低剂量达比加群酯治疗高龄卒中伴心房颤动患者的临床观察

目的探讨高龄卒中伴心房颤动(房颤)患者使用低剂量达比加群酯的临床疗效及安全性。方法对400例脑卒中伴房颤患者进行房颤血栓栓塞危险评分以及抗凝出血风险评分,检测其肾小球滤过率以及血液肌酐水平;将190例接受抗凝治疗的高龄卒中伴房颤患者分为达比加群酯组和华法林组,分析两组的血栓栓塞和出血事件。结果与低龄组比较,高龄组患者发生血栓栓塞事件风险高,肾脏代谢能力下降,接受抗凝治疗时出血风险大;达比加群酯组与华法林组比较,血栓栓塞发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但出血发生率较低(P0.05)。结论高龄卒中伴房颤患者使用低剂量达比加群酯抗凝对预防血栓栓塞事件有效。     

血栓通联合阿司匹林对冠心病患者介入术后血清超敏C反应蛋白、血管内皮生长因子水平的影响

正冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)是指因冠状动脉狭窄或阻塞而导致冠状动脉供血不足引起的心脏病,对保守治疗后仍活动耐量不足的患者,经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)是常用治疗方法[1]。血小板聚集是PCI术后发生缺血性并发症的重要因素,PCI术后采用抗血小板治疗可减少支架内血栓形成,降低缺血性心血管事件及死亡风险[2]。阿司匹林是PCI术后常用抗血小板药物,     

冠心病合并心房颤动患者冠状动脉支架植入术后的抗栓治疗

随着社会人口老龄化及冠心病患病率的不断升高,接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者越来越多.冠心病合并心房颤动患者冠状动脉支架植入术后常需要同时接受包括阿司匹林和氯吡格雷在内的双重抗血小板治疗(DAPT)治疗及口服抗凝药以预防支架血栓形成和心房颤动引起的血栓栓塞.全面评估这类患者冠状动脉支架植入术后的支架血栓形成风险、血栓栓塞风险和抗栓治疗带来的出血风险并选择恰当的抗栓治疗方案,对患者的预后至关重要,现将冠心病合并心房颤动患者冠状动脉支架植入术后的抗栓治疗进展综述如下.     

1例华法林过量致皮下大面积出血患者并发室速、室颤的护理

血栓栓塞是心房颤动(简称房颤)最危险的并发症,但栓塞事件可通过口服抗凝剂得以降低,华法林因其较低的价格及肯定的药物疗效,被大多数人作为抗凝首选,非瓣膜病房颤患者应用华法林,卒中风险下降64％,全因死亡减少26％[1].合适的华法林抗凝强度要求INR在2.0～3.0,<2.0易致栓塞性疾病,>3.0出血事件增加[2].然而由于华法林个体差异大,治疗窗窄,与其他药物相关作用复杂,因此出血仍然是华法林抗凝最常见的并发症.     

缺血性卒中的抗凝治疗

几个大规模、多中心、随机试验发现,天然肝素(UFH)或低分子肝素(LMWH)并不能改善急性缺血性卒中患者的总体预后。紧急抗凝可预防长期卧床急性缺血性卒中患者深静脉血栓的形成。伴房颤及附加危险因素,如附壁血栓和(或)新发心肌梗死的心源性栓塞性卒中患者具有较高复发性卒中危险,若无显著出血可紧急抗凝。华法令抗凝可作为伴心房纤颤卒中患者的初级和二级预防。颅内静脉窦栓塞形成、颈动脉夹层和抗磷脂抗体综合征患者可常规抗凝,而非心源性栓塞性卒中或症状性颅内动脉狭窄综合征患者长期抗凝治疗证据不足。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后抗栓治疗研究进展

抗栓治疗是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后治疗的基石,对降低术后血栓风险、改善预后有重要价值。但由于抗栓药物治疗的个体差异大,应在平衡缺血和出血风险后制定抗血小板策略。尤其在新型支架使用后,治疗缺血和出血双高危老年及合并特殊情况等冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)患者、双联抗血小板治疗(dual antiplatelet therapy,DAPT)疗程、合并心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)联合抗凝药物等诸多问题,使临床决策遇到很大挑战。本文回顾了近年来冠心病PCI术后抗栓领域的治疗进展,并对其进行系统阐述。     

