Study of straight metatarsal osteotomy for the treatment of plantar callosities

BACKROUND AND AIMS: To evaluate the outcome of transverse distal metatarsal osteotomies for intractable plantar callosity without hammer toe deformity and associated toe corns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five plantar callosities were treated in 19 feet of 13 patients (mean age 48 years, 5 male, 8 female) with transverse distal metatarsal osteotomy. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the osteotomies united primarily, one after revision. After a 7-year follow-up, 23 of the callosities had healed, two of them after an oblique reosteotomy. Eight hammer toe deformities had developed in the involved rays of four feet. Eight plantar callosities had developed outside the operated rays in five feet. Hallux valgus was a frequent finding in both operated and non-operated feet. CONCLUSION: It seems that transverse distal metatarsal osteotomy is an effective treatment of intractable plantar callosities. Harmful hammer toe deformities and transfer lesions below adjacent metatarsal heads tend to develop over time.     

Long-term results of the modified Hoffman procedure in the rheumatoid forefoot

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the forefoot, causing metatarsalgia, hallux valgus, and deformities of the lesser toes. Various types of surgical correction have been described, including resection of the lesser-toe metatarsal heads coupled with arthrodesis of the great toe, resection arthroplasty of the proximal phalanx or metatarsal head, and metatarsal osteotomy. We report the results at an average of five and a half years following thirty-seven consecutive forefoot arthroplasties performed in twenty patients by one surgeon using a technique involving resection of all five metatarsal heads. METHODS: All patients were treated with the same technique of resection of all five metatarsal heads through three dorsal incisions. All surviving patients were asked to return for follow-up, which included subjective assessment (with use of visual analogue pain scores, AOFAS [American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society] foot scores, and SF-12 [Short Form-12] mental and physical disability scores), physical examination, and radiographic evaluation. RESULTS: All results were satisfactory to excellent in the short term (six weeks postoperatively), and no patient sought additional surgical treatment for the feet. A superficial infection subsequently developed in two feet, and two feet had delayed wound-healing. At an average of 64.9 months postoperatively, the average AOFAS forefoot score was 64.5 points and the average hallux valgus angle was 22.3 degrees . There were no reoperations. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of all five metatarsal heads in patients with metatarsalgia and hallux valgus associated with rheumatoid arthritis can be a safe procedure that provides reasonable, if rarely complete, relief of symptoms.     

Keller手术治疗外翻疗效分析

目的 观察Keller手术治疗(足母)外翻疗效。方法 对我院1978年1月-1995年12月间因(足母)外翻住院并行了Keller矫形术的病人进行随访,共随访到70例(118足)有效病人。术后时间为5～24年,平均9年,对(足母)趾及前足部症状改善,畸形矫正程度,足趾功能及术后各种并发症进行统计和分析,同时通过负重足印观察比较Keller矫形术对前足负重点的影响。结果Keller手术后病人(足母)趾及前足症状改善,(足母)外翻及叠趾畸形、矫正满意者98足,手术优良率为83％。并发症主要为(足母)趾麻木,(足母)外翻复发或未矫正,(足母)内翻,(足母)抓地力量弱,第二趾屈曲挛缩等,部分病人需要再次手术。结论 Keller手术通过(足母)跖近节趾骨截骨及(足母)跖趾关节成形,以达到(足母)外翻矫正的目的。对年龄较大、(足母)外翻严重,或同时合并(足母)跖趾关节骨关节炎的患者是一个较好的治疗方法。近节趾骨截骨是手术成功的关键。     

Symptomatic talonavicular coalition.

Talonavicular coalition is reported as an asymptomatic congenital anomaly of the foot that is noticed incidentally on radiographs of the foot, and is often associated with symphalangism, clinodactyly, ball-and-socket ankle joint, a great toe that is shorter than the second toe, and an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. We describe here three patients with five involved feet. All three patients had chronic foot pain not secondary to trauma, and all five feet required treatment to alleviate the pain.     

