慢性中重度缺血陛二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗及中期随访

Objective To compare the results of mitral valve reconstruction and replacement as treatments for moderate to severe ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR), and report the mid-term outcome. Methods From June 2002 to May 2008, 83 pa-tients with moderate IMR(35 cases) and severe IMR (48 cases) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) combined with mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) (n = 43) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) (n = 40). There were 49 males and 34 females with a mean age of (59.3±7.5) years(51 -77years). The procedures of MVP included annuloplasty with a Dacron or autologous per-icardium ring in 21cases, commissural annuloplasty in 9, quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in 9 and using St. Jude mitral annuloplasty ring in 4. In the cases underwent MVR, 28 patients received mechanical prostheses and 12 received biopros-theses. Results 30-day mortality rate was 2.3% for MVP and 5.0% for MVR (P >0.05). The 30-day complication rate was similar for the 2 groups but mechanical ventilation time was longer for MVR patients. Mild MR ocurred in 6 patients with MVP (P <0.05). Sevonty-six patients were followed by outpatient department visit or telephone for (20.2 ± 4.9) months (3 - 60 months). During the follow-up period, 7 patients with MVP had mild insufficiency but free off etber complications. All the valve prothesis functioned well. However, 3 cases had thromboembolic complications and 7 late deaths were recorded in MVR group. Five-year complication-free survival rate was 90% for MVP group and 61% for MVR. Conclusion MVP resulted in excellent durability and provided significant mid-term survival benefit over MVR. MVP should be the first choice for patients with chronic IMR.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

二尖瓣成形术治疗感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全

目的 评估二尖瓣成形术治疗感染性心内膜炎的可行性和疗效.方法 1990年10月至2007年7月,83例感染性心内膜炎致二尖瓣关闭不全的病人接受二尖瓣手术.男62例,女21例.41例(49.4%)行二尖瓣成形术(MVP),42例(50.60%)行二尖瓣置换术(MVR).同时行主动脉瓣置换术37例,三尖瓣成形术12例,室间隔缺损修补术4例,冠状动脉旁路移植术2例,主动脉瓣成形术1例,房间隔缺损修补术1例,股动脉取栓术1例.术中18例行食管超声检查评估二尖瓣反流情况.结果 MVP与MVR组病人比较,术前左室收缩末内径(41.63±8.60)mm对(37.69±6.38)mm,P＜0.05;术前射血分数0.62±0.07对0.66±0.76,P＜0.05;术前心功能分级平均(2.88±0.61)级对(2.45±0.71)级,P＜0.01.体外循环47～265min,平均(117.06±46.77)min;主动脉阻断26～210min,平均(86.95±39.07)min;呼吸机辅助呼吸5～120h,平均(21.49±16.06)h.MVP与MVR组病人体外循环和主动脉阻断时间均差异无统计学意义,MVP组气管插管和住ICU时间均显著低于MVR组(P＜0.05).MVR组病人瓣叶赘生物明显多于.MVP组病人(P＜0.05).MVP组术者相对固定.住院死亡3例(3.6%),均为二尖瓣置换病人.出院时病人心功能均为Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级.随访1～165个月,平均(39.33±39.76)个月,随访率95%.MVR组发生瓣周漏1例,反复胸腔积液1例,脑出血2例,其中1例死亡,10年生存率75%.MVP组无死亡,10年生存率100%.结论 感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣病变的病人瓣叶毁损不严重,如术者临床经验丰富,大多可行二尖瓣成形术,并取得良好手术结果.

