2型糖尿病合并血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并血流感染(BSI)的病原学特征,为早期合理用药提供依据。方法回顾性分析2015年1月-2018年12月铜陵市人民医院T2DM合并BSI患者的临床及细菌学血培养资料。结果共158例患者纳入研究。共分离出非重复病原菌160株,其中革兰阴性菌占71.9%(115/160),革兰阳性菌占26.2%(42/160),真菌占1.9%(3/160)。前6位检出菌依次为:大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和β溶血链球菌。原发感染部位为泌尿道者最常见的致病菌为大肠埃希菌。社区获得性感染占55.7%(88/158),医院感染占44.3%(70/158);T2DM合并BSI患者90 d总病死率为15.8%(25/158)。多重耐药菌(MDRO)占30.6%(49/160);医院获得性血流感染(NBSI)患者中检出30株MDRO,科室分布以重症监护病房(ICU)最多。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBL株分别占36.7%(18/49)和30.2%(13/43);未检出碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌;碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)检出率达23.3%(10/43)。MRSA的检出率为33.3%(6/18),金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星敏感率超过70%;对利福平敏感率超过90%。未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺葡萄球菌。结论 T2DM合并BSI患者病死率较高,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌是最常见的病原菌,NBSI中MDRO检出率高。应重视原发感染部位对T2DM合并BSI的影响。     

Characteristics and Outcomes of Polymicrobial Bloodstream Infections in the Emergency Department: A Matched Case–control Study

Objectives: Polymicrobial bloodstream infection (BSI) is a critical condition and has been increasingly reported; however, the authors were unable to find an emergency department (ED) patient‐based study in the literature. Methods: A retrospective matched case–control study with a ratio of 1:3 among patients with polymicrobial BSIs in an ED was conducted. The case group was patients aged > 16 years with polymicrobial BSIs. Patients matched for age and sex with monomicrobial BSIs were sampled as the control group. Demographic information, underlying conditions, microbiologic data, and outcomes were collected for further analysis. Results: From January 2005 to December 2007, a total of 112 episodes of polymicrobial BSIs among 109 patients were included. Two pathogens were isolated among 87 (77.7%) episodes and three were found among 25 (22.3%) episodes. A history of hospitalization within 90 days was an independent risk factor for polymicrobial BSIs (p = 0.003). Intraabdominal infection (p < 0.001) and respiratory tract infection (p = 0.017) were more likely to be associated with polymicrobial BSIs. Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria were documented in 95.5 and 46.4% episodes of polymicrobial BSIs, respectively. Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment was observed in 53.6% of polymicrobial BSIs, but only accounted for 23.8% of monomicrobial BSIs (p < 0.001). The overall 30‐day mortality rate of the polymicrobial group was significantly higher than those with monomicrobial BSIs (30.3 and 11.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with polymicrobial BSIs had a high mortality rate. Acknowledgment of the clinical and microbiologic characteristics and recognition of patients at risk for polymicrobial BSIs are critical in EDs. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1072–1079 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

成人原发性肾病综合征并发医院获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的了解原发性肾病综合征（NS）并发医院获得性肺炎（HAP）的发病率、病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法对2004年6月至2006年12月我院收治的43例原发性肾病综合征合并医院获得性肺炎患者进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出细菌51株,其中革兰阴性菌占72.5%,以肺炎克雷伯杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌最常见;革兰阳性菌占21.6%,主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌;真菌占3.9%;两种细菌感染的占18.6%,其中真菌均与革兰阴性菌混合感染,占混合感染的25%。致病菌对常用抗生素都不同程度地产生了耐药性,对青霉素、氨苄西林的耐药率最高,对亚胺培南、β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂的耐药率较低,未发现万古霉素耐药革兰阳性球菌。结论革兰阴性杆菌为主要致病菌,其次为革兰阳性菌,多为条件致病菌,且细菌耐药性严重。     

Oral ofloxacin therapy of infections due to multiply-resistant bacteria.

