老年男性代谢综合征患者体脂分布

<正>肥胖、血脂紊乱、高血压及糖尿病的患病率显著增加,而这些疾病在同一个体的集聚,正是目前倍受关注的代谢综合征(MS)的表现〔1〕。超重和肥胖是其中一个关键因素,这标志着人体脂肪组织的增加,同时伴随着的脂肪组织脂分布的变化,后者对于揭示MS的原因和转归有重要意义,目前多以腰围来大致代表,但腰围并不能全面体现脂肪的分布情况。本研究观察老年MS患者的脂肪分布。     

老年男性代谢综合征患者血脂肪酸结合蛋白4与脂质代谢及体脂分布的相关性

目的探讨老年男性代谢综合征(MS)患者血清中脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)4与脂质代谢及体脂分布的相关性。方法收集60~85岁老年男性122例,分为MS组72例、非MS组50例。按照MS组分数目分为5组:1组(0组分)、2组(1组分)、3组(2组分)、4组(3组分)、5组(≥4组分)。采用ELISA方法检测血清中FABP4水平,生物电阻抗法测定人体体脂百分比及腰臀脂肪比评估体脂分布情况及肥胖程度,分析FABP4与各脂质代谢指标及体脂分布的相关性。结果 MS组FABP4水平较非MS组显著升高〔(31.44±15.08)ng/ml vs(24.56±5.60)ng/ml,P<0.01〕,随代谢组分增加,FABP4水平呈逐渐升高趋势(P<0.01)。相关性分析表明血清FABP4与体重指数(BMI)、体脂百分比、腰臀脂肪比、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)均呈正相关(r分别为0.798、0.493、0.720、0.333、0.553、0.267、0.467和0.470,均P<0.01)。多元线性逐步回归分析显示BMI、FPG、腰臀脂肪比、体脂百分比、舒张压是影响血清FABP4的独立危险因素(b=0.596、0.240、0.325、-0.155、-0.148,均P<0.05)。结论血清中FABP4高水平可增加老年男性MS风险,并参与脂质代谢紊乱及体脂的异常分布特别是腹型肥胖的形成。     

不同肥胖测量方法与腹型肥胖男性血尿酸的相关性分析

目的 探讨腹型肥胖男性双能X线(DEXA)测量的体脂分布与血尿酸的关系,并与人体测量学指标进行比较.方法 选取20 ～ 50岁男性为研究对象,其中腰围≥90 cm 88例为腹型肥胖组,腰围＜ 90 cm 60例为对照组.以血尿酸为因变量,分别以人体测量学指标(模型1)和DEXA测量指标(模型2)为自变量构建多元线性回归方程.结果 腹型肥胖组血尿酸水平高于对照组[(389.3±78.8) μmol/L vs.(324.9±61.5) μmol/L,P＜0.01].尿酸与人体测量学指标(r=0.390 ～0.496,P＜0.01)和DEXA测量的各指标(r=0.377 ～0.459,P＜0.01)均呈正相关.模型1中,人体测量学指标腰臀比可解释24.6％血尿酸的变异;模型2中,DEXA测量的躯干脂肪质量可解释21.0％血尿酸的变异.结论成年男性体脂分布与血尿酸水平密切相关.应用人体测量学指标和DEXA两种方法评价体脂分布均与血尿酸密切相关,但DEXA测量指标并不优干人体测量学指标.     

代谢综合征:一种肥胖相关的代谢性心血管综合征

代谢综合征（MS）是一个长期客观存在的临床问题，对其定义、发病机制和治疗也一直存有争议。MS的本质是什么？究竟是一种病抑或几种危险因素的聚集仍有不同认识。近年许多研究揭示腹型肥胖是MS的最重要特征，脂肪病变和胰岛素抵抗是其关键的病理生理改变，动脉粥样硬化性心血管病是其主要的临床后果，干预腹型肥胖能有效地控制MS及其并发病。虽然MS存在多种形式，但如将其视为一个与肥胖相关的代谢性心血管综合征，或许对其本质的理解和临床实践更有启示作用。     

2型糖尿病患者脂联素与体脂含量、分布的关系及临床意义

近十年来，肥胖和体脂分布异常与健康的关系得到重视。特别是中心型肥胖与糖脂代谢的关系更是近年研究的热点，并提出了代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome，MS）、正常体重代谢性肥胖（metabolic obese normal weight，MONW）等概念，其中心环节是胰岛素抵抗（IR）。     

