κ-阿片受体激动剂U50,488H抑制缺血/再灌注心肌线粒体分裂的作用及机制

目的研究外源性κ-阿片受体激动剂U50,488H对缺血/再灌注心肌线粒体分裂的影响及机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为6组:假手术（Sham）组，心肌缺血/再灌注（MI/R）组，MI/R+κ-阿片受体激动剂U50,488H（MI/R+U）组，MI/R+κ-阿片受体阻断剂nor-BNI+U50,488H（MI/R+N+U）组，MI/R+磷脂酰激醇3-激酶（pi 3-kinases，PI3K）抑制剂wortmannin+U50,488H（MI/R+W+U）组，MI/R+蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B, Akt）抑制剂MK2206+U50,488H（MI/R+M+U）组。血清肌酸激酶（creatine kinase, CK）试剂盒检测血清CK水平；三苯基氯化四氮唑（triphenyte-trazoliumchloride, TTC）-伊文氏蓝双染检测心肌梗死面积；Western blotting检测细胞内磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化Akt（Ser 473）、磷酸化线粒体动力学分裂相关蛋白（dynamin-related protein, Drp）1（Ser 637）的表达；透射电镜观察线粒体形态。结果与Sham组相比，MI/R组血清CK水平明显升高（P<0.01），出现明显的心肌梗死（P<0.01），磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化Akt表达增加（P<0.05），磷酸化Drp1表达降低（P<0.01），线粒体分裂明显增加（P<0.01）；与MI/R组相比，MI/R+U组血清CK水平明显降低（P<0.01），心肌梗死面积减小 （P<0.01），磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化Akt和磷酸化Drp1的表达显著增加（P<0.01），线粒体分裂减少（P<0.01）。给予nor-BNI、wortmannin或MK2206后，U50,488H的上述作用均被阻断。结论缺血/再灌注可引起心肌损伤和线粒体分裂增加，κ-阿片受体激活后通过PI3K-Akt通路使Drp1磷酸化增加，抑制缺血/再灌注心肌的线粒体分裂，减轻心肌损伤。     

U50，488H抑制心肌细胞缺氧/复氧诱导Drp1线粒体转位的作用及机制

目的 研究κ-阿片受体（κ-OR）激动剂U50,488H对缺氧/复氧（H/R）原代心肌细胞Drp1线粒体转位的作用与机制。 方法 将心肌细胞共分为6组,分别为常氧（Control）组、H/R组、H/R+U50,488H组、Control+Scramble RNAi组、H/R+Scramble RNAi组、H/R+Mid51 RNAi组。利用CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力;AnnexinV、PI试剂盒检测细胞凋亡;采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体的形态变化和Drp1与线粒体共定位情况,Western blotting检测细胞内线粒体外膜Drp1相关结合蛋白（Fis1、Mff、Mid49和Mid51）的表达水平。 结果 与常氧组相比,H/R组细胞凋亡与死亡率明显增加（P<0.01）,线粒体分裂明显增加（P<0.01）,Drp1的线粒体转位明显增多,Mid51表达显著上调（P<0.01）,但Fis1、Mff与Mid49的表达无明显差异;而κ-OR激动剂U50,488H可降低H/R后细胞凋亡与死亡率（P<0.01）,抑制线粒体分裂（P<0.01）,减少Drp1与线粒体的结合同时下调Mid51的表达水平（P<0.01）,但Fis1、Mff与Mid49的表达无明显变化;进一步研究发现,敲低Mid51可降低H/R后细胞凋亡与死亡率（P<0.01,P<0.05）,抑制线粒体的分裂（P<0.01）,减少Drp1的线粒体的转位。 结论 H/R可引起线粒体分裂与心肌细胞损伤,激活κ-OR可通过下调Mid51抑制Drp1的线粒体转位,进而抑制线粒体分裂,从而减轻H/R损伤。     