Great toe metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis for hallux valgus deformity in ambulatory adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy

Background  Hallux valgus deformity is a common sequel of spastic cerebral palsy. Methods  Twenty ambulatory patients (24 feet) suffering hallux valgus deformity, with painful forefoot and restricted footwear, secondary to spastic cerebral palsy acquired perinatally, were treated with great toe metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis using percutaneous K-wires for fixation. The mean age at the time of surgery was 16.2 years (range 14–18 years). They were retrospectively evaluated for the results after arthrodesis at a mean interval of 3 years and 4 months (range 3–4 years) by physical examination and radiographs. Results  All patients had a stable painless aligned great toe, with <10° valgus, <20° dorsiflexion and neutral rotation after arthrodesis, evidenced by improvement in pain, cosmesis, functional activity, footwear, callosities and hygiene, as well as by significant improvement in the measures of the MTP and the intermetatarsal angles (IMA) by postoperative radiographs. Neither non-union (pseudoarthrosis) nor recurrence of the deformity developed. Complications included superficial wound slough in a single case. Using the modified American Orthopaedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hallux Metatarsophalangeal–Interphalangeal Scale, 18 feet (75%) were classified as excellent and six feet (25%) as good. Neither fair nor poor cases were recorded. Conclusion  Hallux valgus deformity in adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy is best treated by great toe MTP arthrodesis to improve segmental foot malalignment and dynamic foot deviation.     

Keller手术治疗拇外翻疗效分析

目的观察Keller手术治疗     

Surgical Repair of Complete Plantar Fascia Ruptures in High-Demand Power Athletes: An Alternative Treatment Option

Surgical repair of complete plantar fascia ruptures has not yet been reported in the literature. Operative technique and outcome are described in 2 gymnasts with heavy plyometric demands who received surgical repair compared with 3 athletes treated nonoperatively. Biomechanics and clinical implications are discussed. In the last 8 years, we have seen 5 high-demand athletes with total rupture of the plantar fascia. This is a retrospective clinical evaluation 1.5 to 8 years postinjury of all 5 patients using dynamic ultrasound, Foot Function Index, sports-specific questions, Foot Posture Index, and foot length. The operated gymnasts returned to the same level of performance within 12 months. None of the conservatively treated athletes returned to preinjury plyometric sports levels but reached a foot load capacity of distance running with the injured foot as limiting factor. Ultrasound with simultaneous dorsiflexion of the toes showed a normal fascia in the operated patients, but a slack fascia that tightened up only at terminal toe dorsiflexion in the conservatively treated group. According to the Foot Function Index, the operated patients reported no complaints, whereas the nonoperative group had clinical relevant impairments in activities of daily life. The Foot Posture Index in all nonoperated patients showed a relative shift toward pronation with increased foot length compared with the noninjured foot. The operated patients showed no difference in foot length but minimal shift into supination with a slightly altered arch contour. Surgical repair of plantar fascia ruptures is technically feasible to restore normal foot load capability with return to high-demand plyometric sports within 12 months.     

组合性手术治疗脊柱裂后遗踝足畸形

目的:探讨脊柱裂后遗踝足畸形的外科治疗策略以及不同踝足的畸形手术组合方法及其疗效。方法:回顾性分析1990年1月至2009年7月收治的107例脊柱裂后遗踝足部畸形患者的病例资料。其中男44例,女63例;年龄1.3～52岁,平均17.7岁;双踝足畸形58例,单侧49例(左侧22例,右侧27例)。马蹄足畸形类99足,行跟腱延长及肌腱移位术;跟行足畸形类25足,行踝前肌腱松解及肌腱移位术;内外翻足畸形类17足,行肌腱移位及跟骨截骨术;连枷足畸形15足,行跟距关节融合及跟腱短缩术;爪形趾畸形9足,行趾间关节融合或Ilizarov技术牵拉矫正。采用AOFAS综合评分系统从主观疼痛感觉、客观功能检查等方面评定疗效。结果:107例中79例127足获得随访,时间48～180个月,平均64个月。根据AOFAS综合评分系统,结果优89足,良26足,中9足,差3足。结论:脊柱裂踝足畸形外科治疗策略包括矫正畸形、平衡肌力、稳定关节和保留足的弹性4个基本原则。针对不同类型足畸形,采用相应的组合性手术方案进行治疗,不但可以有效的矫正畸形,而且能改善患者的行走功能,获得满意的疗效。     