体脂分布与血脂代谢的相关性研究

目的:利用双能X线吸收法(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DEXA)测量体脂分布,分析冠心病与对照组男、女两性不同体脂分布及脂代谢特点。方法:将85位受试者分为冠心病组及对照组,逐一测量身高、体质量、腰围(WC)、臀围(WH)、计算体质量指数(BMI)及腰臀比(WHR);利用DEXA法记录不同部位脂肪含量,计算全身脂肪比例(Total Fat%),腰臀部脂肪比(A/G);检测总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)各项血脂指标。比较2组间体脂、血脂测量指标差异,并分别比较2组间及冠心病组内男性和女性的体脂分布差异,行体脂与血脂的相关性分析。结果:冠心病组的WC、A/G均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冠心病组男性的BMI、WC、WHR及A/G高于健康人组男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组女性间比较各体脂指标之间差异无统计学意义。冠心病组内男性WC、WHR高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男性HDL-C与A/G、WHR呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论:男、女两性体脂分布特点不同,男性更易患腹型肥胖,引起高TG、低HDL为特点的脂代谢紊乱,与冠心病密切相关。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者尿酸排泄与肥胖及腹型肥胖相关性的研究

目的 探讨新诊断T2DM患者尿酸排泄(UUAE)与肥胖及腹型肥胖的相关性。方法 选取2006年1月至2012年12月于上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院内分泌代谢科住院治疗的新诊断T2DM患者1175例,根据UUAE四分位数分为Q1组(UUAE<2383μmol/24 h,n=295)、Q2组(2383≤UUAE<2953μmol/24 h,n=292)、Q3组(2954≤UUAE<3680μmol/24 h,n=295)、Q4组(UUAE>3680μmol/24 h,n=293)。收集各组临床资料,分析各组肥胖和腹型肥胖患病率及UUAE与肥胖和腹型肥胖的相关性。结果 肥胖总患病率为47.9%,腹型肥胖总患病率为61.9%,校正年龄后,腹型肥胖患病率女性高于男性(P<0.05)。校正年龄和性别后,Q4组肥胖患病率、MS患病率高于Q1、Q2、Q3组(P<0.05),腹型肥胖患病率高于Q1、Q2组(P<0.05)。与Q1组比较,Q4组男性比例、BMI、WC、DBP、FIns、2 hIns、胰岛素抵抗指数、TG、谷丙转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、血尿酸、...     

肥胖患者体脂分布与肾脏损害的关系

目的:探讨肥胖患者体脂分布特点与肥胖相关性肾病(ORG)的发生及其进展中的关系。方法:对照研究30例经肾穿刺活检明确诊断的ORG患者和19例无肾脏损伤的单纯性肥胖患者,借助CT测量两组患者腹部脂肪的面积;采用B超测量肾周脂肪厚度,检测、记录胰岛素抵抗水平和肾小球滤过率以及体重指数、血脂等相关指标。并根据CT测定的内脏脂肪面积,将ORG患者分为3组,分别比较各组临床、病理和代谢异常的指标。结果:ORG患者全部(100%)表现为腹型肥胖,单纯肥胖患者中腹型肥胖仅占78·9%;前者内脏脂肪的面积约为后者的1·3倍。腹型肥胖导致ORG发生的风险是外周型肥胖患者的8·0倍。ORG空腹血糖(P<0·05)、胰岛素水平(P<0·05)和胰岛素抵抗水平(P<0·01)明显高于单纯肥胖患者。ORG总胆固醇水平高于单纯肥胖患者(P<0·05),但三酰甘油及高/低密度脂蛋白水平彼此间无明显差异。随着内脏脂肪面积的增大,ORG三组患者尿蛋白排泄量[(0·89±0·41),(1·47±0·69)和(2·25±1·23)g/24h]、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(40%,50%和100%)的比例明显增加(P<0·05,ANOVA)。与之相对应的是,肾小球滤过率、胰岛素抵抗程度亦随着内脏脂肪面积的增大而增加(P<0·05,ANOVA),脂质代谢差异不显著。C反应蛋白水平随内脏脂肪面积的增加有升高的趋势(P>0·05,ANOVA);而肾周脂肪厚度间无明显差别。结论:腹部脂肪的堆积不仅与ORG的发生,还与该病的进展密切相关。其中血流动力学异常和胰岛素抵抗可能起主要的作用。     