FoxO1变化对糖尿病小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的:观察心肌中插头转录因子O1（FoxO1）在糖尿病（DM）小鼠心肌中表达量变化及对小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的影响。方法: 将90只健康雄性Swiss小鼠随机分为5组:假手术（Sham）组、I/R组、DM+Sham组、DM+I/R组及DM+FoxO1SiRNA+I/R组,每组18只。采用高糖高脂饮食加链脲菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)腹腔注射诱导建立DM小鼠模型。采用FoxO1SiRNA心肌点注射下调心肌FoxO1表达。心肌I/R损伤模型的建立,采用结扎心脏冠状动脉左前降支30 min后再灌注方案实施。心肌再灌注3 h后,用原位缺口末端标法(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡。用ELISA法检测心肌中 Caspase-3的活性。用Western blot法检测心肌中FoxO1的表达量。心肌再灌注24 h后,用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑（TTC）染色法检测心肌梗死（MI）的面积。结果: 与Sham组比较,DM+Sham组心肌中FoxO1的表达量明显增高（P<0.01）。与I/R组比,DM+I/R组MI的面积增大（P<0.05）,心肌细胞凋亡数量及Caspase-3活性明显增加（P<0.01）。与DM+I/R组相比,DM+FoxO1SiRNA+I/R组心肌FoxO1的表达量下调（P<0.05）,MI面积及Caspase-3的活性减小（P<0.05）,心肌细胞凋亡数量减少（P<0.01）。结论: DM小鼠心肌中FoxO1表达量的增加可加重心肌I/R损伤;而下调心肌中FoxO1的表达量后,心肌I/R损伤减轻。     

间歇有氧运动训练改善肥胖小鼠缺血后心脏功能恢复

目的 探讨有氧间歇运动训练（AIT）对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠心肌缺血再灌注（MI/R）损伤的影响和相关机制。 方法 30只2月龄C57小鼠随机分为:正常对照组;高脂饮食组;高脂饮食间歇训练组。喂养12周后,建立急性MI/R模型（缺血30 min,再灌注4 h）。于再灌注结束后不同时间点采用超声心动仪检测心脏功能,Western blot法检测心脏相关信号表达。 结果 与正常对照组相比,12周高脂饮食喂养导致小鼠肥胖,体质量显著增加（P<0.05）;AIT可有效降低高脂饮食肥胖小鼠的体质量,增加心脏质量/胫骨长度比率（P<0.05）;与正常对照组相比,高脂饮食肥胖小鼠MI/R损伤显著加重（P<0.05）;AIT可有效减轻肥胖小鼠心肌损伤,减小心肌梗死面积和血清LDH水平（均P<0.05）;AIT还显著改善MI/R后心肌功能恢复,有效提高左室射血分数（EF）和左室短轴缩短率（FS）（均P<0.05）。与高脂饮食组相比,AIT可显著增强高脂饮食肥胖小鼠心肌线粒体SIRT3和MnSOD表达,减少高脂饮食组MI/R心肌组织氧化应激（均P<0.05）。 结论 AIT可有效提高高脂饮食肥胖小鼠心肌线粒体SIRT3和MnSOD表达,增加线粒体抗氧化酶活性,进而减轻肥胖小鼠的MI/R损伤,促进缺血后心脏功能恢复。     

褪黑素抗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用及其对Notch1/Hes1信号通路影响

目的 探讨褪黑素（melatonin,Mel）对减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（MI/R）损伤的作用及其对心肌Notch1/Hes1信号的影响。方法 90只雄性SD大鼠（200~250） g,随机分为3组（每组n=30）:假手术（Sham）组、溶剂对照（MI/R+V）组和Mel处理（MI/R+Mel）组〔10 mg/(kg·d),灌胃4周〕。行结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支手术造成MI/R模型,心肌缺血30 min,再灌注4 h后检测心肌Notch1 受体胞内区（Notch1 intracellular domain,NICD）及Hes1、PTEN、p-Akt/Akt比值和凋亡相关蛋白表达,再灌注6 h后检测梗死面积和心肌细胞凋亡率,再灌注72 h后检测心功能。结果 MI/R损伤显著下调左心射血分数（LVEF）与左心室短轴缩短率（LVFS）,增加心肌凋亡率及梗死面积。Mel口服预防性治疗4周可显著改善心功能并减轻心肌凋亡及梗死（P<0.01）。另外口服Mel治疗可显著激活心肌Notch1/Hes1信号通路并调控PTEN/Akt信号,从而下调心肌凋亡信号(P<0.05)。结论 口服Mel预防性治疗可显著减轻MI/R损伤后心肌梗死及凋亡水平,改善心功能。而且,Mel口服可显著上调缺血打击后心肌Notch1/Hes1信号并对PTEN/Akt信号发挥调控作用,下调心肌凋亡信号,从而保护心肌。     