Abstract：

Objective Valve replacement is a conventional therapy for the mitral insufficiency caused by IE. Mitral valve repair as an optional procedure for the disease has become feasible in recent years. However, concerns from surgeons about the recurrence of endocarditis after mitral valve repair remained. in this study we evaluated the long-term clinical outcomes of patients treated with surgery for the mitral insufficiency caused by infective endocarditis (IE). Methods Between July 1990 and July 2007, 83 consecutive patients (male 62, female 21) with mitral valve IE were enrolled in this study. Forty-one (49.4% )patients received mitral valve repair ( MVP,group A) and 42(50. 6% ) patients received mitral valve replacement ( MVR, group B). Thirty-seven cases had concomitant aortic valve replacement; 1 patient had aortic valve repair; 4 cases had ventricular septal defect repair; 1 case had atrial septal defect repair, 12 cases had bicuspid valve repair; 2 cases had coronary artery bypass graft and 1 case had femoral artery thrombus. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography were performed in 18 cases for the evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic clamping time and postoperative ventilation time were recorded and analyzed. Mid- and long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were assessed.Results Preoperative left ventricular end systolic diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction and the classification of New York Heart Association in group A were significantly lower than those in group B (P ＜ 0. 05), but no difference was observed between the 2 groups in the cardiopulmonary bypass time and the crossclamping time. However, the intubation time and ICU time were shorter in group A than those in group B ( P ＜ 0.05 ). More vegetations were seen in the MVR group than in the MVP group. Three (3.6% ) patients died after the operation in group B. All patients were assessed as in NYHA Ⅰ-Ⅱ at discharge.A follow-up was done between 1 to 165 months (mean 39 months) with a mean follow-up rate of 95%. In the MVR group, peri-valvular leakage happened in 1 case, cerebral hemorrhage happened in 2 cases and repetitive pleura! effusion in 1 case. One death happened in the MVR group and none in the MVP group. The 10-year survival rate (100% ) in group A was nonsignificantly higher in group A than that (75% ) in group B(P =0.081). Conclusion Mitral valve repair is feasible for treating mitral valve lesions caused by endocarditis, and may provide an optimistic long-term outcome to the patients. The indication for mitral valve repair is mild to moderate mitral valve lesion. Experienced cardiac surgeons, use of antibiotics before and after the operations based on drug-sensitivity test and blood test, as well as follow-up the patients yearly, are important factors for the favorite outcomes.     

人工瓣环成形术与其联合"缘对缘"瓣膜成形术治疗重度三尖瓣关闭不全

Objective To analyze whether association of edge to edge valve repair to artificial ring annuloplasty would result in better results in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR).Methods From April,2001 to May,2010,41 patients underwent tricuspid valve repair to treat severe TR were studied.Twenty-one patients were done artificial ring annuloplasty alone (group R) and twenty patients were done artificial ring annuloplasty associated with edge to edge valve repair ( group E).All the patients received echocardiography before surgery,before discharge and in mid and long-term follow-up.The ratio between TR jet area (TRA) and right atrial area (RAA) was used to quantitatively evaluate the seriousness of TR.Movement of tricuspid valve leaflets,tricuspid valve orifice area,pulmonary artery pressure ( PAP),left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) were obserbed to evaluate heart function.Results At discharge in group R,no or trivial TR was presented in 7 patients,mild TR in 12 patients and moderate TR in 2 patient.Bad apposition of the free edges of anterior and septal leaflets was observed in paients with mild and moderate TR.While in group E,no or trivial TR was presented in 13 patients and mild TR in 7 patients.The follow-up ranged from 6 months to 100 months[average (54.8 ±26.7) months].In group R,no or trivial TR was present in 5 patients,mild TR in 11 patients,moderate TR in 4 patients and severe in 1 patient.Bad apposition of the free edges of anterior and septal leaflets was observed in paients with mild to severe TR.Redo tricuspid valve repair was done in one patient in group R for recurrent severe TR and the edge-to-edge valve repair was utilized.In group E,no tricuspid stenosis was found.No or trivial TR was presented in 10 patients,mild TR in 9 patients and moderate TR in 1 patient.The ratio of TRA/RAA of group R was significantly higher than that of group E (0.25 ±0.16 vs.0.13±0.10,P < 0.01).Conclusion Association of edge-to-edge valve technique to artificial ring annuloplasty was safe and effective for treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation due to bad apposition of free edges of tricuspid leaflets and dilatation of tricuspid annulus,.It could decrease the incidence of residual tricuspid regurgitation and prevent the recurrence of severe tricuspid regurgitation.     