尿酸与腹型肥胖及代谢综合征相关性研究

 目的 探讨血清尿酸(UA)水平的变化与腹型肥胖及代谢综合征(MS)的相关性。方法 875例40~65岁杭州社区居民进入研究,其中男350例,女525例。对所有研究对象均进行问卷调查、体检和血清学检查,并进行腹部MRI扫描,测量腹内脂肪面积和皮下脂肪面积,分析UA水平与腹型肥胖和MS的相关性,并确定UA作为MS诊断的参考指标的最佳界值。结果 该人群中随着 UA 水平增加,腹型肥胖(男性OR=4.35,95%CI 1.91~9.90;女性OR=5.44,95%CI 2.41~12.31) 和MS(男性OR=4.47,95%CI 2.08~9.62;女性OR=11.62,95%CI 3.43~39.37)风险增加。多项logistic 回归分析显示,UA 是TG升高(男性OR=2.23,95%CI 1.02~4.87;女性OR=3.04,95%CI 1.49~6.23)、女性腹型肥胖(OR=3.23,95%CI 1.32~7.91)和血压升高(OR=2.35,95%CI 1.37~4.05)的独立危险因素。在女性中,根据腹内脂肪面积建立多元线性回归模型,UA的最佳切点为244.0 μmol/L,而通过受试者ROC曲线获得MS诊断的最佳界值为258.8 μmol/L。结论 在我国中年人群中,UA与腹型肥胖和MS密切相关。UA水平升高是女性腹型肥胖和MS的独立危险因素。     

血清脂肪因子与代谢综合征的关系

121例代谢综合征(MS)患者和120名对照者入选本研究以探讨血清脂肪因子与MS的关系.对照组、非腹型肥胖MS组及腹型肥胖MS组的血清抵抗素和脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白(A-FABP)依次增高,而脂联素水平依次降低(均P<0.05).MS组抵抗素与体重指数(BMI)、腰围、收缩压、空腹血糖和A-FABP呈正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01);脂联素与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈正相关,而与BMI、腰围、空腹胰岛素、甘油三酯、稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈负相关.     

Impact of metabolic syndrome on mean platelet volume and its relationship with coronary artery disease

Platelets represent one of the main actors involved in pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been proposed as marker of platelet reactivity and thrombotic risk. However, still debated is whether higher MPV constitutes an independent determinant of CAD or just the consequence of an association with several cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS), on MPV and its relationship with angiographically defined CAD.

Consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography were included. Admission samples were collected for MPV and chemistry assessment. MetS was defined according to IDF-criteria. Significant CAD was defined as at least 1 vessel stenosis > 50%, while severe CAD as left main and/or 3-vessel disease, as evaluated by quantitative coronary angiography.

We included 4730 patients, among them 2167 (45.8%) had MetS. Patients with MetS were older (p < 0.001), more often females (p < 0.001), and displayed higher BMI, higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, renal failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of myocardial infarction (MI), previous PCI (p < 0.001, respectively), previous CABG (p = 0.002),treatment with ACE inhibitors, ARB, beta-blockers, nitrates, statins, ASA, calcium channel blockers, diuretics (p < 0.001, respectively), higher values of glycemia, HbA1c, fibrinogen (p < 0.001, respectively), creatinine (p = 0.01), uric acid (p = 0.02), and lower values of hemoglobin (p = 0.001),total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001, respectively). MetS patients showed a higher prevalence of CAD (p = 0.002) and severe CAD (p = 0.01).

MPV values were slightly higher in patients with MetS (10.91 ± 1.01 vs. 10.84 ± 1.03 fL, p = 0.02), although MetS did not emerge as an independent predictor of higher MPV values (above 4^th quartile; adjusted OR OR[95%CI] = 1.01[0.84–1.22], p = 0.93).

When metabolic syndrome patients were analyzed according to MPV quartiles, higher MPV values did not result as an independent predictor of CAD (adjusted OR[95%CI] = 0.79[0.61–1.03], p = 0.08) and severe CAD (adjusted OR[95%CI] = 0.82 [0.65–1.03], p = 0.084). Results did not change when applying the new harmonized definition of MetS.

This study shows that among patients undergoing coronary angiography MetS is not an independent predictor of higher MPV. Moreover, among MetS patients, larger-sized platelets are not associated to the prevalence and extent of CAD.     