抗栓治疗老年患者行结肠息肉内镜切除的安全性研究

目的研究抗栓治疗的老年患者内镜下行结肠息肉切除的安全性。方法筛选住院行结肠息肉切除的2 299例抗栓治疗老年患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,其中高血压病及冠心病患者合计1 555例(高血压冠心病组),冠心病支架置入术后患者435例(冠脉支架放置组),人工心脏瓣膜置换术后及心房颤动患者合计309例(人工心脏瓣膜+心房颤动组)。比较各组不良事件发生情况,对比分析围术期不同抗栓药物管理方案与发生出血事件及血栓栓塞的关系。结果冠脉支架放置组出血事件及血栓栓塞发生率高于高血压冠心病组及人工心脏瓣膜+心房颤动组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),行结肠息肉切除术前3～5 d停用抗凝药物出血事件及血栓栓塞发生率分别为2.00%,2.49%,术后3 d恢复抗凝药物出血事件及血栓栓塞发生率分别为3.34%,1.45%,息肉≥1 cm患者内镜切除后出血事件发生率高于息肉1 cm患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),低分子肝素桥接抗凝治疗患者出血事件发生率对比未桥接抗凝患者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论结肠息肉切除术前3～5 d停用抗栓药物,术后3 d恢复抗栓药物可有助于提高抗栓治疗老年患者结肠息肉内镜切除安全性。     

高龄非瓣膜病慢性房颤不同强度抗凝治疗的观察

目的:通过观察不同国际标准化比值(INR)强度抗凝治疗预防高龄非瓣膜病慢性房颤患者血栓栓塞疗效及不良反应,探讨高龄非瓣膜病慢性房颤抗凝治疗合适强度.方法:将160例高龄慢性房颤患者随机分为标准抗凝治疗组(INR=2.0-3.0)及低抗凝治疗组(INR=1.5-2.0),每组80例.观察两组病例1年内血栓事件及出血发生率.结果:标准抗凝治疗组血栓栓塞事件发生风险较低抗凝治疗组明显降低(OR=0.279,95%CI 0.104-0.747,P=0.008),出血事件在两组之间无显著差异(P=0.21).结论:标准强度抗凝治疗预防高龄非瓣膜病慢性房颤血栓栓塞较低强度抗凝治疗更有效,出血事件无明显增加.     

高龄老年房颤合并冠心病患者的抗栓策略分析

目的分析高龄老年房颤合并冠心病患者的抗栓策略。方法回顾性选取2016年2月至2018年2月同济大学附属杨浦医院收治的高龄老年房颤合并冠心病患者60例,依据抗栓策略将这些患者分为单联抗血小板治疗组(对照组,n=30)和单联抗血小板+华法林治疗组(研究组,n=30)两组。统计两组患者的急性心肌梗死、新发脑梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作、其他部位动脉栓塞等血栓栓塞事件发生情况。同时,统计两组患者的颅内出血、上消化道出血、牙龈/鼻出血、皮肤瘀斑、皮下血肿等出血事件发生情况。结果研究组患者的血栓栓塞事件发生率为16. 7%(5/30),显著低于对照组的26. 7%(8/30)(P 0. 05),出血事件发生率为43. 3%(13/30),显著高于对照组的10. 0%(3/30)(P0. 05)。结论高龄老年房颤合并冠心病患者单联抗血小板+华法林治疗较单联抗血小板治疗更能有效减少患者的血栓栓塞事件的发生,但是会增加患者的出血事件的发生,应值得重视。     

房颤患者抗凝治疗临床分析

目的 回顾分析心房颤动患者的抗凝治疗状况与未抗凝的原因.方法 调查资料完整的房颤患者245例.查阅病历资料,全面收集血栓栓塞高危因素、抗凝禁忌证、抗凝药物选择与用法以及未用华法令抗凝治疗的原因等信息.结果 245例房颤患者中,85.7%为慢性房颤,79.6%具有血栓栓塞高危因素.分析房颤患者未用华法令抗凝治疗的原因,24.3%有抗凝禁忌证,38.5%为医生过分担心出血并发症,和/或患者不能按要求监测国际标准化比值(INR),25.1%为阵发性房颤,尚有12.1%原因不明.治疗结果:出血并发症为0.04%,重症颅内出血占0.2%,缺血性卒中占0.2%.结论 华法令在房颤患者的抗凝治疗中一般应用不足,应加强医生对华法令抗凝知识的继续教育及采用更安全有效的抗凝新药,能更好地促进房颤患者的抗凝治疗.     

Combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy: clinical benefits and risks

Summary.  The combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is more effective than antiplatelet therapy alone for the initial and long-term management of acute coronary syndromes but increases the risk of bleeding. Antiplatelet therapy is often combined with oral anticoagulants in patients with an indication for warfarin therapy (e.g. atrial fibrillation) who also have an indication for antiplatelet therapy (e.g. coronary artery disease) but the appropriateness of such an approach is unresolved. Anticoagulation appears to be as effective as antiplatelet therapy for long-term management of acute coronary syndrome and stroke, and possibly peripheral artery disease, but causes more bleeding. Therefore, in such patients who develop atrial fibrillation, switching from antiplatelet therapy to anticoagulants might be all that is required. The combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy has only been proven to provide additional benefit over anticoagulants alone in patients with prosthetic heart valves. The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is not as effective as oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation, whereas the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is more effective than oral anticoagulants in patients with coronary stents. Whether the benefits of triple therapy outweigh the risks in patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary stents requires evaluation in randomized trials.     

Triple antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary artery stenting: hovering among bleeding risk, thromboembolic events, and stent thrombosis

Dual antiplatelet treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel is the antithrombotic treatment recommended after an acute coronary syndrome and/or coronary artery stenting. The evidence for optimal antiplatelet therapy for patients, in whom long-term treatment oral anticoagulation is mandatory, is however scarce. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the various antithrombotic strategies adopted in this population, we reviewed the available evidence on the management of patients receiving oral anticoagulation, such as a vitamin-k-antagonists, referred for coronary artery stenting. Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent indication for oral anticoagulation. The need of starting antiplatelet therapy in this clinical scenario raises concerns about the combination to choose: triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and a thienopyridine being the most frequent and advised. The safety of this regimen appeared suboptimal because of an increased risk in hemorrhagic complications. On the other hand, the combination of oral anticoagulation and an antiplatelet agent is suboptimal in preventing thromboembolic events and stent thrombosis; dual antiplatelet therapy may be considered only when a high hemorrhagic risk and low thromboembolic risk are perceived. Indeed, the need for prolonged multiple-drug antithrombotic therapy increases the bleeding risks when drug eluting stents are used. Since current evidence derives mainly from small, single-center and retrospective studies, large-scale prospective multicenter studies are urgently needed.     

Potential role of oral anticoagulants in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease: focus on dabigatran

The pharmacologic management of patients with high-risk coronary artery disease consists of aspirin and a P2Y₁₂ receptor inhibitor. Chronic oral anticoagulation with warfarin is the major treatment strategy to attenuate thromboembolism or stroke in patients with deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. A substantial percentage of the latter group of patients have coronary artery disease and may require stenting with long-term dual antiplatelet therapy in addition to therapy with warfarin to reduce arterial ischemic events in addition to stroke. These new oral anticoagulants have been developed for long-term therapy to overcome the limitations of warfarin. Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor and its role in patients with acute coronary syndrome is being explored.     

老年非瓣膜心房颤动及合并脑梗死住院患者抗栓治疗调查

目的探讨老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)及合并脑梗死住院患者的临床特征、栓塞和出血风险及抗栓治疗现状。方法回顾分析583例非瓣膜老年心房颤动患者(≥60岁)的临床资料,分别应用CHADS2评分及CHA2DS2-VASc评分进行卒中风险分层,比较两种评分系统对卒中风险评估的差异,分析探讨各分层抗栓药物应用情况,并应用HAS-BLED评分进行出血风险评估。结果所有NVAF患者基础病中以高血压最常见占61.3%,其次冠心病占56.2%。583例NVAF心房颤动患者中,CHADS2评分≥2分351例,华法林用药率为2.6%,抗血小板用药率为82.3%,CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分522例,华法林用药率为2.1%,抗血小板用药率为84.7%。结论高血压和冠心病是大多数老年心房颤动患者的基础疾病,老年心房颤动及合并脑梗死患者应用华法林进行规范化抗凝治疗的比例低。     

Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is an acute life-threatening event which has a high rate of recurrence. Combined antithrombotic therapy (including cacetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, heparins and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) substantially reduced major coronary events during the acute phase of coronary heart disease with a good tolerance because of the short duration of such aggressive strategy. The combined antithrombotic strategy also allows to increase the benefit of an early invasive strategy including coronary angiogram with stent percutaneous coronary angioplasty which recent trials have shown that to be preferable to a conservative approach in these high risk patients. Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy in association with coronary revascularization play an important role in the prevention of an adverse outcome. Recently, clopidogrel has been shown reduce recurrent ischaemic events, both early and during the first year after non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. An ideal antithrombotic and antiplatelet strategy will reduce events before revascularization, enhance the revascularization procedure without excessive bleeding.     