人工瓣环成形术与其联合"缘对缘"瓣膜成形术治疗重度三尖瓣关闭不全

Objective To analyze whether association of edge to edge valve repair to artificial ring annuloplasty would result in better results in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR).Methods From April,2001 to May,2010,41 patients underwent tricuspid valve repair to treat severe TR were studied.Twenty-one patients were done artificial ring annuloplasty alone (group R) and twenty patients were done artificial ring annuloplasty associated with edge to edge valve repair ( group E).All the patients received echocardiography before surgery,before discharge and in mid and long-term follow-up.The ratio between TR jet area (TRA) and right atrial area (RAA) was used to quantitatively evaluate the seriousness of TR.Movement of tricuspid valve leaflets,tricuspid valve orifice area,pulmonary artery pressure ( PAP),left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) were obserbed to evaluate heart function.Results At discharge in group R,no or trivial TR was presented in 7 patients,mild TR in 12 patients and moderate TR in 2 patient.Bad apposition of the free edges of anterior and septal leaflets was observed in paients with mild and moderate TR.While in group E,no or trivial TR was presented in 13 patients and mild TR in 7 patients.The follow-up ranged from 6 months to 100 months[average (54.8 ±26.7) months].In group R,no or trivial TR was present in 5 patients,mild TR in 11 patients,moderate TR in 4 patients and severe in 1 patient.Bad apposition of the free edges of anterior and septal leaflets was observed in paients with mild to severe TR.Redo tricuspid valve repair was done in one patient in group R for recurrent severe TR and the edge-to-edge valve repair was utilized.In group E,no tricuspid stenosis was found.No or trivial TR was presented in 10 patients,mild TR in 9 patients and moderate TR in 1 patient.The ratio of TRA/RAA of group R was significantly higher than that of group E (0.25 ±0.16 vs.0.13±0.10,P < 0.01).Conclusion Association of edge-to-edge valve technique to artificial ring annuloplasty was safe and effective for treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation due to bad apposition of free edges of tricuspid leaflets and dilatation of tricuspid annulus,.It could decrease the incidence of residual tricuspid regurgitation and prevent the recurrence of severe tricuspid regurgitation.     

改良腱索转移法治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂(附16例临床分析)

Objective To introduce an operative technique for prolapse of the anterior leaflet of mitral valve. Methods From January 2002 through May 2005, chordal transfer and "edge-to-edge" technique was performed in 16 cases with serious mitral valve re- gurgitation due to prolapse of the anterior leaflet. The etiology was chordal rupture in 12 cases and chordtal elongation in 4. The mean regurgitation area yam (14.76±3.28) cn2. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 33% - 69% before operation. Among those patients, 5 were in NYHA function class Ⅲ and 11 in class Ⅳ. Operations were performed under general anesthesia and car- diopulmonary bypass. First, "edge to edge" technique was performed. The free edge of the prolapsed anterior leaflet was sutyred to corresponding posterior leaflet. Then quadrangular resection was performed to transfer segment of posterior leaflet with its attached chordae. At last, the posterior leaflet was approximated after quadrangular resetion. Echocardiography was performed in each patient before discharge and at the times of follow-up. Results All patients survived the operation. One patient nequired mitral valve re- placement due to anterior leaflet perforation 3 days after the operatiom. The rest were free from reoperation. At the time d follow-up, all these patients were in NYHA functional class Ⅰ. Echocardiography showed neither stenosis nor significant regurgitation of the mitral valve. The cross-sectional area of the mitral valve was 3.3 -4.8 cm2[mean(3.78±0.52)cm2]. The mean regurgitation area was (0.45±0.22) cm2. Both dimension of left atrium and left vantricule reduced significantly. The diameter of left atrium was (48.26± 11.12) mm pre-operation vs. (37.57±9.56) mm post-operation (P=0.028). The ead-diastolic diameter of the left ventricule was (61.43±8.24)mm pre-operation vs (42.35±10.79) mm post-operation (P = 0.008). Conctusion Chordal transfer and "edge- to-edge" technique provides good results for repair of anterior leaflet prolapse of mitral valve.     