Split tibialis posterior tendon transfer for correction of spastic equinovarus hindfoot deformity

Equinovarus hindfoot deformity is one of the most common deformities in children with spastic paralysis ; it is usually secondary to cerebral palsy. Split tibialis posterior tendon transfer is performed to balance the flexible spastic varus foot and is preferable to tibialis posterior lengthening, as the muscle does not loose its power and therefore the possibility of a valgus or calcaneovalgus deformity is diminished. We retrospectively evaluated 33 consecutive ambulant patients (38 feet) with flexible spastic varus hindfoot deformity. Twenty-eight presented unilateral and five bilateral involvement. The mean age at operation was 10.8 yrs (range 6-17) and the mean follow-up was 10; yrs (4-14). There were 20 hemiplegic feet, 11 diplegic and 7 quadriplegic. Eighteen feet also presented an equinus position of the hindfoot, requiring Achilles tendon lengthening. The surgical technique applied was similar to the one described by Green et al, with four skin incisions, two on either side of the foot and ankle. The evaluation of the results was carried out using Kling and Kaufer's clinical criteria. Results were graded excellent or good for 34 out of 38 feet (89.5%). Twenty feet were graded excellent, indicating that the children managed to walk with a plantigrade foot without fixed or postural deformity and did not have callosities. Fourteen feet were graded good in children who walked with less than 50,varus, valgus or equinus of the hindfoot and had no callosities. Four were graded poor, with recurrent equinovarus deformity. The feet with poor results presented a residual varus deformity due to intraoperative technical errors.     

Failure of hallux MP preservation surgery for rheumatoid arthritis

Eight patients underwent surgery on 15 feet for rheumatoid forefoot problems. Thirteen of the 15 feet that were operated upon had an attempt to preserve the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint while resectional arthroplasty was performed on the lesser MP joints. All of the 13 feet that had the MP joint preserved had a well-preserved joint space preoperatively and no active signs of inflammation at the time of this procedure. Eight feet underwent a distal Chevron osteotomy to realign the great toe, two feet underwent an IP fusion as only the IP joint had evidence of erosive changes, and one foot underwent a combination of a Chevron osteotomy and a proximal phalangeal osteotomy (Akin procedure). Two patients had no surgery on their first ray as it was well aligned with no evidence of erosive changes. Of the 13 feet that did not have a fusion performed, 11 had development of a valgus deformity or inflammatory erosions. The average time to failure was 24 months (range, six to 36 months). The Chevron/Akin procedure remained successful at 18 months and one of the IP fusions was successful at six years after surgery. Although patients with rheumatoid forefoot disease may on occasion have a well-preserved hallux MP joint with minimal or no deformity and no active inflammation, with severe lesser toe involvement, most of these patients will fail a surgical procedure which does not involve fusion of the hallux MP joint.     

Diagnosis of flexible flatfoot in children: a systematic clinical approach

The goal of this study was to provide measures of symptoms and signs in a consecutive case series of children with flexible flatfoot based on a systematic clinical approach. Fifty-three children (age range, 10-14 years) previously diagnosed with flexible flatfoot were evaluated by a structured interview and clinical assessment. Most patients had foot symptoms (65.3% of feet) and functional limitation (68.3%). Symptoms included a sensation of discomfort (11.3%), such as early tiredness or difficulties during prolonged standing or walking, and pain (54%), mostly located in the plantar aspect of the foot (28.7%) and the medial hindfoot (18.8%). Body mass index was positively correlated to the presence of symptoms and their severity. Even if an enlarged footprint was present in 93.1% of feet, objective assessment evidenced the presence of heel valgus only in 83% of feet. Forefoot adduction was present in 22% of feet. Jack's test provided varus correction in only 54% of feet. Internal knee rotation was the most common associated disalignment, present in 43.6% of limbs. Symptoms were significantly correlated to knee alignment, and functional limitation was correlated to heel valgus. Standing balance on 1 leg was significantly correlated to footprint grading severity. A systematic clinical approach to assess children with flexible flatfoot should always be recommended for the correct diagnosis and the associated treatment management based on symptoms, functional limitation, and foot dysfunction. Functional assessment by specific tests should be included in the examination, as evidence exists that morphology and function are not necessarily related.     