We determined the efficacy and safety of orally administered ofloxacin, 400 mg twice daily, in the treatment of infections due to multiply-resistant bacteria. Patients (n = 99) were treated for 84 infections in 82 patients evaluable for efficacy with a bacteriologic response of 71%. Organisms treated included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39), Staphylococcus aureus (11), Serratia marcescens (9), Enterobacter species (7), five each of Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and other organisms. The overall clinical responses was 89%: 28 (90%) of 16 osteomyelitis, 10 (83%) of 12 urinary tract infections, and three of three bacteremias. Insomnia occurred in 27% and responded to dose reduction. Resistance of P. aeruginosa to ofloxacin developed in 15% of isolates. No hepatic, renal, or hematologic toxicity developed in spite of long therapy, 283 days. Ofloxacin was an effective therapy for lower respiratory, urinary, bone, and soft tissue infections due to multiply-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and is effective for selected Staphylococcus aureus infections.     

Antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia: results of an open, non-comparative study

BACKGROUND: Infection is one of the main problems associated with long-term central venous catheters. This study assesses the effectiveness of antibiotic-lock therapy (ALT) for treating catheter-related bacteraemia (CRB). METHODS: CRB was defined as quantitative blood culture counts through any catheter lumen 5-fold greater than concurrent peripheral blood culture, and qualitative blood culture positive for the same microorganism in all samples. Systemic treatment and ALT were started simultaneously using vancomycin (2000 mg/L) for Gram-positive organisms, and ciprofloxacin or amikacin (2000 mg/L) for Gram-negative bacilli. Heparin was added to ALT. Effectiveness was assessed by clinical and microbiological criteria. Cure was defined as negative blood cultures at both sites without catheter removal at 1 month after the completion of therapy. RESULTS: A total of 115 episodes of CRB in 98 patients were analysed. Catheters were used for chemotherapy (50 episodes), haemodialysis (37), total parenteral nutrition (24) and combined chemotherapy and nutrition (4). Median time from catheter placement to CRB onset was 105 days (IQ range 26-210). Aetiologies included Gram-positive organisms [56 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 20 Staphylococcus aureus and 5 other organisms] in 81 episodes (70%), Gram-negative bacilli (11 Escherichia coli, 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 10 other organisms) in 26 (23%) and polymicrobial in 8 (7%). A total of 94 episodes were cured (82%). There were 21 therapeutic failures: 9 S. aureus (1 related death), 9 CoNS, 1 P. aeruginosa, 1 Proteus vulgaris and 1 polymicrobial. Median catheter follow-up in therapeutic success was 168 days (range 7-2740). CONCLUSIONS: ALT combined with systemic antibiotics seems to be effective for treating CRB, especially in Gram-negative and CoNS episodes. S. aureus CRB had an elevated rate of therapeutic failure.     

Bloodstream Infections in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treated With Intravenous Prostanoids: Insights From the REVEAL REGISTRY(®)

ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of and potential risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSIs) using data from the REVEAL (Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [PAH] Disease Management) REGISTRY^®, which provides current information about patients with PAH.Patients and MethodsPatients were enrolled from March 30, 2006, through December 8, 2009, and data on reported BSIs were collected through the third quarter of 2010. Bloodstream infection rates were calculated per 1000 patient-days of risk.ResultsOf 3518 patients enrolled, 1146 patients received intravenous (IV) prostanoid therapy for more than 1 day (no BSI, n=1023; ≥1 BSI, n=123; total BSI episodes, n=166). Bloodstream infections rates were significantly increased in patients receiving IV treprostinil vs IV epoprostenol (0.36 vs 0.12 per 1000 treatment days; P<.001), primarily due to gram-negative organisms (0.20 vs 0.03 per 1000 treatment days; P<.001). Multivariate analysis adjusting for age, causes of PAH, and year of BSI found that treatment with IV treprostinil was associated with a 3.08-fold increase (95% confidence interval, 2.05-4.62; P<.001) in BSIs of any type and a 6.86-fold increase (95% confidence interval, 3.60-13.07; P<.001) in gram-negative BSIs compared with treatment with IV epoprostenol.ConclusionCompared with IV epoprostenol therapy, treatment with IV treprostinil is associated with a significantly higher rate of gram-negative BSIs; observed differences in BSI rate did not seem to be due to any other analyzed factors.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00370214     

儿童血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 回顾性分析该院2010年1月至2011年12月儿童血培养病原菌分布和耐药性特点,为该院儿童血流感染抗菌药物使用提供依据.方法 血培养采用BACTEC自动化血培养仪,菌株鉴定使用VITEK-32细菌鉴定系统或API鉴定系统.结果 2 134例血培养标本中共分离210株细菌,其中革兰阳性菌株157株(占74.76%),革兰阴性菌株53株(占25.24%).耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌占金黄色葡萄球菌56.12%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌79.07%,未检出耐万古霉素、替考拉宁革兰阳性球菌;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶分别占55.56%、46.15%,未检出耐碳青霉烯革兰阴性细菌.结论 该院儿童血培养主要病原菌为革兰阳性菌,且耐药株比例较高,重视抗菌药物的合理使用刻不容缓.     