改良腱索转移法治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂(附16例临床分析)

Objective To introduce an operative technique for prolapse of the anterior leaflet of mitral valve. Methods From January 2002 through May 2005, chordal transfer and "edge-to-edge" technique was performed in 16 cases with serious mitral valve re- gurgitation due to prolapse of the anterior leaflet. The etiology was chordal rupture in 12 cases and chordtal elongation in 4. The mean regurgitation area yam (14.76±3.28) cn2. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 33% - 69% before operation. Among those patients, 5 were in NYHA function class Ⅲ and 11 in class Ⅳ. Operations were performed under general anesthesia and car- diopulmonary bypass. First, "edge to edge" technique was performed. The free edge of the prolapsed anterior leaflet was sutyred to corresponding posterior leaflet. Then quadrangular resection was performed to transfer segment of posterior leaflet with its attached chordae. At last, the posterior leaflet was approximated after quadrangular resetion. Echocardiography was performed in each patient before discharge and at the times of follow-up. Results All patients survived the operation. One patient nequired mitral valve re- placement due to anterior leaflet perforation 3 days after the operatiom. The rest were free from reoperation. At the time d follow-up, all these patients were in NYHA functional class Ⅰ. Echocardiography showed neither stenosis nor significant regurgitation of the mitral valve. The cross-sectional area of the mitral valve was 3.3 -4.8 cm2[mean(3.78±0.52)cm2]. The mean regurgitation area was (0.45±0.22) cm2. Both dimension of left atrium and left vantricule reduced significantly. The diameter of left atrium was (48.26± 11.12) mm pre-operation vs. (37.57±9.56) mm post-operation (P=0.028). The ead-diastolic diameter of the left ventricule was (61.43±8.24)mm pre-operation vs (42.35±10.79) mm post-operation (P = 0.008). Conctusion Chordal transfer and "edge- to-edge" technique provides good results for repair of anterior leaflet prolapse of mitral valve.     

改良腱索转移法治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂(附16例临床分析)

Objective To introduce an operative technique for prolapse of the anterior leaflet of mitral valve. Methods From January 2002 through May 2005, chordal transfer and "edge-to-edge" technique was performed in 16 cases with serious mitral valve re- gurgitation due to prolapse of the anterior leaflet. The etiology was chordal rupture in 12 cases and chordtal elongation in 4. The mean regurgitation area yam (14.76±3.28) cn2. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 33% - 69% before operation. Among those patients, 5 were in NYHA function class Ⅲ and 11 in class Ⅳ. Operations were performed under general anesthesia and car- diopulmonary bypass. First, "edge to edge" technique was performed. The free edge of the prolapsed anterior leaflet was sutyred to corresponding posterior leaflet. Then quadrangular resection was performed to transfer segment of posterior leaflet with its attached chordae. At last, the posterior leaflet was approximated after quadrangular resetion. Echocardiography was performed in each patient before discharge and at the times of follow-up. Results All patients survived the operation. One patient nequired mitral valve re- placement due to anterior leaflet perforation 3 days after the operatiom. The rest were free from reoperation. At the time d follow-up, all these patients were in NYHA functional class Ⅰ. Echocardiography showed neither stenosis nor significant regurgitation of the mitral valve. The cross-sectional area of the mitral valve was 3.3 -4.8 cm2[mean(3.78±0.52)cm2]. The mean regurgitation area was (0.45±0.22) cm2. Both dimension of left atrium and left vantricule reduced significantly. The diameter of left atrium was (48.26± 11.12) mm pre-operation vs. (37.57±9.56) mm post-operation (P=0.028). The ead-diastolic diameter of the left ventricule was (61.43±8.24)mm pre-operation vs (42.35±10.79) mm post-operation (P = 0.008). Conctusion Chordal transfer and "edge- to-edge" technique provides good results for repair of anterior leaflet prolapse of mitral valve.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.