Forefoot reconstruction: Effectiveness of Stainsby operation in treating disclocated lesser toes

BackgroundDeformity of the forefoot is a common disabling problem especially in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The most common deformities are hallux valgus and dorsally dislocated clawed lesser toes.ObjectiveThis paper assesses results of forefoot reconstruction with emphasis on the effectiveness of Stainsby's procedure in treating severely clawed lesser toes with irreducible dislocation at the metatarsophalangeal joint. The purpose of this procedure is to remove the deforming forces causing depression of the metatarsal head, and restore the dorsally displaced plantar plate of the MTP joint and the related part of the plantar fat pad to their correct position beneath the metatarsal head.MethodSeventy-four patients were operated on between 1998 and 2003. Sixty-nine patients (94 feet) were available for review at an average of 32 months (range 10–67) post surgery. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Scores (AOFAS) were measured and footprints were obtained. Patients were asked about overall satisfaction and whether they would recommend the operation to a family member.ResultsEighty-nine of the 94 feet (95%) had severe or moderate pain preoperatively under the dislocated metatarsal head; only 19 (20%) had significant pain at review. Tender plantar callosities were reduced from 76 feet preoperatively (81%) to 31 feet (33%) at review, these were mainly under un-operated metatarsal heads. Footprints showed a normal loading under 63% of operated metatarsal heads. AOFAS scores were increased from a mean of 19 preoperatively to 52 at review. Residual valgus of the big toe of more than 25° persisted in 33 feet (35%). Corrective osteotomy of 44 first metatarsals resulted in significant residual valgus in 16 feet (36%).ConclusionsStainsby operation was effective in relieving pain and skin callosities from under dislocated lesser metatarsal heads, and in reducing shoe problems, but the osteotomy performed by the authors was unreliable in correcting valgus of the big toe.     

Hallux Valgus With Second Brachymetatarsia Discovered Accidentally: A Case Report

Hallux valgus deformity is one of the most common foot and ankle diseases, while brachymetatarsia is a rare foot anomaly with pathological shortening of a metatarsal bone. We present a case of hallux valgus deformity possibly due to second brachymetatarsia. As the hallux valgus was associated with dorsal dislocation of the second toe that made it difficult to evaluate the length of the second toe, the patient was unaware of the second metatarsal shortening until the lengths of the toes compared by manual reposition of the second MTP joint. In this case, proximal osteotomy of the first metatarsal on the hallux valgus and single-stage bone lengthening of the second metatarsal with iliac bone grafting on the second brachymetatarsia were performed. One year after the operation, the callosity of the third toe resolved and the clinical scores were improved. In the case of a hallux valgus deformity with second dorsal dislocation of the toes, surgeons should consider that there are rare cases with second metatarsal shortening. When hallux valgus associated with second brachymetatarsia is diagnosed, second metatarsal lengthening should be considered in addition to hallux valgus surgery.     

Repair of hallux valgus with a distal soft-tissue procedure and proximal metatarsal osteotomy. A long-term follow-up.

We retrospectively reviewed the results for seventy-five patients (109 feet) in whom a hallux valgus deformity had been corrected with the release of the distal soft tissues, excision of the medial eminence, plication of the medial part of the capsule, and proximal crescentic osteotomy of the first metatarsal. The patients were followed for an average of thirty-four months (range, twenty-four to fifty-six months). The preoperative hallux valgus angle averaged 31 degrees, and the postoperative angle averaged 9 degrees. The preoperative intermetatarsal angle averaged 14 degrees and the postoperative angle, 6 degrees. Ninety-three per cent of the patients were satisfied with the result of the procedure. They stated that, given the same circumstances, they would have the operation again. The most common complication was hallux varus, which occurred in thirteen feet (nine patients). The other complications included recurrence of the hallux valgus in two feet, pain under a fibular sesamoid in one foot, and a tailor's bunion that was unrelated to the operation in one foot. Only five of forty-eight feet that had had a symptomatic plantar keratosis beneath the second metatarsal head preoperatively remained symptomatic postoperatively.     

