中山市居室内被动吸烟对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响

目的探讨中山市居室内被动吸烟对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响。方法于2016年3—7月在中山市城区采用随机整群抽样方法抽取小学和初中各5所,共有效调查11 611名儿童,采用国际统一的标准问卷[美国胸科协会制定的标准呼吸卫生调查表(ATS)]调查所选学生的哮喘及哮喘样症状及家庭室内被动吸烟等情况,分析被动吸烟对儿童哮喘和哮喘样症状的影响。结果中山市儿童的持续咳嗽、持续咯痰、喘鸣、哮喘和哮喘现患的检出率分别为2.85%(331/11 611),1.20%(139/11 611),6.93%(805/11 611),5.70%(662/11 611)和1.46%(169/11 611),有30.9%(3 588/11 611)的儿童暴露于二手烟。室内被动吸烟、母亲吸烟、母亲妊娠期被动吸烟和两岁前被动吸烟均对儿童哮喘和哮喘样症状有不同程度的影响(P0.05);家庭成员每日吸烟量≥5支的儿童哮喘现患率(OR=3.66,95%CI:1.68~8.01)和喘鸣发生率(OR=1.76,95%CI:1.04~2.97)均高于非吸烟组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示,两岁前被动吸烟是儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素(OR值为1.51~2.03),室内被动吸烟是儿童持续咯痰的危险因素(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.11~2.35),均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中山市室内被动吸烟是儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素,尤其是两岁前被动吸烟。     

家养皮毛宠物对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状影响的流行病学调查

目的 探讨家养皮毛宠物对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,随机抽取百色市6所小学的3244名小学生作为调查对象.采用标准的呼吸卫生调查表(来自美国胸科协会即ATS)对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状和家养宠物等环境因素进行调查.结果 百色市儿童哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣、喘鸣样症状、持续咳嗽和持续咳痰的发生率分别为3.76%、1.20%、4.69%、2.93%、4.93和2.56%.儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状性别间差异未有统计学意义(P>0.05).多元非条件logistic回归分析显示,暴露家养皮毛宠物可显著的增加儿童持续咳嗽(OR=1.89; 95%CI: 1.30～2.76)和持续咳痰(OR=2.01;95%CI:1.22～3.33)的发生率;分宠物类别分析,与非家养宠物儿童相比,家养宠物狗对儿童哮喘患病的危险性具有统计学意义(OR=2.39;95%CI:1.31～4.37).结论 家养宠物是儿童发生哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素.     

百色市室内环境污染对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状影响的流行病学调查

目的 探讨室内环境污染对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响效应.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,于2010年4月在百色市随机抽取6所小学,采用国际统一的标准问卷ATS调查表对所选学校的所有学生的室内环境和呼吸系统疾病及症状进行流行病学调查.结果 百色市儿童的持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣现患和过敏性鼻炎的患病率分别是11.52％、6.68％、7.63％ 、2.04％、4.15％、5.90％.男性儿童哮喘和哮喘现患患病率显著高于女性儿童患病水平(P＜0.05).多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,暴露室内装修可显著的增高儿童患有哮喘的风险性(OR=1.88,95％ CI=1.46 ～2.42),暴露被动吸烟的儿童患有哮喘的风险性是非暴露儿童的1.76倍(95％ CI=1.37 ～2.26),同时在调整了其他混杂因素的效应后,家养宠物(OR=1.68,95％CI=1.26～2.24)、室内发霉或霉斑(OR=1.87,95％CI=1.17～2.98)及蟑螂(OR=1.96,95％ CI=1.51～2.54)等均为儿童患有哮喘的危险因素;而冬季经常开窗换气和使用抽油烟机可降低儿童患有哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险性.结论 室内装修、被动吸烟暴露、室内烹饪油烟、饲养宠物、霉菌、蟑螂是儿童患有哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素;而开窗换气和使用抽油烟机可降低儿童患有哮喘的危险性.     