老年高龄COPD患者急性发作期的细菌感染的特点

目的：提高对老年高龄慢性阻塞性肺部疾病（COPD）患者急性发作期细菌感染特点的认识。方法：对我科近4年的142例80岁以上急性发作期COPD住院患者的临床资料和呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养结果进行回顾性分析。结果：142例患者中，检出细菌159株，其中革兰阳性菌占22.0%(金黄色葡萄球菌为主），敏感的药物主要是万古霉素，复方新诺明，利福平；革兰阴性菌占65.4%(以肺炎杆菌，铜绿假单胞菌，硝酸盐阴性杆菌为主），敏感的药物主要是阿米卡星，头孢他啶，亚胺培南；抗酸杆菌占12.6%。142例患者中，单纯COPD占36.6%。同时有两种或两种以上并发症或合并症占70.4%。且后者更容易发生革兰阴性菌感染。结论：80岁以上的COPD急必发作期患者，呼吸道感染以革兰阴性细菌为主，有合并症患者的比例更高，抗酸杆菌的发现率高达12.6%。     

A retrospective evaluation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction test directly applied to blood for the management of sepsis in the critically ill

Background Blood culture (BC) is the established gold standard for microbiological diagnosis of bloodstream infection (BSI); however, its sensitivity is poor. Objectives The primary objective was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Magicplex Sepsis Real-time Test, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction test (mPCR), and BC to detect BSIs. Secondary outcomes included determining the prevalence of BSIs. Methods A retrospective review of a technical evaluation of the mPCR. Patients requiring BC had a blood sample collected for mPCR Results The respective sensitivity and specificity of mPCR for the detection of BSI were 50% (n=7/14) and 58% (n=18/31), while the sensitivity and specificity using BC were 36% (n=5/14) and 68% (n=21/31), respectively. The addition of mPCR to BC increased BSI detection during sepsis from 36% to 64%. Conclusion The use of mPCR directly applied to blood may increase the detection of micro-organisms associated with BSIs in critically ill patients requiring BC investigation. Contributions of the study Our data add to a growing body of evidence indicating that mPCR applied directly to blood prior to incubation increases the detection of pathogenic bacteria among hospitalised patients for whom blood cultures are performed for suspected infection. Our study was performed in a low-to-middle income country with a higher sepsis prevalence, a greater burden of multidrug-resistant organisms and clinically defined sepsis. This strengthens the robustness and generalisability of this body of evidence.     

Efficacy and safety of low dose aztreonam in the treatment of moderate to severe gram-negative bacterial infections

One hundred and fifty-three patients with moderate to severe infections due to Gram-negative bacteria, including septicaemia (60 cases), lower respiratory tract infection (32 cases), intra-abdominal infection (40 cases) and urinary tract infection (21 cases), were treated with aztreonam 1 g every 12 h. This dosage is lower than usual. Criteria for inclusion included documented Gram-negative bacterial infections, and assessment of the severity of the disease by a scoring system for both community and hospital acquired infections. No other antibiotic active against Gram-negative bacteria was allowed. In 71 patients, in whom Gram-positive or anaerobic organisms were detected or suspected, additional agents effective against these organisms were administered. One hundred and forty-one patients (92.2%) were cured with a mean duration of treatment of 10.9 +/- 4.0 days. None of the Gram-negative bacteria initially isolated became resistant to aztreonam. Colonization, generally by a Gram-positive organism, was observed in 27 patients and superinfection in five. Aztreonam was well tolerated. This study suggests that a daily dosage of 2 g of aztreonam should be sufficient in the treatment of moderate to severe Gram-negative bacillary infections due to sensitive organisms.     