Basal osteotomy with lateral soft tissue release and medial plication in the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus

Moderate and severe hallux valgus usually consists of metatarsus varus and incongruency of the joints. Basal osteotomy and distal soft tissue release provides adequate correction of intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and joint alignment.This is a retrospective study of 26 feet in 20 patients. American Orthopaedics Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS) and subjective grading system for patient's satisfaction were used for assessment. The surgical technique consisted of crescentic basal osteotomy, lateral distal soft tissue release and medial capsular plication according to Roger Mann. Fourteen osteotomies were fixed with K wires and Barouk Screws were used in 12 feet. Patients were mobilised in high heeled shoe post-operatively.Average age was 55.2 years and average follow-up was 25.8 months. The average preoperative hallux valgus angle (HVA) and IMA were 37.38 and 17.27°, respectively. The average post-operative HVA and IMA were 13.3 and 6.4°, respectively. All incongruent joints became congruent after surgery. Sesamoid position improved in 25 feet. Average AOFAS score was 88.8. Ninety-four percent patients were highly satisfied.Complications included breakage of K wire in one leading to change in practice, decreased sensations over medial side of toe in three and mild metatarsalgia in one foot.Basal osteotomy with distal soft tissue release provides good correction of moderate to severe deformity and has high patient satisfaction. Barouk screw provides stable fixation.     

The results of Grice Green subtalar arthrodesis of valgus foot in spina bifida

Background:

Valgus foot is a common foot deformity in spina bifida. The most popular operation for the valgus deformity has been the Grice talocalcaneal blocking. It has not been studied primarily in children with spina bifida. We report a prospective series, we present the results of hind foot valgus deformity of children with spina bifida, using Grice talocalcaneal arthrodesis with a tricortical iliac bone graft.

Materials and Methods:

Between May 2000 and December 2003, 21 patients with bilateral (42 feet) valgus deformity of feet underwent surgery. There were 7 males and 14 females. The mean age of patients was 67.7 months (range 50–108 months).

Results:

The total number of feet that had nonunion was 11, in 7 of them the grafts were completely reabsorbed and the outcome of all these feet was unsatisfactory. Four feet had partial union of which three had unsatisfactory and one had satisfactory outcome. Sixteen feet had residual valgus deformity at the last followup visit, 10 patients had nonunion, and 6 had inadequate correction. Mean preoperative talocalcaneal and calcaneal pitch angles were 48.5° and 31.9°, respectively, which decreased to 38.5° and 29.1°, respectively, postoperatively. The decrease in talocalcaneal angle and calcaneal pitch was significant between preoperative and postoperative measurements (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

Grice subtalar arthrodesis technique is still a valuable option for valgus foot in patients with spina bifida. In this study, we found more encouraging results in older patients.     

Impact of crossover second toe on the postoperative outcome of distal chevron osteotomy for moderate to severe hallux valgus

BackgroundCrossover second toe is often presented in moderate to severe hallux valgus. However, its clinical impact on the postoperative outcome of hallux valgus is still unknown.MethodsThirty-five patients who had moderate to severe hallux valgus with crossover second toe were matched with 35 controls who did not have crossover second toe, according to preoperative hallux valgus angle and first-second intermetatarsal angle. Radiological parameters, Foot Function Index (FFI), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were assessed as postoperative outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.ResultsAt 3 months, the FFI in the crossover second toe group was lower than in the control group (p = 0.001), while other outcomes were similar. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the groups at 6 and 12 months, in terms of radiological parameters, FFI, and VAS.ConclusionsPatients who had moderate to severe hallux valgus with crossover second toe were at risk for slow functional recovery after surgical treatment in the short term, but, in the long-term, there was no difference in overall postoperative outcomes in patients with and without crossover second toe.Level of EvidenceLevel III, retrospective comparative study.     