房屋特征对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状影响的调查研究

目的探讨房屋特征对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响。方法采用整群抽样,于2007年4月在沈阳市5个行政区内随机抽取5所小学和10所幼儿园,采用国际统一标准问卷—ATS(American Thoracic Society)调查表对所选学校所有学生进行哮喘及哮喘样症状调查。结果沈阳市儿童哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣现患、持续咳嗽、持续咳痰和过敏性鼻炎的阳性率分别为6.30%、2.51%、5.67%、9.34%、4.17%、5.30%,其中男性儿童哮喘、喘鸣现患及过敏性鼻炎的阳性率皆高于女性儿童阳性率水平(P<0.05)。随着住房楼层数目增加,儿童哮喘、持续咳痰、过敏性鼻炎阳性率逐渐降低;随着人均居住面积增加,儿童哮喘现患、喘鸣现患阳性率逐渐增高;住房近3年内进行过装修或距离交通干线、工厂、烟囱越近,儿童出现哮喘及哮喘样症状的阳性率越高。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,住房楼层在3～6楼是儿童呼吸系统健康的保护因素,而近3年内住房装修及住房与交通干线、工厂的距离近是其危险因素。结论房屋特征是影响儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的重要因素。     

室内家居环境对儿童青少年呼吸系统健康影响

目的了解室内家居环境对儿童青少年呼吸系统健康的影响,为采取相应的干预措施提供参考依据。方法于2016年3—7月采用随机整群抽样方法在广东省中山市城区随机抽取小学和初中各5所共11 611名学生进行问卷调查。结果调查的11 611名儿童青少年中,持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、喘鸣、医生诊断哮喘和哮喘现患的阳性率分别为2.85%、1.20%、6.93%、5.70%和1.46%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,油烟对眼睛产生刺激是儿童青少年患持续咳嗽(OR=1.85,95%CI=1.24～2.78)和医生诊断哮喘(OR=1.45,95%CI=1.05～2.01)的危险因素,居室霉菌是儿童青少年患喘鸣(OR=1.28,95%CI=1.09～1.51)的危险因素,蟑螂是儿童青少年患喘鸣(OR=1.54,95%CI=1.28～1.87)和医生诊断哮喘(OR=1.31,95%CI=1.08～1.60)的危险因素。结论定期清理居室霉菌和灭蟑螂对儿童青少年呼吸系统疾病防控有重要作用。     

居室装修建材种类和时期与儿童哮喘类症状的关系

目的探讨居室装修建材种类、装修时期与儿童哮喘类症状的关系。方法于2011年4月—2012年4月对上海市3个市内行政区和2个郊区行政区的72所幼儿园的家长发放17 898份问卷,并回收13 335份由4~6岁儿童的家长填写的问卷,基于这些问卷,采用卡方检验和Logistic回归分析儿童卧室地板和墙面材料、新添置家具和居室装修时期与学龄前4~6岁儿童哮喘类症状(喘息、干咳和哮喘)的关系。结果 66.7%和51.2%的家庭使用实木和乳胶漆分别作为儿童卧室地板和墙面材料。在母亲妊娠期间和儿童0~1岁间进行居室装修的家庭数量明显少于在母亲妊娠前1年内和儿童1岁后进行装修的家庭。以实木和强化木为地板材料的家庭的儿童发生干咳和哮喘的风险高于水泥(OR=1.11~2.13,P0.05,P0.01),墙面材料为乳胶漆和油漆的家庭的儿童发生干咳和哮喘的风险高于石灰(OR=1.10~1.27,P0.05,P0.01)。调整混杂因素后,使用实木或强化木的家庭的儿童干咳和哮喘的风险依旧高于水泥(P0.05,P0.01),且使用强化木的风险较高;上述4个时期添置新家具的家庭的儿童喘息和干咳的风险较高(AOR=1.13~1.23,P0.05,P0.01);儿童0~1岁间进行居室装修的家庭的儿童干咳的风险较高(AOR=1.57,P0.01)。结论本次调查的上海居民对家庭装修的时间具有一定的选择性。与普通材料(水泥和石灰)相比,新型居室装修材料(实木、强化木等)可能会增加儿童患哮喘类症状的风险。妊娠期前后1年和儿童0~1岁期间添置新家具和居室装修的家庭的4~6岁儿童有一定的发生哮喘类症状的风险。     

家养皮毛宠物与儿童哮喘关系

目的 了解家养皮毛宠物与儿童哮喘的关系.方法 采用整群抽样方法,在沈阳市5个行政区内随机选取10所幼儿园和5所小学,采用国际统一标准问卷ATS调查表对所有学生进行呼吸系统疾病及症状调查.结果 沈阳市儿童持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣现患和过敏性鼻炎的患病率分别为9.53％、4.49％、6.23％、2.42％、5.61％和5.27％,其中男生哮喘、喘鸣现患及过敏性鼻炎的患病率明显高于女生(P＜0.05);家养宠物对儿童哮喘无明显影响,但与宠物同室睡会增加儿童患哮喘的危险(P＜0.05);logistic回归分析显示,与无家族易感史且未饲养宠物的儿童相比,具有家族易感史的儿童患哮喘的危险增加了229％(95％ CI=2.55～4.25),而同时暴露家族易感史和宠物的儿童患哮喘的危险增加了101％(95％CI=1.17 ～3.43),家族易感史与家养宠物的交互效应差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 家族易感史是儿童患哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素,家养皮毛宠物对儿童哮喘的影响与儿童跟宠物接触的密切程度有关.     

