达动态变化及其意义。方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型后，分别在实验1个月、3个月、6个月时测定坐骨神经的传导速度和NF-κB的表达量。结果（1）坐骨神经传导速度：与正常对照（NC）组相比，糖尿病模型1个月组大鼠坐骨神经传导速度未见明显下降，3个月、6个月组则明显下降（P〈0．05）；（2）EMSA电泳条带灰度分析：与NC相比，NF-κB表达在糖尿病各组均明显增强（P〈0．05）。结论NF-κB在糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经中持续活化，推断NF-κB在糖尿病周围神经病变的发病机制中起重要作用。     

橙皮苷与氨基胍对STZ－糖尿病大鼠主动脉胶原非酶糖化作用的比较

本文观察了天然黄酮类化合物──橙皮苷对ＳＴＺ－糖尿病大鼠主动脉胶原非酶糖基化作用的影响，并与氨基肌进行了比较。结果表明：用橙皮苷及氨基肌治疗１２０天后，糖尿病鼠动脉胶原ＡＧＥｓ含量明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），而血糖、体重无明显差别。提示橙皮苷对糖尿病大鼠蛋白非酶糖基化作用与氨基胍相似。     

糖尿病大鼠胃排空功能与胃组织瘦素的关系

大量文献已证实瘦素可抑制胃排空，胃排空延迟是糖尿病常见的并发症。目的：探讨不同病期糖尿病胃排空延迟与胃组织瘦素的关系。方法：40只Wistar大鼠分为对照1周组（NC1组）、对照4周组（NC2组）、糖尿病病期1周组（DM1组）和糖尿病病期4周组（DM2组）。分别于注射链佐霉素或柠檬酸缓冲液1、4周后检测大鼠胃排空、胃组织瘦素和瘦索受体OB—RbmRNA的表达。结果：与NC1组相比，DM1组大鼠胃排空明显加快（P〈0．01），胃组织瘦素表达显著增加（P〈0．01），OB—RbmRNA的表达无显著差异。与NC2组相比，DM2组大鼠胃排空明显减缓（P〈0．01），瘦素表达显著降低（P〈0．01），OB—RbmRNA的表达无显著差异。结论：随着糖尿病病期的持续，大鼠胃排空由加速转为延迟．胃组织瘦素表达反馈性由增加转为减少。     

TNF—α值与糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变关系

目的：探讨不同病程糖尿病大鼠血浆肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF－α）水平与糖尿病大鼠光,电镜上视网膜病理改变及病情相关指标的关系。方法：复制糖尿病视网膜病变＊（DR）大鼠模型,分别在其糖尿病持续3－6个月时,对其视网膜进行形态学观察,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆TNF－α水平,同时测定血糖（BG）,糖化血红蛋白（GHbA1C),血浆胰岛素（Ins)及肽（CP）水平。结果：相同病程模型组与治疗组相比较,TNF－α,BG,GHbl1c显著升高（P＜0．01）,Ins,CP显著降低（P＜0．01）,病理形态学改变明显重重,不同病程间模型组比较,TNFα,BG,GHbAlcjo显著升高（P＜0．01）,Ins,CP显著降低（P＜0．01）,病理形态学改变明显加重,可见新生血管,不同病程治疗组间比较,TNFα,BG,GHbAlc,Ins,CP比较无显著差异。6个月组大鼠视网膜病理改变较3个月组无减轻。结论：TNFα水平随病情加重,病程延长,视网膜病变加重而增高,TNF－α可能是DR的一个重要危险因素,参与了DR的病理发展过程。α     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。