Foot morbidity following toe to hand transfers

Toe-to-hand transfers to replace missing fingers have become a common reconstructive practice in our clinic. The purpose of this article is to evaluate morbidity of the donor site on the foot following the transfer. A group of 72 patients were assessed; 95 feet were examined post-transfers, i.e., 23 patients had transfers from both feet. The groups were arranged according to the numbers of patients as follows: group A (37 cases), second toe from one foot; group B (17 cases), second toes from both feet; group C (6 cases) with wrap-around flap; and group D (5 cases), the whole big toe. This was followed by group E (7 patients), who had the combination of the second and third toes harvested simultaneously, the great toe or wrap-around flap in combination with harvesting the second toe from the same or contralateral foot. Scar quality of the donor site, standing on tiptoe and tiptoeing, discomfort after prolonged walking, stair climbing, need to change the shoe size, and participation in special activities, such as sports and overall patient satisfaction, were evaluated. The least significant problems occurred in patients with the second toe harvested, they had minimum complaints with static loading and minor complaints with dynamic loading. Patients with the second toes harvested from both feet also had minimum complaints with static loading and minor complaints in dynamic loading. More problems were observed with both static and dynamic loading in the patients with the great-toe transfer. The biggest troubles were reported by the patients with the wrap-around flap or in case of multiple toe transfers. Only one patient from the sample had to seek medical help of a specialist due to some problems following the toe harvest. In the retrospective subjective evaluation of patient satisfaction and benefits of the operation, all patients declared that they would undergo the reconstruction again despite the problems encountered at the donor site.     

脊髓神经源性足部畸形的分类和治疗

[目的]研究脊髓神经源性足部畸形的发病机理、分类和手术治疗方案.[方法]1988年10月～2006年6月,回顾性分析脊髓病变、脊髓和脊神经因被牵拉或压迫引起的足部畸形167例258足,根据脊髓损伤的性质和发病机理,将足部畸形分为上运动神经元损伤型和下运动神经元损伤型两大类,两类足部畸形采用不同的治疗方案.上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形,手术方案以选择性脊神经后根切断术或周围神经缩窄术为主;下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形,手术方案以软组织松解、肌腱转位术和截骨术为主,其中僵硬性足部畸形使用Ilizarov外固定器缓慢矫正.[结果]得到至少5年随访的147例228足进行总结分析,上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形42足,下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形186足.采用Laaveg-Ponseti足功能评分系统:优94足,良84足,可32足,差18足;优良率78.1％.第1次术后复发36足,复发率15.8％.第2次术后复发8足.[结论]根据脊髓神经源性足部畸形的分类,采用不同的手术治疗方案,可提高治疗效果,减少术后畸形复发.     

Innovative treatment for pes cavovarus: a pilot study of 13 children

Background and purpose — Pes cavovarus (PCV) is a complex deformity, frequently related to neurological conditions and associated with foot pain, callosities, and walking instability. The deformity has the tendency to increase during growth. Orthotic treatment is ineffective and surgery may be troublesome. We present the preliminary results of a new mini-invasive surgical technique for correction of this foot deformity.

Patients and methods — We operated on 13 children (24 feet), age 7–13 years. In 7 children the deformity was neurological in origin. The surgical technique included a dorsal hemiepiphysiodesis of the 1st metatarsal, and a plantar fascia release. The clinical deformity, hindfoot flexibility, and foot callosities, together with a radiological assessment (Meary angle, calcaneal pitch, and talo-calcaneal angle), was done pre- and postoperatively. At final check-up, after a median of 28 months (12–40), the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for children (OXAFQ-C) was used to assess patient satisfaction. The primary outcome was the hindfoot varus correction.

Results — All the operated feet improved clinically and radiologically. Heel varus improved from a mean 6° preoperatively to 5° valgus postoperatively. In those children where treatment was initiated at a younger age, full correction was achieved. Footwear always improved.

Interpretation — This treatment may offer a less aggressive alternative in the treatment of PCV in young children and may eventually reduce the amount of surgery needed in the future.