接触邻苯二甲酸酯对女工生殖系统的影响

目的探讨邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)暴露对女工生殖系统的影响及其影响因素分析。方法采用整群抽样法选取某地区在PAEs职业环境(塑料作业)中作业的女工300名作为接触组,另选非PAEs职业环境作业女工300名作为对照组。调查一般资料、生殖健康状况。结果接触组月经异常率、妊娠并发症发生率、不良妊娠结局、不良新生儿结局、生殖系统疾病发生率明显高于对照组(P0.05),且logistic回归分析显示,作业接触PAEs与月经异常密切相关(P0.05)。结论女工PAEs职业暴露可导致月经异常,与部分妊娠并发症、不良妊娠结局及生殖内分泌疾病有关。     

苯及同系物对女工生殖机能和脂质过氧化的影响

用职业流行病学方法对 30 7例苯及同系物作业女工及 117例非苯作业女工进行了生殖机能 (月经异常 ,不良妊娠结局 )调查 ,并对部分对象进行了反映机体自由基代谢状态的指标超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性和过氧化脂质 (LPO)含量测定。结果表明苯及同系物作业可导致女工月经改变和不良妊娠结局 ,并且苯及同系物作业女工血清SOD活性和LPO含量显著高于对照组。     

石油化工生产女工生殖机能的调查研究

为探讨石油化工生产中的有毒物质能否对女工生殖机能造成损伤，对某大型石油化工企业七个生产厂的２２５７名女工进行了月经及妊娠经过和妊娠结局的调查。结果表明：未婚女工月经经量异常及痛经患病率显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。已婚女工月经异常在各组间未见显著性差异。妊娠经过和妊娠结局的各项指标在接触和对照组间未见显著性差异。车间空气中绝大多数毒物年平均浓度未超过国家卫生标准，只有少数毒物浓度超标，但毒物浓度波动较大。该种作业环境尚未对女工造成明显的生殖损伤     

苯系物对女性生殖机能及子代发育影响的流行病学调查

选择苯系物作业工龄一年以上的女工３２４８名为观察对象，另选不接触有毒作业女工７２４７名为对照组。对两组女工的生殖机能（月经、妊娠经过和妊娠结局）及子代发育状况进行了对比分析。在作业车间空气中年平均浓度苯、甲苯超标，二甲苯不超标的作业条件下，接触组女工的月经异常率、痛经患病率及妊娠恶组、先兆流产、自然流产、妊娠贫血、早产、死胎死产、过期产的发生率均明显高于对照组，有非常显著差异（Ｐ〈０．００５）。接     

丙烯腈的生殖毒性作用研究

为了解丙烯腈对职业暴露人群生殖机能的影响 ,探讨其生殖毒性作用的机理 ,对接触丙烯腈职业人群进行回顾性问卷调查及查阅异常分娩病案记录 ,填写专用表格 ,进行统计分析。结果显示 ,与对照组比较 :接触组女工月经机能表现异常 ;异常生殖结局发生率明显增高 ;接触组男工的妻子生殖机能有异常趋势。提示丙烯腈影响作业女工的月经机能和生殖机能 ;对作业男工妻子的生殖功能也有一定影响趋势     

三硝基甲苯对女工生殖机能及子代影响的调查

本文通过对接角三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）作业女工２５３名与无毒作业女工２５１名的生殖机能状况调查对比分析表明，接触ＴＮＴ作业女工的月经异常，妊娠恶阻，妊娠贫血，自然流产，新生儿死亡，出生体重低及母乳不足发生率，均明显高于对照组，差异均有显著性。调查结果表明，ＴＮＴ对作业女工的生殖机能及子代均有不良影响，并提出对接触ＴＮＴ作业女工的劳动保护措施。     

苯系物对女工生育机能的影响

对接触苯系物女工684人及对照女工613人的生育机能情况进行了调查分析,结果表明,接触苯系物女工月经异常发生率高于对照组,其特点表现为月经过多综合症.接触组女工妊娠恶阻发生率明显高于对照组,妊高症、妊娠贫血发生率高于对照组,自然流产发生率显著高于对照组,早产发生率亦高于对照组.低体重儿、一岁内易感者发生率显著高于对照组.提示苯系物对女工月经功能、生殖机能及子代有不良影响.     

苯系物对女工生育机能的影响

牟接触苯系物女工６８４人及对照女工６１３人的生育机能情况进行了调查分析，结果表明，接触苯系物女工月经异常发生率高于对照组，其特点表现为月经过多综合症。接触组女工妊娠恶阻发生率明显高于对照组，妊高平、妊娠贫血发生率高于对照组，自然流产发生率显著高于对照组，早产发生率亦高于对照组，低体重儿、一岁内易感者发生率显著高于对照组，提示苯系物对女工月经功能、生殖机能及子代有不良影响。     

有机磷农药对作业女工月经影响的调查

目的　了解有机磷农药对作业女工月经影响情况 ,为女工卫生保健及劳动保护措施提供科学依据。方法　应用流行病学回顾性调查某农药厂有机磷农药作业女工月经状况。结果　作业女工月经有异常改变 ,且发生率显著高于对照组。其中以月经周期异常发生率占首位 ,痛经次之。月经先兆症状中乳房胀痛、烦躁不安、腰酸腰痛、嗜睡、乏力的发生率显著高于对照组 ,但与作业工龄之间无关。结论　有机磷农药对作业女工月经有一定的影响。     

苯对女工生殖机能的影响

苯对女工生殖机能的影响许昌市卫生防疫站邢素彩，陈庚辰，张霞河南省职业病防治所段晓燕许昌鞋厂李天堂，李丽英对接苯工龄半年以上的８０名女工生殖机能（月经、妊娠经过和妊娠结局）进行了研究，发现苯作业女工的月经紊乱，痛经的发生率均明显高于对照组，差异有显著意...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.