母乳喂养与被动吸烟对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的交互作用

目的 探讨母乳喂养与被动吸烟的交互作用对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响.方法 采用整群随机抽样法在辽宁省7个城市各抽取1所小学和2所幼儿园,共25所小学和50所幼儿园,对所选学校所有在此居住满2年的31 049名儿童的喂养方式、居住环境、被动吸烟等情况及呼吸系统疾病与症状的信息进行收集.采用Glimmix回归模型分析母乳喂养与被动吸烟的交互作用对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状(持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、喘鸣现患、过敏性鼻炎)的影响.结果 在调查的31 049名儿童中,年龄为(8.32±2.75)岁,母乳喂养的儿童有23 987名,母乳喂养率为77.26％;被动吸烟的儿童有11 820名,被动吸烟率为38.07％.母乳喂养的儿童哮喘、过敏性鼻炎阳性率分别为6.22％(1491/23 987)、4.67％(1120/23 987),非母乳喂养的儿童分别为7.70％(544/7062)、5.48％(387/7062).母乳喂养儿童发生哮喘(OR=0.79,95％ CI:0.72～0.88)、过敏性鼻炎(OR =0.85,95％CI:0.75～0.95)的风险较低.父亲吸烟的儿童喘鸣现患阳性率为7.89％(929/11 770),父亲未吸烟的儿童为5.37％(1036/19 279),父亲吸烟的儿童发生喘鸣现患(OR=1.51,95％CI:1.38 ～1.65)的风险较高.母亲吸烟的儿童持续咳嗽阳性率为18.96％(51/269),母亲未吸烟的儿童为9.51％(2926/30 780),母亲吸烟的儿童发生持续咳嗽(OR =2.23,95％ CI:1.64～3.03)的风险较高.家中其他任何人吸烟的儿童持续咳痰阳性率为5.69％(871/15 316),家中无人吸烟的儿童为3.50％(550/15 733),家中其他任何人吸烟的儿童发生持续咳痰(OR=1.67,95％CI:1.49～ 1.86)的风险较高.Glimmix回归模型分析显示,母乳喂养与被动吸烟对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状存在交互影响:在父亲吸烟暴露下,母乳喂养的儿童发生哮喘的风险低于非母乳喂养儿童;在母亲吸烟暴露下,母乳喂养的儿童发生过敏性鼻炎的风险低于非母乳喂养儿童;在家中其他任何人吸烟暴露下,母乳喂养的儿童发生哮喘、过敏性鼻炎的风险低于非母乳喂养儿童(P值均＜0.05).结论 母乳喂养使被动吸烟的儿童发生哮喘及哮喘样症状的风险降低.     

家养宠物和肥胖对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的交互效应北大核心CSCD

目的研究家养宠物和肥胖对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的交互效应。方法本研究于2007年4月至2008年5月采用整群随机抽样的方法,在沈阳市各行政区随机抽取10所幼儿园、5所小学,应用国际标准问卷ATS调查表对在所选学校和幼儿园居住满两年的全部儿童有关家养宠物、肥胖、哮喘和哮喘样症状等情况进行调查。结果本次研究共发放9335份问卷,回收问卷共8371份,应答率为89.7%,经逻辑审查符合上机统计分析的共8212份问卷,合格率为98.1%。其中患有持续咳嗽、咳痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣现患以及过敏性鼻炎的儿童例数及自我报告率分别为768例(9.35%)、356例(4.34%)、520例(6.33%)、202例(2.46%)、494例(6.02%)、370例(4.51%)。将性别、年龄、家族易感史、父母应答、教育程度、被动吸烟及母乳喂养等因素作为自变量放到logistic回归模型里进行调整,经过分析得出,单纯暴露于家养宠物或单纯肥胖均可增加儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的患病风险。且两者对持续咳嗽、咳痰、哮喘、喘鸣现患、过敏性鼻炎有交互效应。结论家养宠物和肥胖是儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险性因素,且两者对儿童持续咳嗽、咳痰、哮喘、喘鸣现患、过敏性鼻炎存在交互效应。     

