1001名 HIV感染者鼻腔 MRCoNS与 MS-CoNS耐药谱比较

  目的  探究广州市人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者鼻腔凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（coagulase-negative staphylococci,CoNS）携带情况和耐药谱特征。  方法  对广州市某医院艾滋病门诊部HIV感染者鼻腔分离出的CoNS进行药敏试验和耐药基因检测。  结果  1 001名HIV感染者鼻腔CoNS和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci,MRCoNS）携带率分别为57.44%和48.15%,MRCoNS对青霉素、红霉素和复方新诺明耐药率较高,主要携带Aac（6'）-aph（2'）、ermC和linA耐药基因。MRCoNS（80.69%）与甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（methicillin-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci,MSCoNS）（39.66%）多重耐药率差异有统计学意义（χ2=100.27,P < 0.001）。  结论  广州市HIV感染者鼻腔CoNS和MRCoNS携带率及多重耐药率均较高,与MSCoNS相比MRCoNS可增加6.36倍多重耐药风险。     

成都地区血浆凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药性及分子流行病学分析

目的探讨成都地区血浆凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS)耐药性及分子流行病学特征。方法采集成都市15所医院和6所疾病预防控制中心分离的不重复的2038株CoNS,按NCCLS推荐的方法和判断标准进行药敏试验。同时将CoNS作质粒和PFGE分型。结果(1)CoNS以表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌为主,3种葡萄球菌占CoNS的82.2%,不同来源菌株的构成不完全一致。(2)CoNS对一种及一种以上抗菌药物有耐药性,耐药率为80.4%,对复方新诺明(SMZ)、青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、红霉素、TMP-SMZ和四环素等抗菌药物有较高的耐药性,对万古霉素、氟哌酸、丁胺卡那霉素较敏感。共检出25种耐药谱型,主要耐药谱型为氨苄青霉素+红霉素+青霉素G+SMZ、氨苄青霉素+庆大霉素+链霉素+四环素、氨苄青霉素+青霉素G+四环素、链霉素+红霉素+青霉素G+SMZ+TMP-SMZ、红霉素+新生霉素+青霉素G+SMZ+TMP-SMZ和青霉素G+SMZ+TMP-SMZ。不同来源CoNS的主要耐药谱型不完全一致,主要生化型别CoNS耐药性表现出一定的相似性。(3)CoNS质粒检出率为72.9%,共分为12个质粒谱型(Ⅰ-Ⅻ),以Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型为主,3个型别占1485株携带质粒的CoNS的80.1%。(4)CoNS共有29种PFGE谱型和112个亚型,A、B、C、D、E等5型占总数的89.1%,在不同来源的CoNS中均为优势基因型。不同来源的CoNS中A型具有较相似的构成比且均为最主要的基因型,其它几种优势基因型的构成缺乏相似性。结论本地区CoNS耐药率相当高,多重耐药的现象普遍存在于不同类型的人群中。不同来源CoNS尤其是来自医务人员和患儿的CoNS有很高的同源性,存在着互相传播的潜在可能。     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌生物被膜形成及耐药性分析

目的分析临床血培养报阳的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)生物被膜形成能力及耐药性特征。方法收集某院临床血培养报阳的CNS 126株,采用96孔聚苯乙烯培养板分析生物被膜形成能力,聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测细菌耐药基因mecA,并分析菌株的耐药情况。结果 126株CNS中,87株(占69.04%)生物被膜阳性,105株(83.33%)携带mecA基因。CNS对青霉素、苯唑西林及红霉素的耐药率均80%,未发现对利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、万古霉素和替加环素耐药的菌株;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、青霉素、利福平和复方磺胺甲口恶唑的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球(MSCNS)(均P0.05)。对苯唑西林敏感的CNS中,有2株mecA检测阳性。结论临床血液来源的CNS具有较高的生物被膜形成能力,绝大部分为MRCNS,且表现为多重耐药;存在耐药表型与基因型不一致的菌株。     

耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌在新生儿眼分泌物中分布及耐药基因的检测

目的:探讨新生儿结膜炎分泌物中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的耐药特征及机制。方法:常规分离培养葡萄球菌,K-B法药敏实验,PCR技术检测mecA、ermA、ermC基因。结果:55例新生儿患者眼分泌物中常规培养出葡萄球菌24例。药敏试验显示葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药率为79.2%(19/24),头孢菌素、红霉素、克林霉素、交沙霉素、四环素、新诺明耐药率超过50%,对万古霉素敏感。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌携带mecA、ermA和ermC基因。结论:吉林地区新生儿结膜炎分泌物中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌分离率高,表现多重耐药特征。对甲氧西林耐药菌株携带mecA基因,红霉素耐药菌株携带ermA和ermC基因。     

连续6年凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药性监测

目的 了解1292株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况.方法 回顾性分析2001-2006年医院临床分离的1292株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的药敏结果,采用K-B琼脂扩散法,结果判定参照2006年CLSI标准.结果 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的分离率由2001年的11.0%下降到2006年6.4%,耐药率较高的药物有红霉素、苯唑西林和青霉素,耐药率分别为90.0%、78.9%和95.0%,而头孢吡肟、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别从2001年的17.3%、42.4%和28.7%上升到2006年的39.1%、56.0%和42.6%,四环素及复方新诺明的耐药率有明显下降趋势,分别从2001年的71.2%、72.0%下降到2006年的52.7%、33.3%,未检出万古霉素耐药菌株;120株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对喹奴普汀/达福普汀的耐药率为5.6%.结论 6年凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌较为稳定的耐药率对今后临床用药选择及加强感染控制提供有力依据.     

葡萄球菌属诱导型克林霉素耐药及耐药基因类型分析

目的测定葡萄球菌属对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性,分析红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药的发生率以及耐药基因的类型。方法用K-B法检测葡萄球菌属对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性,依据NCCLS 2004年发布M100-S14的D-试验方法,测定红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药表型,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测msrA、Vgb、sat4、ermA、ermB、ermC耐药基因。结果耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对红霉素及克林霉素同时耐药分别占80.00%和54.17%;D-试验阳性占所检测葡萄球菌属的26.15%,占红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感菌株的68.00%;对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,D-试验阳性即对克林霉素具有诱导耐药性者分别为75.00%和65.88%;耐药基因分析表明:红霉素核糖体甲基化酶基因ermC是诱导耐药的主要基因,占检出耐药基因的76.47%;ermC sat4基因的检出率为8.82%。结论临床微生物实验室应开展D-试验,检测葡萄球菌属中红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药,指导临床医生更合理使用抗菌药物。     

HIV感染人群鼻腔携带的MRSA与MSSA菌株耐药谱及毒素基因分布特征

目的 探究广州市HIV感染人群鼻腔携带耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)与甲氧西林敏感性葡萄球菌(Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus, MSSA)的耐药谱和毒素基因分布特征。方法 于2017年6 - 8月,便利抽取广州市某医院门诊就诊的1 001名HIV感染者并采集其鼻拭子样本,根据传统实验室方法分离鉴定出253株金黄色葡萄球菌,对鉴定出的菌株进行药物敏感性试验,利用头孢西丁纸片法和mecA扩增法鉴定MRSA,采用多重聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) 检测毒素基因。结果 253株SA菌株中,检出MRSA 119 (47.04%) 株,MSSA 134(52.96%)株。60.08%(152/253) 金黄色葡萄球菌为多重耐药SA(Multi - Drug Resistant, MDRSA)。 MRSA菌株和MSSA菌株耐药率最高的抗生素均为青霉素(89.08%,84.33%),其次为红霉素(61.34%, 53.73%)。MRSA菌株对头孢西丁、利福平、氯霉素、四环素和米诺环素的耐药率高于MSSA菌株,差异具有统计学意义。MRSA菌株毒素基因pvl和tst检出率均为4.20%,未检出eta和etb。MSSA菌株毒素基因pvl、tst、eta和etb的检出率分别为2.99%、1.49%、2.24%和0.75%。结论 HIV感染人群鼻腔携带金黄色葡萄球菌中的MRSA和MDRSA检出率高,但MRSA和MSSA菌株pvl、 tst、eta和etb检出率低。     