Acute management of atrial fibrillation: Part II. Prevention of thromboembolic complications

Family physicians should be familiar with the acute management of atrial fibrillation and the initiation of chronic therapy for this common arrhythmia. Initial management should include hemodynamic stabilization, rate control, restoration of sinus rhythm, and initiation of antithrombotic therapy. Part II of this two-part article focuses on the prevention of thromboembolic complications using anticoagulation. Heparin is routinely administered before medical or electrical cardioversion. Warfarin is used in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation who are at higher risk for thromboembolic complications because of advanced age, history of coronary artery disease or stroke, or presence of left-sided heart failure. Aspirin is preferred in patients at low risk for thromboembolic complications and patients with a high risk for falls, a history of noncompliance, active bleeding, or poorly controlled hypertension. The recommendations provided in this article are consistent with guidelines published by the American Heart Association and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.     

Preventing ischemic stroke. Current approaches to primary and secondary prevention

Preventing stroke is the most important strategy for reducing the cost of this disease. Management of modifiable risk factors, especially hypertension and Oral anticoagulation with warfarin for selected high-risk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Carotid endarterectomy for selected patients with carotid artery stenosis greater than 60%. Regular physical exercise. Treatment with statin medications for patients who have coronary artery disease with or without hyperlipidemia. Routine use of antiplatelet medication has no proven role in primary stroke prevention, although aspirin is often prescribed for patients with vascular risk factors who have not yet had symptoms of either stroke or ischemic heart disease. The major strategies for secondary stroke prevention are: Appropriate evaluation to identify the mechanism of the initial stroke. Carotid endarterectomy for patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis of 50% or more. Oral anticoagulation with warfarin for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Use of various antiplatelet agents, including aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and the combination of aspirin and slow-release dipyridamole. Whether treatment of risk factors reduces the risk of secondary stroke is currently being evaluated in clinical trials.     

Antithrombotics in atrial fibrillation and coronary disease

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and approximately 18–45% of AF patients have concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD). Several studies have demonstrated that oral anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy for stroke prevention in AF. Similarly, antiplatelet therapy including aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor is recommended in the management of acute coronary syndrome and stable CAD. Despite the high prevalence of CAD with AF, practice guidelines are scarce on the appropriate antithrombotic regimen due to lack of large-scale randomized clinical trials. The use of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors for stroke prevention in AF has also complicated the possible combinations of antithrombotic therapies. This review aims to discuss the available evidence regarding aspirin as an antithrombotic strategy, the role of novel anticoagulants and the specific clinical situations where aspirin may be beneficial in patients with AF and CAD.     

Anticoagulation and antiaggregation in cardiac patients

Aspirin treatment for primary prevention is safe and useful at an annual coronary event risk > or = 1.5%. Both aspirin and clopidogrel reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease. Clopidogrel in addition to aspirin further reduces cardiovascular events, but is associated with and increased bleeding risk. Recent studies in patients with myocardial infarction suggest that treatment with either coumadin or with coumadin and aspirin are both at least as effective than treatment with aspirin alone. Thromboembolism and bleeding during therapeutic anticoagulation are the major chronic risks for patients with native valvular heart disease and mechanical prosthetic valves. The recommendations for the prevention of thromboembolic events and bleeding complications are discussed and recommended intensity of antithrombotic therapy are outlined. Key points of the guidelines for managing patients with atrial fibrillation are summarised.     

Tailored antithrombotic therapy for acute coronary syndromes

Acute coronary syndromes usually result from thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery at the site of atherosclerotic plaque disruption. The mainstay of treatment is the use of antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy to maintain patency of the artery. In patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, antithrombotic therapy followed by coronary revascularization (when feasible in patients with high-risk features) is the optimal management strategy. In the patient with ST elevation acute coronary syndromes who receives a fibrinolytic agent antithrombotic agents, are also important to prevent reocclusion. Bleeding complications of antithrombotic therapy are associated with a substantial increase in adverse short- and long-term outcomes. Hence, the selection of the most appropriate antithrombotic agent aims to minimize both ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. Factors that are associated with increased bleeding risk and need to be considered when selecting an antithrombotic agent include decreased renal function, short time to invasive procedure (<24 h), and the overall bleeding risk. For patients who will undergo later cardiac catheterization and are not at high bleeding risk, either enoxaparin or fondaparinux are acceptable choices. For patients who are likely to undergo early catheterization or have an increased bleeding risk, either fondaparinux or unfractionated heparin are the optimal choice. Patients with severe impairment of renal function should receive unfractionated heparin.