Inflammation at the insertion site is not predictive of catheter-related bloodstream infection with short-term,noncuffed central venous catheters

BACKGROUND: Noncuffed, percutaneously inserted central venous catheters (CVCs) are widely used and cause at least 250,000 bloodstream infections (BSIs) in U.S. hospitals each year. We report a prospective study to determine whether inflammation at the insertion site is predictive of CVC-related BSI. METHODS: Percutaneously inserted, noncuffed CVCs inserted into the subclavian, internal jugular, or femoral vein in two randomized trials during 1998-2000 were prospectively studied; most patients were in an intensive care unit. The condition of the insertion site was evaluated daily by research nurses, quantifying pain (0, 1), erythema (0-2), swelling (0, 1), and purulence (0, 1); the lowest possible overall inflammation score was 0 and the highest was 5. CVC-related BSI was confirmed in each case by demonstrating concordance between isolates from the catheter segment and from blood cultures by restriction-fragment DNA subtyping. RESULTS: Among 1,263 CVCs prospectively studied, 333 (26.3%) were colonized at removal; of these, 35 catheters (2.7%) caused BSIs (5.9 per 1000 CVC days). BSIs were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 27), enterococci (n = 4), enteric Gram-negative bacilli (n = 3), or (n = 1). Most insertion sites showed little or no inflammation at the time of removal. There were no significant differences among mean scores for each inflammatory variable examined or overall score among colonized CVCs (0.1 +/- 0.1), catheters causing CVC-related BSI (0.2 +/- 0.4), and noncolonized CVCs (0.1 +/- 0.1). The sensitivity of local inflammation for diagnosis of CVC-related BSI was dismal (0-3%). CONCLUSION: Local inflammation is uncommon with infected CVCs, probably because most catheter-associated infections are currently caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, a pathogen that incites little local or systemic inflammation. Whereas overt inflammation of the insertion site should raise suspicion of CVC-related BSI caused by or Gram-negative bacilli, especially if the patient has fever or other signs of sepsis, in general, site appearance cannot be relied on to identify catheter colonization or CVC-related BSI.     

新建综合性监护病房医院感染特点及病原菌耐药分析

目的 了解新建综合监护病房(ICU)医院感染特点及病原学耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,分析我院综合ICU成立1年来收治且纳入研究的142例患者的医院感染情况并与同期我院收治的其他住院患者相比较.结果 142例中共22例31例次发生医院感染,ICU医院感染率为15.49%,例次感染率21.83%;同期我院共收治住院患者15 978例,其中324例413例次发生医院感染,医院感染率为2.03%,按例次计为2.58%.ICU与全院医院感染率相比,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).ICU感染好发部位主要为下呼吸道感染,占70.96%;病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(65.12%),其次为革兰阳性球菌(23.26%)及真菌(11.63%);最常见病原菌为大肠埃希菌(32.56%)及金黄色葡萄球菌(11.63%);革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦均高度敏感;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁100%敏感.结论 新建ICU医院感染病原菌在构成、分布及耐药性等方面与国内研究结果基本一致;革兰阴性菌为其主要病原菌,大肠埃希菌占医院感染的第一位.     

下呼吸道感染病原菌分离谱和细菌耐药性的变迁

目的:了解下呼吸道感染临床分离菌谱及其耐药性的变化趋势。方法:临床分离菌株经API系统鉴定分类,然后采用NCCLs琼脂二倍稀释法行药敏检测。采用WHONET5.3.SPSS12.0软件进行数据分析。结果:1995、1998年G-杆菌分别占当年总菌株数的73.9%和50.6%.2004年G+球菌占总菌株数的47%,经统计学比较发现G杆菌、G+球菌的构成比变化有显著差异(P<0.005),(G+球菌的感染率有升高。统计发现,G-杆菌以铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,两者对亚胺培南敏感率无变化(P<0.05);G+球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌属、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,3者对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感率无变化,对苯唑西林耐药性增加(P<0.05)。2004年耐甲氧西林金葡菌的检出率为75%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的分离率呈增高趋势。结论:本组资料对下呼吸道细菌性感染的治疗和抗菌药物的选择有参考价值。应重视下呼吸道感染病原菌的变化及耐药性监测,抗菌药物的选择应在体外细菌药敏试验指导下进行。     