动力蛋白相关蛋白1抑制剂对肠黏膜上皮细胞缺血再灌注损伤的干预作用及其机制

目的 探讨动力蛋白相关蛋白1(Drp1)抑制剂对肠黏膜上皮细胞缺血再灌注损伤的干预作用并分析其机制。方法 将人大肠黏膜上皮细胞系Caco-2分为对照组、模型组、Drp1抑制剂组,对照组正常培养细胞,模型组、Drp1抑制剂组均采用缺氧12 h后复氧2 h的方法构建缺氧复氧模型,Drp1抑制剂组在H/R前给予Drp1抑制剂Mdivi-1干预。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,线粒体超氧化物指示剂检测线粒体活性氧（ROS）含量,JC-1法检测线粒体膜电位,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blotting法检测细胞Drp1、线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2)蛋白。结果 细胞活力对照组>Drp1抑制剂组>模型组（P均<0.05）;细胞内线粒体ROS含量模型组>Drp1抑制剂组>对照组,线粒体膜电位对照组>Drp1抑制剂组>模型组（P均<0.05）;细胞凋亡率模型组>Drp1抑制剂组>对照组（P均<0.05）;细胞Drp1蛋白表达模型组>Drp1抑制剂组>对照组,Mfn2蛋白表达对照组>Drp1抑制剂组>模型...     

MCU及线粒体分裂介导的曲美他嗪抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的探讨线粒体钙单向转运蛋白(MCU)和线粒体分裂在曲美他嗪(TMZ)保护心肌避免缺血再灌注损伤(I/R)中的作用。方法建立小鼠心肌I/R的动物模型,观察TMZ给药对心肌细胞凋亡的作用;建立原代C57BL6乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧模型(H/R),给与TMZ处理,观察TMZ加入对H/R引起的线粒体MCU表达、线粒体分裂、细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的作用。通过转染siRNA敲低MCU、腺病毒载体过表达MCU等干预措施,探讨MCU表达对线粒体分裂和细胞凋亡的作用机制。结果在小鼠模型中TMZ可抑制I/R损伤引起的心肌凋亡。体外实验中H/R引起MCU表达上调,增加线粒体分裂和细胞凋亡,而siRNA敲低MCU可逆转这些损伤改变;TMZ下调H/R引起的MCU的高表达并抑制胞浆线粒体分裂蛋白向线粒体转移,从而减少线粒体分裂及细胞凋亡;过表达MCU能取消TMZ对H/R的保护作用。结论 TMZ通过下调MCU的表达,减少线粒体分裂,抑制凋亡,从而减轻心肌I/R损伤。     

心肌缺血/再灌损伤时TXNIP表达水平升高并增加心肌自噬

目的 探讨心肌缺血/再灌注（MI/R）时硫氧还蛋白相互结合蛋白（TXNIP）表达及对心肌细胞自噬水平的影响。 方法 构建TXNIP敲除鼠及TXNIP过表达小鼠,制作上述小鼠MI/R模型,观察MI/R后心肌TXNIP表达水平是否与心肌损伤及自噬有关。 结果 与假手术组（Sham）小鼠相比,小鼠心肌TXNIP表达水平在缺血及再灌注损伤过程中持续升高（P<0.01）。在小鼠MI/R后,心脏超声证实与野生型（WT）小鼠相比,TXNIP过表达小鼠LVEF（%）值更低（P<0.05）;伊文氏蓝/TTC染色同样证实TXNIP过表达小鼠心肌梗死面积更大（P<0.05）。而TXNIP敲除鼠MI/R后心脏LVEF（%）值（P<0.05）及心肌梗死面积（P<0.05）均较WT小鼠显著减轻。通过免疫印迹（LC3Ⅱ/LC3I及P62表达）及电子显微镜观察自噬小体检测发现,相比WT小鼠,TXNIP敲除小鼠心肌自噬程度更轻（P<0.05）,TXNIP过表达小鼠则心肌自噬程度更重（P<0.05）。 结论 上述结果证实了在MI/R后TXNIP升高导致心脏功能的降低,心肌梗死面积的增加及心肌细胞自噬的增多。     