被动吸烟与家养宠物对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状影响

目的 探讨被动吸烟与家养宠物对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的交互效应.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法在广西百色市随机抽取6所小学,采用国际统一的标准问卷美国胸腔协会(ATS)调查表对所选学校的所有儿童进行有关被动吸烟、饲养宠物以及哮喘及哮喘样症状等情况调查.结果 广西百色市3 473名儿童中,持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣现患的发生率分别为11.52％ (400/3 473)、6.68％ (232/3 473)、7.63％(265/3 473)、2.04％ (71/3 473)、4.15％(144/3 473),17.71％(615/3 473)的儿童目前家中饲养宠物,目前暴露环境烟雾的比率高达39.48％(1 371/3 473);在调整了儿童的年龄、性别、父母文化程度等混杂因素后,多因素非条件logistic回归分析表明,与既不被动吸烟又不家养宠物的儿童比较,单纯暴露被动吸烟或家养宠物可使儿童患有持续咳嗽的风险分别增高28％(OR=1.28,95％ CI=0.98～1.66)和8％(OR=1.08,95％ CI=0.73～1.61),而同时暴露于这2个因素使儿童患有持续咳嗽的危险性增加155％(OR=2.55,95％CI=1.85 ～3.51);暴露于被动吸烟和家养宠物对儿童持续咳嗽影响的交互效应有统计学意义(x2=5.50,P=0.019),但对哮喘及其他哮喘样症状影响的交互效应均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 被动吸烟与家养宠物均可增加儿童患有哮喘及哮喘样症状的风险,且两者对儿童持续咳嗽的影响存在明显交互效应.     

祖父母哮喘史与被动吸烟对儿童哮喘的影响效应

目的 探讨祖父母哮喘史与被动吸烟的交互作用对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响。方法 采用整群随机抽样法在辽宁省7个城市各抽取1所小学和2所幼儿园, 对所选学校所有在此居住时间≥2年且与祖父母居住时间≥3年的儿童的祖父母哮喘史、居住环境、被动吸烟等情况及呼吸系统疾病与症状的信息进行收集。采用Glimmix回归模型分析祖父母哮喘史与被动吸烟的交互作用对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状(持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、喘鸣现患、过敏性鼻炎)的影响。结果 在调查的3 576名儿童中, 年龄为(8.11±2.87)岁, 祖父母有哮喘史的儿童有224名, 祖父母哮喘史率为6.26%;被动吸烟的儿童有970名, 被动吸烟率为27.13%。祖父母有哮喘史的儿童咳嗽、喘鸣现患和哮喘阳性率分别为16.07%(336/224), 14.29%(32/224)和13.39%(30/224), 祖父母无哮喘史的儿童为10.32%(346/3 352), 5.91%(198/3 352)和5.61%(188/3 352), 祖父母有哮喘史儿童发生咳嗽(OR=1.66, 95%CI:1.15～2.42)、喘鸣现患(OR=2.65, 95%CI:1.78～3.96)和哮喘(OR=2.60, 95%CI:1.72～3.93)的危险性较高。祖父母吸烟的儿童咳嗽和咳痰的阳性率分别为14.02%(136/970)和6.19%(60/970), 祖父母吸烟的儿童发生咳嗽(OR=1.56, 95%CI:1.25～1.96)和咳痰(OR=1.57, 95%CI:1.13～2.18)的危险性较高。Glimmix回归模型分析显示, 祖父母有哮喘史与被动吸烟对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状存在交互影响:在儿童被动吸烟暴露下, 祖父母有哮喘史的儿童发生咳痰的危险性高于祖父母无哮喘史儿童(P<0.05)。结论 祖父母有哮喘史使被动吸烟的儿童发生哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险性升高。     

Asthma and wheezing symptoms in young people in six Western countries

BACKGROUND: Asthma diagnosed in children shows wide geographical variations. Large scale surveys identify children with diagnosed asthma, but neglect the group of youngsters with multiple asthmatic complaints. METHODS: A short validated asthma questionnaire was included in six national surveys of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study. Prevalence rates are presented by country, gender and age. Gender and age differences are analysed using binary and multinomial logistic regressions controlling for age and smoking. RESULTS: Large country differences are observed in the prevalence rates of diagnosed asthma (8.6%-20.9% in boys, 6.9%-18.5% in girls) and young people with "asthma-like symptoms" (9.6%-20.2% in boys, 9.2%-23.1% in girls). When controlling for age and smoking, significant gender differences are observed (more diagnosed asthma in boys, more asthmatic symptoms in girls). Age differences were observed in adolescents with "asthma-like symptoms", but not in diagnosed asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Using a short asthma questionnaire, large differences in diagnosed asthma and wheezing symptoms are observed between the countries. A considerable group of youngsters with "asthma-like symptoms" is detected in all countries, and may be an unrecognised risk group in health promotion.     

