面罩内鼻导管吸氧在无创机械通气中的应用

[目的]探讨面罩内鼻导管吸氧在无创机械通气中的应用疗效。[方法]82例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人随机分为两组,实验组使用面罩内鼻导管吸氧无创机械通气,对照组使用面罩外接氧气无创机械通气。观察两组病人治疗后4h、12h、24h的心率、呼吸频率、pH、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及氧合指数的变化。[结果]面罩内鼻导管吸氧组经治疗4h、12h和24h后心率、呼吸频率、PCO2与对照组治疗后比较降低更明显(P<0.05);pH值、氧分压(PO2)及氧合指数则较对照组治疗后明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]面罩内鼻导管吸氧较常规面罩外接氧气无创机械通气治疗能明显提高无创机械通气的疗效。     

The fraction of inspired oxygen in infants receiving oxygen via nasal cannula often exceeds safe levels

OBJECTIVE: Measure the fraction of inspired oxygen (F(IO(2))) in infants receiving supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula and identify clinical variables that affect F(IO(2)). METHODS: Hypopharyngeal gas samples were obtained from 20 infants receiving oxygen via nasal cannula at flows between 0 and 4 L/min. F(IO(2)) was calculated using the alveolar gas equation and measurements of partial pressure of oxygen in the samples and the barometric pressure. RESULTS: F(IO(2)) increased as oxygen flow was increased. F(IO(2)) exceeded safe levels (> 60%) in two thirds of samples when the oxygen flow was 2 L/min or higher. Tachypnea (respiratory rate > 40 breaths/min) was associated with lower F(IO(2)). CONCLUSION: Infants receiving oxygen via nasal cannula at > or = 2 L/min may be at risk for hyperoxic lung injury. Therefore, we recommend using the lowest possible oxygen flow needed to maintain normoxia in infants requiring prolonged oxygen therapy via nasal cannula.     

Use of nasal cannula versus face mask after extubation in patients after cardiothoracic surgery

Continuous reevaluation of protocols for patients' care is necessary to maintain high quality and cost-effectiveness in today's healthcare environment. A study of patients who had cardiothoracic surgery proved that after early extubation, patients could safely be given oxygen via nasal cannula with maintenance of acceptable oxygen saturation. The positive outcomes of this study were shorter exposure to oxygen at higher concentrations, greater compliance by patients, greater comfort for patients, and cost savings for the institution. This project was the result of thoughtful consideration and a willingness to question a standard practice that had been in existence in this cardiothoracic program for 20 years. Both patients and the institution benefit when we question why we do things and thoroughly evaluate our daily practice. All practitioners should always look for ways to change and improve practice for the betterment of patients.     

Binasal cannula versus face mask for oxygen therapy in patients with chronic pulmonary disease

Oxygen therapy, which is ordered frequently for patients with chronic pulmonary disease, remains a cornerstone of modern medical practice. This study was conducted to compare the efficiency and comfort of a binasal cannula versus a face mask during oxygen therapy. Sixty hypoxemic patients participated in this randomized controlled study. While each patient was hypoxemic, arterial blood gas analysis was performed before oxygen supplementation was begun. Arterial oxygen saturation was continuously monitored during oxygen therapy with a face ask or a binasal cannula. Subjects were allowed to return to their oxygen saturation level in room air before the device for oxygen treatment was changed. The same procedure was then repeated with the other device. Patient comfort was evaluated through the use of a questionnaire that was completed after each treatment period. The mean age±standard deviation was 62±13 y. No statistically significant difference was noted in oxygen saturation levels achieved with the 2 devices. The binasal cannula reached target oxygen levels (P=.007) more quickly than the face mask. The binasal cannula was reported to be significantly more comfortable (P=.0001), and had significantly fewer reports of dyspnea and restlessness, and was less of a nuisance (P=.019, P=.0001, and P=.0001, respectively). The binasal cannula was preferred for oxygen therapy by 71% of study patients. Although the efficiency of the 2 devices did not differ remarkably, Transmission and reproduction of this material in whole or part without prior written approval are prohibited. the binasal cannula was regarded as a more comfortable and time-saving device for delivery of oxygen therapy to hypoxic patients.     