安石榴苷减轻心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用及机制研究

目的 探讨安石榴甙（PUN）预先处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤（MI/RI）的作用及其机制。 方法 选取成年雄性SD大鼠,PUN 30 mg/（kg·d）生理盐水灌胃7 d后,建立心肌缺血再灌注（MI/R）模型。采用右侧颈总动脉插管检测心脏功能,用伊文思蓝和氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）双染检测心梗面积,测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性反映心肌损伤,原位末端标记（TUNEL）法检测心肌细胞凋亡,比色法检测心肌丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性,蛋白免疫印迹检测磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）表达及磷酸化。 结果 PUN预先处理可改善MI/R后的心脏功能,减少心梗面积和心肌细胞凋亡,降低CK-MB和LDH的活性,降低心肌氧化应激,增加AMPK磷酸化（均P<0.05或P<0.01）,而使用AMPK抑制剂（compound c）可阻断PUN对MI/R的保护作用（P<0.05或P<0.01）。 结论 PUN预先处理可减轻MI/RI,其机制可能与其激活AMPK有关。     

白黎芦醇减轻Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用

目的:探讨白黎芦醇(RSV)减轻Ⅱ型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(MI/RI)的作用及其机制。方法: 采用喂养高脂饮食结合小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立T2DM小鼠模型。造模成功后立即给予RSV(10mg/kg)每日1次灌胃,连续3周。实验分为正常假手术组、正常手术对照组、DM假手术组、DM手术对照组、RSV组、CpC组,每组20只。手术方式采用心脏冠状动脉左前降支结扎30 min、再灌注3 h或24 h。抑制剂组于术前1 h腹腔注射Compound C（20 mg/kg）。用TTC染色法检测心肌梗死(MI)面积,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,ELISA法检测caspase-3活性、血浆脂联素（APN）水平,Western blot法检测AMPK、p-AMPK及脂肪组织APN的含量。结果: 喂养高脂饮食结合小剂量STZ能够成功建立T2DM小鼠模型。与DM手术对照组相比,RSV饲喂能够减轻T2DM小鼠MI/RI,减小MI面积、减少心肌细胞凋亡（P<0.01）,降低caspase-3的活性（P<0.05）。RSV还能够上调脂肪组织APN表达,逆转T2DM小鼠低APN血症（P<0.01）。AMPK抑制剂Compound C可显著减弱RSV的心肌保护作用（P<0.05）。结论: RSV可通过逆转T2DM小鼠的低脂联素血症,在MI/RI时发挥对心肌的保护作用。     

Dynamin‐related protein 1‐mediated mitochondrial fission contributes to post‐traumatic cardiac dysfunction in rats and the protective effect of melatonin

Mechanical trauma (MT ) causes myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial dynamics in post‐traumatic cardiac dysfunction and the protective effects of melatonin. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 5‐minute rotations (200 revolutions at a rate of 40 rpm) to induce MT model. Melatonin was administrated intraperitoneally 5 minute after MT . Mitochondrial morphology, myocardial injury, and cardiac function were determined in vivo. There was smaller size of mitochondria and increased number of mitochondria per μm² in the hearts after MT when the secondary myocardial injury was induced. Melatonin treatment at the dose of 30 mg/kg reduced serine 616 phosphorylation of Drp1 and inhibited mitochondrial Drp1 translocation and mitochondrial fission in the hearts of rats subjected to MT , which contributed to the reduction of myocardial injury and the improvement of cardiac function. In vitro, H9c2 cells cultured in 20% traumatic plasma (TP ) for 12 hour showed enhanced mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial membrane potential (?Ψm) loss, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and decreased mitochondrial complex I‐IV activities. Pretreatment with melatonin (100 μmol/L) efficiently inhibited TP ‐induced mitochondrial fission, ?Ψm loss, cytochrome c release, and improved mitochondrial function. Melatonin's protective effects were attributed to its role in suppressing plasma TNF ‐α overproduction, which was responsible for Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that abnormal mitochondrial dynamics is involved in post‐traumatic cardiac dysfunction. Melatonin has significant pharmacological potential in protecting against MT ‐induced cardiac dysfunction by preventing excessive mitochondrial fission.     