肝炎患者葡萄球菌感染及耐药性分析

目的分析肝炎患者葡萄球菌感染情况,了解感染者葡萄球菌分布特点和药敏实验结果,为针对性治疗提供参考依据。方法对2011年3月-2013年12月在我院接受中医治疗的病毒性肝炎住院患者,在其出现感染性疾病临床表现时,取痰液、血液、腹水、尿液等感染部位标本送检进行葡萄球菌分离培养。结果本次106例患者共检出147株葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌33株,占22.45%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌114株,占77.55%。在金黄色葡萄球菌中,产酶菌株28株,产酶率为84.85%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中产酶菌株有87株,产酶率为76.32%。金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA发生率为6.06%。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,MRCNS发生率为57.02%。在检出的金黄色葡萄球菌中,痰液检出比例最高占45.45%。金黄色葡萄球菌中,MSSA仅对红霉素耐药率较高,达61.30%,而MRSA耐药情况较为严重,仅万古霉素及替拉考宁耐药率为0.00%,其余抗菌药均有不同程度耐药。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,MSCNS对复方新诺明及红霉素耐药率较高。结论接受中医治疗的肝炎患者中,感染葡萄球菌的分布及耐药情况具有一定的特点,动态的监测致病菌分布并根据药敏实验结果针对性的治疗是控制患者感染的重要治疗手段。     

孕妇B族链球菌的感染因素及耐药基因分析

目的分析孕妇B族链球菌(GBS)的感染因素和耐药基因,为孕妇和临床医师提供有效的预防和治疗措施。方法对1082例孕妇阴道分泌物进行GBS培养鉴定,并分析GBS感染危险因素。应用药敏实验和PCR检测GBS的耐药性和耐药基因。结果在1082例孕妇中,检测出GBS携带者41例,总阳性率为3.8%。不同年龄、体质指数、流产史、孕晚期性生活、阴道炎孕妇GBS感染率比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。41株GBS阳性标本全部进行药敏实验,对12种抗菌药物耐药表型进行了检测,结果显示:GBS对青霉素G、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、万古霉素、利奈唑胺均十分敏感,而对红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星和四环素的耐药率较高。22株红霉素耐药菌株中,主要携带红霉素耐药基因ermB(83.0%,18株)和mefA/E(31.8%,7株),其次是ermA(4.5%,1株),均没有携带ermC、ermM、ermTR,有18.2%红霉素耐药菌株(4株)同时携带ermB和mefA/E两个耐药基因。39株克林霉素耐药菌株中,检测到1株(6.3%)携带耐药基因linB。21株四环素耐药菌株中,检出携带四环素耐药基因tetM(71.4%,15株)和tetO(42.9%,9株),有3株(14.3%)同时检测到该两种耐药基因。结论孕妇GBS携带情况受年龄、体质指数、流产史、孕晚期性生活和阴道炎的影响,GBS对青霉素G、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、万古霉素、利奈唑胺及氯霉素十分敏感,红霉素主要耐药基因为ermB,克林霉素耐药菌株中检测到1株LinB耐药基因,四环素耐药菌株主要携带耐药基因tetM。     

深圳市孕妇B族链球菌的携带与耐药性分析

目的 调查深圳市孕妇B族链球菌（group B streptococcus,GBS）携带情况,并分析其耐药性。方法 对1 277名研究对象进行问卷调查和阴道拭子采样,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验,采用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测菌株的红霉素、克林霉素、四环素耐药基因。结果 孕妇阴道GBS携带率为4.5%。分离得到的57株GBS均对青霉素、万古霉素、头孢曲松、利奈唑胺敏感;但四环素（80.7%）、红霉素（79.0%）、克林霉素（68.4%）耐药率较高。GBS主要携带四环素耐药基因tetM和tetO、红霉素耐药基因ermB和mefA/E,没有检出克林霉素耐药基因linB。结论 深圳孕妇分离的GBS对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高,为指导今后合理使用抗生素提供数据支持。     

Effectiveness of a new decolonisation regimen for eradication of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae

Reduced biocide susceptibility in staphylococci is associated with quaternary ammonium compound (qac) gene-encoding efflux proteins. This study compared the prevalence of antiseptic-resistance genes (qacA/B, smr) in staphylococci colonising nurses and non-healthcare workers. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from 249 nurses were compared for qacA/B and smr positivity with carriage isolates from non-healthcare workers. Associations between qac genes and antibiotic resistance were investigated and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)/minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) to benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine determined. Both genes had higher prevalence in CoNS from nurses (OR: 8.4; 95% CI: 5.4-13.2) and qacA/B was more common in nurses'S.?aureus isolates than those of the general population (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 2.7-11.2). Meticillin-resistant S.?aureus (MRSA) carriage was low (3.2% nurses; 0.5% general population). The risk of harbouring qacA/B and smr was associated with presence of mecA (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.8-4.8) and contact with MRSA-infected patients (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.0-3.9) in S.?aureus and CoNS. S. aureus with qac genes displayed significantly more antibiotic resistance and all gene-positive isolates had higher MICs and MBCs to antiseptics. Increased prevalence of antiseptic-resistance genes in staphylococci from nurses indicates that the hospital environment could exert selective pressure for carriage of these strains. The increased proportion of qac genes in meticillin-resistant strains suggests co-selection of these genes, as does the increased carriage of gene-positive strains by those in contact with MRSA-positive patients. Reduced antiseptic susceptibility may allow persistence of organisms in the presence of low level residues and contribute to survival of MRSA.     

Dynamics of hemodialysis catheter colonization by coagulase-negative staphylococci.

OBJECTIVES: Catheter colonization is a necessary but poorly characterized step in the pathogenesis of catheter-related infections. Colonization dynamics of central venous hemodialysis catheters were studied with emphasis on coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and their population genetics, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. The homogeneity of CoNS colony morphotypes was evaluated. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study during 1,158 catheter-days with microbiological analysis of skin swabs, weekly catheter blood and brush samples, and catheter tips. SETTING: Hemodialysis unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six patients with 24 non-tunneled and 5 tunneled catheters. RESULTS: Nineteen (65.5%) of the catheters became colonized, 17 by CoNS. CoNS colonization of the inner lumen was observed in 17.2% of the catheters and was first detectable after 3 weeks. Colonization of the outer surface occurred in 44.8% of the catheters within a minimum of 2 weeks. PFGE of 53 CoNS revealed 10 clones and 20 unique isolates. Isolates from clones were more frequent in catheter blood and brush cultures than were unique isolates (41% vs 15%), were resistant to more antibiotics (median, 7 vs 2), and tended to more often carry the icaA gene (64.1% vs 40%). Four (23.5%) of the catheters showed colonization with a mixture of CoNS based on PFGE. The time from catheter insertion to such mixed CoNS colonization was longer than that for colonization with one CoNS PFGE pattern only (42 vs 25 days). CONCLUSIONS: Colonization of hemodialysis catheters is dominated by multidrug-resistant, icaA-positive CoNS clones. Mixed CoNS colonization occurs, but is delayed, suggesting a process of sequential superinfection.     

Determining the significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci identified in cultures of paired blood specimens from neonates by species identification and strain clonality.

Of 13 paired coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates recovered from cultures of paired blood specimens obtained simultaneously from peripheral sites from neonates with clinical sepsis, 12 were identical species with identical genotypes. Isolation of CoNS in cultures of 2 blood samples obtained simultaneously from separate sites in neonates usually represents true infection.     

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin isolated from an intensive care unit

Increased isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin prompted this epidemiological survey in the authors intensive care unit. Of 224 medical and surgical patients with hepatobiliary disease, in hospital between December 1998 and July 1999, 14 (6.3%) had at least one isolate of CoNS with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin. A total of 27 isolates with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin were recovered from these 14 patients. Pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) with Sma I endonuclease demonstrated that CoNS isolates obtained from different patients were unrelated. In addition, different isolates obtain from the same patient were also unrelated, with the exception of two patients. Eighteen out of 27 isolates (66.7%) with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin were recovered after an earlier treatment with teicoplanin or vancomycin (median 13.1 g, range 2.4-32.7 g per patient). Only four CoNS strains with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin induced serious infection, all of which responded well to vancomycin therapy.Emergence of CoNS strains with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin remained limited in hospitalized patients, and was not related to a clonal spread of a particular resistant strain.     