鞍山市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响

目的探讨空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的危害.方法于2002年4月,在鞍山市轻、中、重污染区随机抽取小学和幼儿园各1所,学校内的所有学生作为调查对象(共1951人),调查不同污染区的儿童健康状况及室内外环境.结果鞍山市儿童持续咳嗽、持续咯痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣及喘鸣样症状的发生率分别为9.48%,4.82%,1.33%,0.92%,6.30%,4.97%.幼儿哮喘、哮喘现患,喘鸣、喘鸣样症状发生率均高于学龄儿童;性别间差异无统计学意义.重污染区儿童持续咳嗽和持续咯痰的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率(P＜0.05).随着住房与交通干线距离的接近,儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生率也呈增高趋势.易感因素与室外空气污染的联合作用较强,呼吸系统各种疾病的发生率均以受大气污染影响的易感儿童为高,无大气污染影响的非易感儿童发生率为低.结论室外空气污染是儿童呼吸系统健康的影响因素.     

Childhood asthma and indoor woodsmoke from cooking in Guatemala

We estimated the prevalence and severity of asthma, and the association with cooking on open wood fires, as preparation for a large-scale randomized field trial on effects of indoor air pollution and child health. This is one of the first systematic studies of asthma and indoor wood-smoke pollution and to our knowledge the first asthma study in a purely indigeneous population in Latin America. The mothers of 1058 children aged 4-6 years were interviewed, using the standardized ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) procedures and questionnaire. The study population is a Mam-speaking (Maya), indigenous group living at relatively high altitude (2000 m) in Western Guatemalan Highlands. We found that asthma prevalence is low among indigenous children in Guatemala, compared to other populations in Latin America. Only 3.3% of the children reported wheezing symptoms in the last 12 months, and 72% wheezing symptoms ever. The majority of the current wheezers had at least one of the criteria for severe asthma. The prevalence of all the symptoms of asthma was higher in children from households that used open fires compared to improved stoves with chimneys. In a logistic regression model, use of open fire for cooking was a significant risk factor for a number of asthma symptoms, with odds ratios varying from 2.0 to 3.5. Among the different cooking technologies (1-improved stove with chimney, 2-mixture of gas and open fire, 3-open fire) trends of higher prevalence with more pollution was found for some of the symptoms. Hence use of open fire for cooking, may be an important risk factor for asthma symptoms and severity.     

Indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and dampness: respiratory symptoms in Sardinian children--DRIAS study

Indoor exposures at home, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and mould/dampness adversely affect respiratory health of children. Disturbi Respiratori nell’Infanzia e Ambiente in Sardegna (DRIAS) (Respiratory Symptoms in children and the Environment in Sardegna, Italy) aims at relating the prevalence of respiratory and allergic symptoms to indoor exposures in Sardinian children.DRIAS, a cross-sectional investigation of respiratory symptoms/diseases, used a modified version of ISAAC questionnaire, included 4122 children attending 29 primary schools in the school year 2004-2005.If both parents smoke the prevalence for current wheeze and current asthma is almost doubled in comparison with never smokers, for persistent cough and phlegm a role is suggested when only mother smokes. Among mothers smoking in pregnancy, the prevalence of current wheeze and current asthma is increased. Exposure to ETS and family atopy have a joint effect resulting in an almost tripling of prevalence for current wheeze and more than four times for current asthma. Exposure to “dampness” (mould or dampness) both during the first year of life and currently is associated with increased prevalence of current wheeze, persistent cough or phlegm and current rhino-conjunctivitis; if exposure is only during the first year of life a doubling or more of prevalence is observed for current wheeze, current asthma, and persistent cough or phlegm.DRIAS results add evidence to the causal role of childhood exposure to ETS in the development of respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, and wheezing) and asthma. The joint effect of ETS and family atopy is corroborated. The results strengthen the evidence for a causal association between “dampness” and respiratory health, pointing to its possible independent role in causing asthma, a long-lasting exposure entails a doubled prevalence for both asthmatic and bronchitis symptoms.     