湿化与未湿化中低流量鼻导管吸氧患者呼吸道症状的观察

目的探讨常规湿化与未湿化中低流量(4L/min)鼻导管吸氧对患者呼吸道症状的影响是否有明显差异。方法按患者入住时间分为,①持续中低流量鼻导管吸氧12h的患者分为常规湿化吸氧组(湿化组)和未经湿化吸氧组(未湿化组);②持续中低流量鼻导管吸氧时间24h的患者,自身常规湿化吸氧和未经湿化吸氧,观察比较患者的呼吸道反应。结果鼻咽喉部干燥感为本研究中出现的唯一症状。方法1观察540例中湿化组235例,主诉鼻咽喉部干燥者21例,干燥组305例,主诉鼻咽喉部干燥者36例,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);方法2观察226例,其中在湿化吸氧过程中主诉鼻咽喉部干燥者9例,改为未湿化吸氧后症状无明显加重;在未经湿化吸氧过程中主诉鼻咽喉部干燥者11例,改为湿化吸氧后症状无明显减轻,两种不同的吸氧方式对患者呼吸道影响差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中低流量鼻导管吸氧无需常规湿化。     

经鼻或口气管插管与气管切开的护理干预效果比较

目的总结护理干预在经鼻或口气管插管和气管切开患者中的护理经验,探讨安全更好的护理方式。方法 135例气管插管患者分为A（50例）、B（45例）、C（40例）3组,A组经鼻气管插管,B组经口气管插管,C组行气管切开,均采用护理干预措施,观察3组患者治疗前后血气变化和护理效果。结果 3组患者血气变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但A组护理效果较B、C组好,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论经鼻气管插管安全、有效,护理效果好,可减少并发症的发生,值得临床推广应用。     

简易鼻导管吸氧加湿、加热装置的制作与应用

目前,临床吸氧仍沿用冷蒸馏水湿化氧气,但是氧气的湿化程度很低,在20℃室温下氧流量为1L／min-8L／min时,吸入氧气的湿度为33．2％～39．1％,在10℃室温下为21．4％。     

Pressure support ventilation via face mask in acute respiratory failure in hypercapnic COPD patients

Objective To test whether non-invasive ventilation via facial mask could reduce the need for tracheal intubation via when mechanical ventilation must be initiated in COPD patients.Design Open prospective interventional study.Setting General Intensive Care Service of a County Hospital.Patients We have studied 12 COPD patients during 14 episodes of acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure who failed to improve with intensive medical therapy and showed impairements in severe respiratory acidosis and/or hypercapnic encephalopathy leading their attending physicians to order mechanical ventilationInterventions In these circumstances, a trial of pressuresupport (PS) ventilation (Servo Ventilator 900C) via facial mask Vital Signs Inc.) was performed. The level of pressure support was adjusted to obtain a tidal volume>400 ml. If the patient deteriorated, tracheal intubation and standard mechanical ventilation were performed.Measurements and results Measurements are presented as means±SEM. A pressure-support level of 14±3 cmH₂O was used during a period of 8±4 h. Low levels of external PEEP were used in 4 patients, while it generated excessive leaks in the others. Significant differences (p<0.05 ANOVA for repeated measures) in data obtained on admission, when patients deteriorated and after pressure support was administered were only observed in PaCO₂ (68±3 versus 92±3 versus 67±3 mmHg), arterial pH (7.27±0.03 versus 7.19±0.02 versus 7.31±0.01). SaO₂ (60±4 versus 86±3 versus 92±1%) and respiratory rate (35±2 versus 32±2 versus 23±1 breaths·min^–1). Three patients needed intubation and one of them died in the ICU.Conclusion Non-invasive ventilation (pressure-support) via face mask may reduce the need for tracheal intubation in the severe hypercapnic failure of COPD patients.Presented in part at the 6th European Congress on Intensive Care Medicine. Barcelona October 1992. Supported by grant 93/0623 from Fondo de Investigationes Sanitarias     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者氧气雾化吸入发生严重不良反应原因分析及防范

回顾4例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者采用氧气雾化吸入疗法发生严重不良反应的资料,2例Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭加重、1例发生自发性气胸、1例发生室上性心动过速,认为主要原因是慢性阻塞性肺疾病的特点,护士对病情评估不足,宣教欠缺,吸入时间过长,医护沟通不够.预防措施为:全面评估患者病情,加强宣教;规范操作;做好医护沟通;加强巡视监测;有条件选用压缩雾化吸入法.     