Coronary artery calcium and its relationship to coronary artery disease

Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) and the recent generation of multi-slice computed tomography scanners (MSCT) permit high-resolution imaging of the beating heart and the coronary arteries. The visualization of coronary calcium offers the opportunity to non-invasively obtain direct information on coronary anatomy and plaque burden. For clinical purposes, coronary calcium represents the presence of arteriosclerotic plaques. Coronary calcium is deposited in an actively regulated process related to lipid content of and apoptosis within coronary plaques. The amount of coronary calcium is related to the extent of coronary plaque disease, which has substantial diagnostic and prognostic implications. Visualization of coronary calcium by cardiac CT allows to non-invasively detect and localize coronary plaques and describe their distribution in the coronary tree. Approximately 50% to 70% of all plaques are calcified. Calcium cannot be used to reliably identify plaques at risk for developing complications such as rupture or erosion with ensuing thrombus formation. However, data are accumulating that indicate that calcium is an indicator of coronary arteriosclerotic disease activity. A scan negative for coronary calcium has a high negative predictive value indicating absence of stenotic coronary artery disease and an excellent short- to mid-term prognosis. Studies using serial CT scans indicate that the annual progression of coronary calcium varies between 30% to 50% in symptomatic or high-risk individuals and 0% to 20% in patients treated effectively with lipid-lowering medication. An increased rate of progression of coronary calcium seems to indicate a substantially increased risk for adverse cardiac events.     

冠心病与代谢综合征的相关性分析

目的分析冠心病和病变严重程度与代谢综合征(MS)及其危险因素数量的关系。方法连续性入选2006年9月至2007年2月住院行冠状动脉(冠脉)造影的患者165例,根据冠脉造影结果分为冠心病组114例,非冠心病组51例,用冠脉病变评分和病变支数描述病变严重程度,采用ATPⅢ亚洲人群标准定义MS,分析MS和代谢异常成分及数目与冠心病及病变程度的关系。结果冠心病组男性比例和MS患病率高于非冠心病组(72.80%比50.98%,P=0.006;65.8%比39.2%,OR 2.981,95%CI 1.506～5.898,P=0.001);腰围[(92.91±9.26)cm比(89.33±9.62)cm,P=0.028]和HDL-C水平[(1.26±0.55)mmol/L比(1.78±0.95)mmol/L,P<0.001]在两组间差异也有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示MS(OR 3.797,95% CI 1.759～8.194,P=0.001)及低HDL-C血症(OR 2.380,95%CI 1.379～4.108,P=0.002)是冠心病相关的独立因素。MS患者比例随冠脉病变评分和受累血管支数的增多而增加,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003和0.008),MS的组成成分异常数目也随冠脉病变程度加重而增多(P=0.018和0.014)。结论 MS是冠心病的独立危险因素,随其相关危险因素异常数目的增加冠脉病变的严重程度加重。     

The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease

AimThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased dramatically in recent years, and the cluster of metabolic abnormalities it encompasses results in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The role of abdominal (visceral) obesity and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms central to this association have been the subject of intensive research in recent times. The aim of this review is to correlate data in this area, highlighting the central role of excess visceral fat and its secreted adipokines, and to review existing and emerging therapies.Data synthesisData were generated from a search of the PubMed database using the terms ‘abdominal obesity’, ‘metabolic syndrome’, ‘insulin resistance’, ‘adipokines’, ‘interleukin-6 (IL-6)’, ‘adiponectin’, ‘tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)’ and ‘cardiovascular disease’.ConclusionMetabolic syndrome is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, and the role of visceral obesity is thought to be central to this. Visceral obesity leads to alteration of the normal physiological balance of adipokines, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and a pro-atherogenic state. In association with this, the presence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking results in a significantly elevated cardiovascular and metabolic (cardiometabolic) risk. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms central to this association has led to the development of potential therapeutic agents.     

心周脂肪组织与冠心病及代谢综合征的关系

目的探讨心周脂肪组织(pericardial adipose tissue,PAT)容量与冠心病及代谢综合征(metabo1ic syndrome,MS)的关系。方法回顾性分析1102例患者的双源CT冠状动脉造影资料,采用平扫图像测定PAT容量。根据代谢危险因素的数量和冠状动脉狭窄程度,将患者分为MS组338例和无MS组764例及≥50%狭窄组492例和<50%狭窄组610例。结果 MS组PAT容量较无MS组明显增多,≥50%狭窄组PAT容量较<50%狭窄组明显增多(P<0.01)。随着代谢危险因素数目的增加,PAT容量呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多元回归分析显示,PAT容量与≥50%狭窄(回归系数=1 7.78,P<0.01)、体重指数(回归系数=7.32,P<0.01)、腹围(回归系数=2.51,P<0.01)和LDL-C(回归系数=16.94,P<0.05)相关。结论多层螺旋CT测定PAT容量是提示患者冠心病和代谢风险的方法之一。     

Contribution of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia to impaired fasting glucose and coronary artery disease