Melatonin prevents Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission in diabetic hearts through SIRT1‐PGC1α pathway

Myocardial contractile dysfunction is associated with an increase in mitochondrial fission in patients with diabetes. However, whether mitochondrial fission directly promotes diabetes‐induced cardiac dysfunction is still unknown. Melatonin exerts a substantial influence on the regulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion. This study investigated whether melatonin protects against diabetes‐induced cardiac dysfunction via regulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion and explored its underlying mechanisms. Here, we show that melatonin prevented diabetes‐induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1)‐mediated mitochondrial fission. Melatonin treatment decreased Drp1 expression, inhibited mitochondrial fragmentation, suppressed oxidative stress, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, improved mitochondrial function and cardiac function in streptozotocin (STZ )‐induced diabetic mice, but not in SIRT 1^?/? diabetic mice. In high glucose‐exposed H9c2 cells, melatonin treatment increased the expression of SIRT 1 and PGC ‐1α and inhibited Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondria‐derived superoxide production. In contrast, SIRT 1 or PGC ‐1α siRNA knockdown blunted the inhibitory effects of melatonin on Drp1 expression and mitochondrial fission. These data indicated that melatonin exerted its cardioprotective effects by reducing Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission in a SIRT 1/PGC ‐1α‐dependent manner. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that PGC ‐1α directly regulated the expression of Drp1 by binding to its promoter. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission with Drp1 inhibitor mdivi‐1 suppressed oxidative stress, alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction in diabetic mice. These findings show that melatonin attenuates the development of diabetes‐induced cardiac dysfunction by preventing mitochondrial fission through SIRT 1‐PGC 1α pathway, which negatively regulates the expression of Drp1 directly. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission may be a potential target for delaying cardiac complications in patients with diabetes.     

白藜芦醇对糖尿病大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨白藜芦醇(RSV)对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(MI/R)损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。2周后糖尿病大鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、MI/R组和白藜芦醇(RSV)组。通过结扎左冠状动脉前降支诱导MI/R损伤模型。测定各组大鼠乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、心肌梗死面积、心脏收缩和舒张功能;TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数;Western blot检测沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)、p53、乙酰化p53(Acetyl-p53)、Bcl-2、Bax以及细胞浆和线粒体细胞色素C(Cyt C)和凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的表达;HE染色检测心肌损伤评分。结果与Sham组相比,MI/R组心肌梗死面积、心肌损伤评分、心肌LDH、CK、cTnI、Acetyl-p53、Bax、细胞浆Cyt C和AIF表达以及心肌细胞凋亡指数均明显增加,而心脏收缩和舒张功能明显降低,Bcl-2和SIRT1表达以及线粒体Cyt C和AIF表达明显减少。与MI/R组相比,RSV组心肌梗死面积、心肌损伤评分、心肌LDH、CK、cTnI、Acetyl-p53、Bax、细胞浆Cyt C和AIF表达以及心肌细胞凋亡指数均明显降低,而心脏收缩和舒张功能明显改善,Bcl-2和SIRT1表达以及线粒体Cyt C和AIF表达明显增加。3组之间p53表达无差异。结论白藜芦醇可通过抗凋亡作用减轻糖尿病大鼠MI/R损伤,其作用机制与SIRT1/p53信号通路相关。     

Melatonin attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy and reduces myocardial vulnerability to ischemia‐reperfusion injury by improving mitochondrial quality control: Role of SIRT6

Targeting mitochondrial quality control with melatonin has been found promising for attenuating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), although the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Activation of SIRT6 and melatonin membrane receptors exerts cardioprotective effects while little is known about their roles during DCM. Using high‐fat diet‐streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model, we found that prolonged diabetes significantly decreased nocturnal circulatory melatonin and heart melatonin levels, reduced the expressions of cardiac melatonin membrane receptors, and decreased myocardial SIRT6 and AMPK‐PGC‐1α‐AKT signaling. 16 weeks of melatonin treatment inhibited the progression of DCM and the following myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion (MI/R) injury by reducing mitochondrial fission, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy via re‐activating SIRT6 and AMPK‐PGC‐1α‐AKT signaling. After the induction of diabetes, adeno‐associated virus carrying SIRT6‐specific small hairpin RNA or luzindole was delivered to the animals. We showed that SIRT6 knockdown or antagonizing melatonin receptors abolished the protective effects of melatonin against mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by aggravated mitochondrial fission and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Additionally, SIRT6 shRNA or luzindole inhibited melatonin‐induced AMPK‐PGC‐1α‐AKT activation as well as its cardioprotective actions. Collectively, we demonstrated that long‐term melatonin treatment attenuated the progression of DCM and reduced myocardial vulnerability to MI/R injury through preserving mitochondrial quality control. Melatonin membrane receptor‐mediated SIRT6‐AMPK‐PGC‐1α‐AKT axis played a key role in this process. Targeting SIRT6 with melatonin treatment may be a promising strategy for attenuating DCM and reducing myocardial vulnerability to ischemia‐reperfusion injury in diabetic patients.     