High-flow nasal oxygen vs high-flow face mask: A randomized crossover trial in extubated patients

Purpose

Oxygen delivery after extubation is critical to maintain adequate oxygenation and to avoid reintubation. The delivery of oxygen in such situations is usually by high-flow face mask (HFFM). Yet, this may be uncomfortable for some patients. A recent advance in oxygen delivery technology is high-flow nasal prongs (HFNP). There are no randomized trials comparing these 2 modes.

Methods

Patients were randomized to either protocol A (n = 25; HFFM followed by HFNP) or protocol B (n = 25; HFNP followed by HFFM) after a stabilization period of 30 minutes after extubation. The primary objective was to compare the efficacy of HFNP to HFFM in maintaining gas exchange as measured by arterial blood gas. Secondary objective was to compare the relative effects on heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, comfort, and tolerance.

Results

Patients in both protocols were comparable in terms of age, demographic, and physiologic variables including arterial blood gas, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, Glasgow Coma Score, sedation, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III scores. There was no significant difference in gas exchange, respiratory rate, or hemodynamics. There was a significant difference (P = .01) in tolerance, with nasal prongs being well tolerated. There was a trend (P = .09) toward better patient comfort with HFNP.

Conclusions

High-flow nasal prongs are as effective as HFFM in delivering oxygen to extubated patients who require high-flow oxygen. The tolerance of HFNP was significantly better than in HFFM.     

经鼻导管高流量吸氧在危重患者气管插管拔除后应用效果的Meta分析

目的探讨经鼻导管高流量吸氧在危重患者气管插管拔除后的应用效果。方法通过系统检索PUBMED,EMBASE,Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)以及万方数据库,检索时间从建库到2016年5月31日。两名评价者独立地评价符合标准的随机对照临床研究并提取所需数据。使用Review Manager 5.3对提取到的数据进行分析。结果共计5篇文献纳入本研究,涉及1 957例患者。研究结果表明,经鼻导管高流量吸氧组与传统吸氧组患者拔管后的再插管率(OR=0.52,95%CI=0.21~1.29,P=0.16)及死亡率(OR=1.07,95%CI=0.70~1.63,P=0.75)差异无统计学意义,但经鼻导管高流量吸氧组患者的呼吸衰竭发生风险明显低于传统吸氧组患者(OR=0.48,95%CI=0.24~0.95,P=0.03);并且经鼻导管高流量吸氧组患者具有更好的舒适性。结论研究结果支持在气管插管拔除后的重症患者中使用经鼻导管高流量吸氧策略,但需更多高质量研究验证这一结果。     

Comparison of an oxygen-conserving module "Oxytron" and the reservoir cannula "Oxymizer Pendant" with continuous oxygen administration via nasal prong in hypoxemic patients

High costs involved in administering continuous long-term oxygen therapy to patients with chronic lung diseases and limited portability of oxygen sources stimulated research into and development of oxygen conserving devices. Oxytron (Weinmann, Hamburg) is a new electronic demand oxygen delivery system which limits oxygen flow to the early phase of inspiration. The reservoir cannula Oxymizer Pendant (Chad-Therapeutics Inc.) is a nasal prong system incorporating a pendant reservoir which stores oxygen during expiration and delivers it as a bolus at the onset of inspiration. Ten patients with significant hypoxaemia at rest received oxygen delivered at various breath interval settings with the Oxytron method and at flow rates of 2, 3 and 41/min with the reservoir cannula Oxymizer Pendant and with continuous flow. The results indicate that significantly less oxygen was required to provide equivalent oxygen saturation with Oxytron as compared with steady flow delivery: an oxygen flow reduction of greater than 75% was achieved at all Oxytron settings tested. With the reservoir cannula oxygen saving was most evident at low oxygen flows: 29.3, 19.4 and 4.7% less oxygen was required than with continuous flow at 2, 3 and 41/min. Individual patient acceptance of various drug delivery systems and response to therapy should be considered when prescribing home oxygen therapy. The use of oxygen saving techniques could result in a substantial cost saving and greater mobility may help to improve compliance in patients requiring continuous oxygen therapy.     

ROX指数对新型冠状病毒肺炎患者经鼻高流量湿化氧疗疗效的评估价值

目的:探讨ROX指数在评估新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者经鼻高流量湿化氧疗（high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, HFNC）治疗效果的价值。方法:回顾性分析2020年2月15日至2020年3月15日华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院肿瘤中心重症病区收治的接受HFNC的...     

Arterial oxygen tension and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients

Purpose  

Early hyperoxia may be an independent risk factor for mortality in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We examined the relationship between early arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂) and in-hospital mortality.