Bacteraemia caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci exhibiting decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin

The purpose of our study was to assess the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides among the isolates responsible for bloodstream infections and to describe the epidemiology of these isolates. CoNS isolates from bloodstream infections were collected and characterized by analysis of antibiotic susceptibility and restriction fragment length polymorphism using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The medical records of patients with positive cultures and trends in glycopeptide use were reviewed to determine the effect of previous antibiotic treatment on the susceptibility profile of these organisms. The crude incidence of CoNS bacteraemia was 0.51 per 1000 days of hospitalization. The 15 (28.8%) strains identified as having decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin by the reference method were all hospital-acquired and displayed 13 different DNA patterns. The relative risk of harbouring strains with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin was 3.55 among patients previously treated with vancomycin (confidence interval 95%: 2.15-5.85). The teicoplanin consumption in our institution was constant and represented about 27% of the glycopeptide consumption in daily defined doses. The implementation of programmes aiming to reduce the unnecessary use of glycopeptides should have a significant impact on the reduced-susceptibility rate because strains probably become resistant as a result of antibiotic pressure.     

广东省人群多重耐药金葡菌的携带及耐药性分析

目的 调查广东省部分人群(动物从业人员和一般人群)的多重耐药金葡菌(multidrug-resistant S.aureus,MDRSA)携带情况,并分析菌株的耐药性.方法 对研究对象进行问卷调查和鼻拭子采样,对金葡菌进行药敏试验,分析方法采用x2检验.结果 动物从业人员中金葡菌、MDRSA、甲氧西林耐药金葡菌(methicillin-resistantS.aureus,MRSA)的携带率均高于对照人群(分别为13.3％ vs9.3％;9.5％ vs 3.4％;7.0％ vs 1.4％;均有P＜0.01).金葡菌对青霉素、克林霉素、四环素和红霉素的耐药率较高,MDRSA主要耐药模式是同时对克林霉素、红霉素、四环素耐药.除了青霉素外,动物从业人员金葡菌对各类抗生素的耐药率均高于对照人群;MRSA菌株对各类抗生素的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金葡菌.结论 本研究提示职业性动物接触可能导致从业人员感染耐药细菌.     

革兰阳性球菌耐药性监测研究

目的　监测临床分离革兰阳性球菌的耐药情况 ,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法　采用K -B方法和微量肉汤稀释法 ,对 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月临床分离的 2 10 4株革兰阳性球菌进行药敏试验。结果　 2 10 4株革兰阳性球菌中 ,金黄色葡萄球菌占 2 0 5 % ,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占 4 2 8% ,肠球菌占 32 9%。 2 0 0 3年 ,甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为 19 4 %和 81 1% ,高于 1999年的检出率(17 1%和 6 5 4 % ) ;其中 ,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5。未发现对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 ,有 4株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对替考拉宁耐药。 1999～ 2 0 0 3年 ,万古霉素耐药肠球菌检出率分别为 9 8% ,7 7% ,5 0 % ,4 1%和 6 7% ,无明显增加。 6 7 1%～ 76 7%粪肠球菌对氨苄西林敏感 ,但耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌发生率较高 (6 6 7%～ 89 7% )。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,耐替考拉宁的肠球菌分别为 2 1% ,3 5 %和5 5 %。结论　 2 0 0 3年 ,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌与 1999年比有增加趋势。     

Biologic properties and vaccine potential of the staphylococcal poly-N-acetyl glucosamine surface polysaccharide

Staphylococci have become the most common causes of nosocomial bacterial infections, and this fact, along with increasing problems associated with antimicrobial resistance, spurs the need for finding immunotherapeutic alternatives to prevent and possibly treat these infections. Most virulent, clinical isolates of both coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus carry the ica locus which encodes proteins that synthesize a polymer of beta-1-6 linked N-acetyl glucosamine residues (PNAG). Animal studies have shown purified PNAG can elicit protective immunity against both CoNS and S. aureus, suggesting its potential as a broadly protective vaccine for many clinically important strains of staphylococci.     

儿科院内临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的调查儿科临床常见致病菌的耐药性现状。方法药物敏感性试验采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法(苛养菌用浓度梯度法),耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5软件。结果2002年1月~2003年12月共收集儿科医院患者首次分离2 303株,其中革兰阳性菌占29.7%,革兰阴性菌占70.3%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS),分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的9.7%与67.6%,无万古霉素耐药株;肠球菌耐万古霉素株4.1%;11.9%的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株的检出率分别为49.7%和63.1%。结论细菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题,应重视开展儿科抗感染治疗中耐药性监测工作,同时合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措施控制其传播也是非常重要的。