Nitrative inactivation of thioredoxin-1 increases vulnerability of diabetic hearts to ischemia/reperfusion injury

Hyperglycemia (HG) significantly increases mortality after myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with and without established diabetes. The specific underlying mechanism remains unknown. The present study attempted to determine whether nitrative inactivation of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) may contribute to the exaggerated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury observed in the hyperglycemic condition. Diabetes was induced by multiple intraperitoneal injections of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. After 30 min ischemia by slip-knot ligature of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the myocardium was reperfused for 3 h after knot release (for apoptosis, Trx-1-activity, and -nitration determination) or 24 h (for cardiac function and infarct size determination). At 10 min before reperfusion, diabetic mice were randomized to receive vehicle, EUK134 (a peroxynitrite scavenger), recombinant human Trx-1 (rhTrx-1), or SIN-1 (a peroxynitrite donor) nitrated Trx-1 (N-Trx-1) administration. Diabetes intensified I/R-induced myocardial injury, evidenced by further enlarged infarct size, increased apoptosis, and decreased cardiac function in diabetic mice. Trx-1 nitrative inactivation was elevated in the diabetic heart before I/R and was further amplified after I/R. Treatment with EUK134 or rhTrx-1, but not N-Trx-1, before reperfusion significantly reduced Trx-1 nitration, preserved Trx-1 activity, attenuated apoptosis, reduced infarct size, and improved cardiac function in diabetic mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that HG increased cardiac vulnerability to I/R injury by enhancing nitrative inactivation of Trx-1, suggesting that blockade of Trx-1 nitration, or supplementation of exogenous rhTrx-1, might represent novel therapies to attenuate cardiac injury after MI in diabetic patients.     

4-甲酚减轻糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

目的 旨在研究4-甲酚对糖尿病(diabetic mellitus, DM)大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（myocardial ischemiareperfusion, MI/R）损伤的保护作用,并初步探讨其机制。方法 取雄性SD大鼠,分为正常对照组和糖尿病组。利用高脂饲料联合链脲霉素诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。造模成功后,随即分为3组：糖尿病假手术组（DM+Sham）、糖尿病心肌缺血/再灌注组（DM+MI/R）和糖尿病心肌缺血/再灌注+4-甲酚组（DM+MI/R+4-cresol）。4-cresol组采用植入式胶囊渗透压泵给药（5.5 mmol/L 4-cresol,0.15μL/h）,其余给予生理盐水。6周后,采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支30 min再灌注3 h的方法建立心肌缺血/再灌注模型。再灌注结束处死大鼠,检测心肌梗死和细胞凋亡。检测心肌氧化应激程度。测定心肌双底物特异性酪氨酸磷酸化调节激酶1a(dual specificity tyrosinephosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A, Dyrk1A)表达以及细胞凋亡信号调节激酶1(apoptosis sign...     

Melatonin alleviates postinfarction cardiac remodeling and dysfunction by inhibiting Mst1

Melatonin reportedly protects against several cardiovascular diseases including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), atherosclerosis, and hypertension. The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of melatonin on cardiomyocyte autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial injury in the context of myocardial infarction (MI). We demonstrated that melatonin significantly alleviated cardiac dysfunction after MI. Four weeks after MI, echocardiography and Masson staining indicated that melatonin notably mitigated adverse left ventricle remodeling. The mechanism may be associated with increased autophagy, reduced apoptosis, and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, melatonin significantly inhibited Mst1 phosphorylation while promoting Sirt1 expression after MI, which indicates that Mst1/Sirt1 signaling may serve as the downstream target of melatonin. We thus constructed a MI model using Mst1 transgenic (Mst1 Tg) and Mst1 knockout (Mst1^−/−) mice. The absence of Mst1 abolished the favorable effects of melatonin on cardiac injury after MI. Consistently, melatonin administration did not further increase autophagy, decrease apoptosis, or alleviate mitochondrial integrity and biogenesis in Mst1 knockout mice subjected to MI injury. These results suggest that melatonin alleviates postinfarction cardiac remodeling and dysfunction by upregulating autophagy, decreasing apoptosis, and modulating mitochondrial integrity and biogenesis. The attributed mechanism involved, at least in part, Mst1/Sirt1 signaling.