Indoor allergens, asthma, and asthma-related symptoms among adolescents in Wuhan, China

PURPOSE: Information on indoor allergen exposures among non-Western populations, which have lower prevalence of atopic illness, is scant. We examined whether exposures to common indoor allergens were associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma and asthma-related symptoms among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 4,185 ninth grade students was conducted at 22 randomly selected schools in Wuhan, China. Information on respiratory health and exposures to indoor allergens was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire completed in class. RESULTS: Having animals currently was associated with persistent cough [prevalence odds ratio (POR)=1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI ): 1.21-2.11] and wheeze (POR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.94). Early-life exposure to animals was also associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma (POR=1.95, 95% CI: 1.35-2.82). Associations with respiratory symptoms strengthened with higher levels of exposure and for exposure in both early childhood and in adolescence. Exposure to cockroaches and having mold/water damage in the home contributed especially to wheezing (POR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.41-2.90 for cockroaches; POR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.82-3.40 for mold/water damage). CONCLUSIONS: Indoor allergen exposures were positively associated with asthma diagnosis and persistent respiratory symptoms among Chinese adolescents. Neither early-life nor current exposure to animals was protective for asthma or asthma-related symptoms.     

"Why does he wheeze?": wheezing and asthma in young children

Wheezing is common in young children and parents often worry that the child has asthma. The diagnosis of asthma in the under-fives is not always easy but assessing the severity of wheezing and whether it is transient, intermittent, persistent or associated with viral infection helps health professionals to rationalise treatment. This article outlines the different patterns of wheezing and some current approaches to management. Although wheezing and asthma are often associated, wheezing is commonly due to viral infection and more than 60% of children who wheeze during the first three years of life have ceased to do so by six years old. Parents of young children with wheeze and/or asthma need support and consistent advice from health professionals. Parents who smoke should be encouraged and helped to stop, as exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of a child developing recurrent wheeze, cough and breathlessness.     

辨证穴位敷贴治疗慢性持续期哮喘患儿的疗效及其对T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨辩证穴位敷贴对慢性持续期哮喘患儿的疗效及对血清T淋巴细胞亚群水平的影响。方法选取80例慢性持续期哮喘患儿为研究对象,随机分为两组,每组40例。对照组给予常规治疗,研究组在此基础上联合辩证穴位敷贴治疗,比较两组患儿治疗前与治疗后临床评价指标、肺功能指标及血清T淋巴细胞亚群水平。结果两组治疗后各项临床症状、儿童哮喘控制测试问卷(C-ACT)评分、中医证候积分及哮喘发作次数均显著改善,并且研究组喘息、咳嗽、哮鸣音症状及C-ACT评分、中医证候积分、哮喘发作次数改善更加显著(P<0. 05)。两组患儿的肺功能指标一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、峰值呼气流速(PEF)均有显著提高,并且研究组改善优于对照组(P<0. 05);对照组血清T淋巴细胞亚群水平无明显变化(P>0. 05),研究组CD3+、CD4+以及CD4+/CD8+水平较治疗前均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。结论辩证穴位敷贴可有效改善慢性持续期哮喘患儿的临床症状及肺功能,其机制可能与纠正T淋巴细胞亚群紊乱,改善细胞免疫功能有关。     

室内装修污染与儿童呼吸健康的相关性分析

目的探讨室内装修污染对儿童呼吸健康状况的影响。方法对泰安市城区五所小学的2～4年级(7～9岁)1000名学龄儿童进行调查,调查内容包括居室内装修状况;室内空气污染程度不同对儿童呼吸健康的影响。结果有室内装修污染儿童中患咳嗽、气喘和咳痰的发生率均高于无室内装修污染的儿童,经χ2检验,P值﹤0.01,差异有统计学意义;室内装修后越短时间入住,出现咳嗽、气喘和咳痰等症状的比例越高,随入住时间的延长,儿童出现症状的比例逐渐降低,未感冒时咳嗽、气喘和咳痰的发生率差异有统计学意义(P值﹤0.05);随着居室装修时间的延长,室内空气中甲醛、苯、总挥发性有机物的超标率均有所下降。经统计学处理,P值均﹤0.01。结论室内有无装修及装修后不同时间入住对儿童呼吸健康影响不同,应积极采取措施,避免室内装修污染对儿童健康造成危害。