Multiple logistic regression models were used in a cross-sectional study to determine the relation of fasting glycemia to angiographically assessed coronary artery disease (CAD) in 569 men (aged 18 to 69 years) who were stratified according to fasting blood glucose concentrations (<6.1 mmol/L, and 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L or 110 to 124 mg/dl), waist circumference (<90 vs >or=90 cm), and fasting triglyceridemia (<2.0 vs >or=2.0 mmol/L or <177 vs >or=177 mg/dl). For this purpose, nondiabetic impaired fasting glucose was defined as from 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110 to 124 mg/dl) compared with 250 normoglycemic controls (fasting glycemia <6.1 mmol/L or <124 mg/dl) without history of CAD. In the absence of "hypertriglyceridemic waist," impaired fasting glucose was not predictive of CAD. However, the risk of CAD was markedly higher among subjects characterized by both the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and the presence of impaired fasting glucose (odds ratio 8.5, 95% confidence intervals 3.5 to 20.4; p <0.05) compared with the normoglycemic group with low waist circumferences and triglyceride levels. Thus, the results of the present study emphasizes the importance of other underlying metabolic abnormalities, such as abdominal obesity and related atherogenic dyslipidemia, in the modulation of the CAD risk associated with hyperglycemia.     

Clopidogrel resistance response in patients with coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome: the role of hyperglycemia and obesity

Background Despite the proven benefits of clopidogrel combined aspirin therapy for coronary artery disease (CAD), CAD patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) still tend to have coronary thrombotic events. We aimed to investigate the influence of metabolic risk factors on the efficacy of clopidogrel treatment in patients with CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods Cohorts of 168 MS and 168 non-MS subjects with CAD identified by coronary angiography (CAG) were enrolled in our study. MS was defined by modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. All subjects had taken 100 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel daily for more than 1 month, and administered loading doses of 600 mg clopidogrel and 300 mg aspirin before PCI. Blood samples were taken 24 h after the loading doses of clopidogrel and aspirin. Platelet aggregation was measured using light transmittance aggregometry (LTA) and thrombelastography (TEG). Clopidogrel resistance was defined as more than 50% adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced platelet aggregation as measured by TEG. Results Platelet aggregation inhibition rate by ADP was significantly lower in patients with MS as measured both by TEG (55% ± 31% vs. 68% ± 32%; P < 0.001) and LTA (29% ± 23% vs. 42% ± 29%; P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, elderly [OR (95% CI): 1.483 (1.047–6.248); P = 0.002], obesity [OR (95% CI): 3.608 (1.241–10.488); P = 0.018], high fasting plasma glucose level [OR (95% CI): 2.717 (1.176–6.277); P = 0.019] and hyperuricemia [OR (95% CI): 2.583 (1.095–6.094); P = 0.030] were all statistically risk factors for clopidogrel resistance. CAD patients with diabetes and obesity were more likely to have clopidogrel resistance than the CAD patients without diabetes and obesity [75% (61/81) vs. 43% (67/156); P < 0.001]. Conclusions CAD patients with MS appeared to have poorer antiplatelet response to clopidogrel compared to those without MS. Obesity, diabetes and hyperuricemia were all significantly associated with clopidogrel resistance.     

Prevalence and impact of metabolic syndrome in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in patients initially free from these diseases. However, its prognostic value in patients with established coronary artery diseases remains controversial. Therefore, we aimed to illustrate the prevalence and investigate the impact of MetS in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and resultsThis was a large registry of consecutive patients with ACS referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those with MVD were eligible for this analysis. MetS was defined based on modified Adult Treatment Panel III definition. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction and stroke. A total of 2532 patients were included in the current analysis and 993 (39.2%) of them had MetS. The prevalence of MetS increased from 2010 to 2016 (p _{for trend} = 0.005). In patients over 60 years old, the prevalence of MetS decreased with aging (p _{for trend} = 0.002). Female subjects had a higher prevalence than their male counterparts (61.5% verse 32.9% and p < 0.001). Over a median follow-up of 2.3 years, MetS was not significantly associated with MACE (adjusted 95% CI from 0.92 to 1.54).ConclusionMetS was frequently observed in patients with MVD and ACS. Patients with MetS were more likely to be young and female. However, it was not an independent predictor for MACE after primary PCI in those patients.     

The link between abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome

The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors associated with abdominal obesity is well established. Although currently lacking a universal definition, the metabolic syndrome describes a constellation of metabolic abnormalities, including abdominal obesity, and was originally introduced to characterize a population at high cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes several inflammatory and immune mediators known as adipokines. Dysregulation of adipokine secretion, free fatty acid toxicity, and the site-specific differences in abdominal (visceral) versus subcutaneous fat support abdominal obesity as a causal factor mediating the insulin resistance, increased risk of diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the metabolic syndrome.