Comparative in vitro activities of ertapenem against aerobic and facultative bacterial pathogens from patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections

This study compared the in vitro activities of ertapenem (Merck & Co., Inc.), ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and piperacillin-tazobactam against 518 aerobic and facultative bacterial pathogens isolated from 340 patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections. Ciprofloxacin was also tested against Gram-negative isolates. Gram-positive cocci accounted for 68.1% of the aerobic bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (45.6%). The ertapenem MIC was < or = 2 microg/ml for 80.9% of isolates and > or = 8 microg/ml for 16.2% (including isolates of enterococci, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other nonfermentative Gram-negative bacteria). Against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, ertapenem had the most potent activity. Ertapenem was the most active drug against Enterobacteriaceae (100% susceptible), whereas amoxicillin-clavulanate was least active (66% susceptible). Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active drug against P. aeruginosa (100% susceptible), followed by ciprofloxacin (87% susceptible). In summary, ertapenem was highly active in vitro against many aerobic and facultative bacterial pathogens commonly recovered from patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections.     

骨科伤口感染的病原学及药敏分析

目的研究引起骨科伤口感染的常见病原体种类及对其敏感的药物。方法对我院2004年1月～2005年12月骨科伤口分泌物、脓液、穿刺液中分离出的阳性标本中的病原体种类及药敏试验进行综合分析。结果91例阳性标本中,共分离出27种93株病原菌。其中革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌45株,占48．4％;革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌46株,占49．4％;G^＋杆菌2株,占2．2％。感染率较高的病原菌为：金黄色葡萄球菌（15．0％）、表皮葡萄球菌（10．7％）、鲍曼不动杆菌（10．7％）、大肠杆菌（9．7％）。药敏结果显示：所选的药物中,对G^＋球菌敏感性较高的药物有万古霉素（82．2％）、利福平（60％）、复方新诺明（53．3％）、四环素（51．1％）。对G^-杆菌敏感性较高的药物只有亚胺硫霉素达到80．4％,其余均低于50％。结论在我院引起骨科伤口感染的病原菌中,G^＋球菌与G^-杆菌感染率相当,细菌种类繁多,以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠杆菌感染率较高。细菌耐药严重,可选用的抗生素已越来越少。因此,临床应根据细菌培养及药敏试验,合理使用抗生素,以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

Exit-site infection during continuous and cycling peritoneal dialysis in children

A 10-year retrospective review of pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis showed that 50 of 83 had 132 episodes of exit-site infection (ESI). Thirty-nine episodes were purulent. The most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis was also common, usually occurring in purulent infections. Gram-negative organisms were responsible for 23 ESIs, with Pseudomonas species being the most common. Age, sex, concomitant primary disease type, length of training, dressing techniques, quality of daily dialysis technique, use of diapers, and pyelostomies did not affect the incidence of ESI. However, 40% of children with a skin infection from other sites had associated peritoneal catheter ESI. Thirty-eight episodes of ESI in 28 patients resulted in peritonitis; the main organisms involved were Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. Catheters were replaced in 13 patients with peritonitis, but there was no difference in the incidence of ESI before and after catheter replacement.     

Efficacy of ertapenem in the treatment of early ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in an intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent complication of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Ertapenem is a newer carbapenem with good in vitro activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms. However, there are no clinical data to support the use of ertapenem in VAP. Our purpose is to evaluate the usefulness and safety of ertapenem in the treatment of VAP caused by susceptible ESBL strains. METHODS: Ertapenem 1 g daily intravenously was given to adult patients with signs and symptoms of VAP beginning within 7 days of mechanical ventilation and caused by ESBL-producing Gram-negative organisms. RESULTS: From June 2005 to June 2006, we enrolled 20 adult patients hospitalized in an ICU and diagnosed with VAP due to Gram-negative ESBL strains. Causative organisms identified as ESBL producers susceptible to ertapenem were Klebsiella pneumoniae (alone in 10 cases and with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 4 cases), Enterobacter cloacae (2), Proteus mirabilis (2) and Citrobacter freundii (2). Clinical success was achieved in 16/20 (80%) of the clinically evaluable patients and in 15/20 (75%) of the microbiologically evaluable patients. The drug was well-tolerated; one patient presented a transient increase in liver enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: We believe this is one of the first reports to demonstrate that ertapenem has clinical utility in treating serious infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms. Ertapenem appears to be suitable for ESBL VAP therapy. This pilot study suggests subsequent controlled randomized trials in this indication.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic management of nosocomial pneumonia in surgical patients: results of the Eole study

OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic features of nosocomial pneumonias in surgical patients. DESIGN: Prospective (October 1997 through May 1998), consecutive case series analysis of patients suspected of having pneumonia during the fortnight after a surgical procedure or trauma and receiving antibiotic therapy prescribed by the attending physician for this diagnosis. SETTING: A total of 230 study centers in teaching (n = 66) and nonteaching hospitals (n = 164) (surgical wards and intensive care units). PATIENTS: A total of 837 evaluable patients (mean age 61 +/- 18 yrs) including 629 intensive care unit patients. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The diagnostic and therapeutic procedures followed were based on guidelines. Antibiotics and any changes of therapy and duration of treatment were decided by the attending physician. The charts were reviewed by a panel of experts that classified the cases according to clinical, radiologic, and microbiological criteria (when available). The efficacy of treatment was evaluated over a 30-day period following the index episode. The patients were classified into three groups: definite pneumonia (n = 261), possible pneumonia (n = 392), or low-probability pneumonia (n = 184). Ventilator-acquired pneumonia was reported in 303 patients. Early onset pneumonia was reported in 512 cases. Microbiological sampling was performed in 718 patients, by bronchoscopy in 367 cases, recovering 450 organisms in 328 patients, including 94 polymicrobial specimens. High proportions of Gram-negative bacteria and staphylococci were cultured, even in early onset pneumonias. Antibiotic therapy was administered for 13 +/- 4 days, using monotherapy in 254 cases. Changes in the initial antibiotic therapy (135 monotherapies) were decided in 517 patients (including clinical failure or persistent infection, n = 171; organisms resistant to initial therapy, n = 177; pulmonary superinfection, n = 68). Death occurred in 180 patients, related to pneumonia in 53 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial pneumonias in surgical patients are characterized by high frequency of early onset pneumonia, high proportion of nosocomial organisms even in these early onset pneumonias, and moderate mortality rate.     

恶性血液病患者继发感染病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的分析恶性血液病患者继发感染病原菌分布及耐药状况,为临床经验治疗和院感防控提供依据。方法采用whonet 5.6软件对2014年4月—2018年3月分离自150例恶性血液病继发感染住院患者的268株病原菌进行菌株分布、样本来源和抗菌药物耐药性分析。结果268株病原菌中,有221株(82.5%)分离自呼吸道样本,19株(7.1%)分离自血液样本。最常见的病原菌类型是革兰阴性菌(41%),其中嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌占7.8%、大肠埃希菌占6.7%、肺炎克雷伯菌占6.0%;其次为真菌(40%);革兰阳性菌仅占19%。革兰阴性菌耐药情况较严重,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松和氨曲南的耐药率较高,对碳青霉烯类、酶抑制剂复合制剂有较好的敏感性;葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属对喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率较高,对糖肽类和噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物较敏感。恶性血液病粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者革兰阴性菌分离率较高,且分离自粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者的肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对受试的大部分抗菌药物的耐药率均高于非粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者分离株。结论恶性血液病继发感染患者病原学分布和耐药状况有其自身特点,建议对分离自血液病患者的病原菌进行耐药性监测,根据监测结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

2000～2001年ICU病原菌监测及耐药分析

目的:了解ICU患者的感染菌株分布和对常用抗生素的耐药性。方法:对2000年7月至2001年6月本院ICU所有分离的感染菌株及耐药性的回顾性分析。结果:223株病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主(115株)占51.57%,真菌(63株)占28.25%,革兰氏阳性菌(45株)占20.18%。革兰氏阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种(39/115株,33.91%)为主,革兰氏阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(21/45株,46.67%)为主,真菌以白假丝酵母菌(43/63株,68.25%)为主。革兰氏阴性菌对亚胺培南耐药率最低(27.83%),万古霉素对革兰氏阳性菌敏感率为84.44%,两性霉素B对真菌敏感率为69.84%。结论:明确ICU的菌株变迁和细菌耐药率的升高,有利于合理选择敏感抗生素。