经下腔静脉放置冠状静脉窦电极导管对操作者放射剂量影响的研究

目的 经下腔静脉(IVC)放置冠状静脉窦(CS)电极导管理论上存在减少操作者放射剂量的可能性.本文在对比经IVC可调弯电极导管与经上腔静脉(SVC)固定弯电极导管置入CS操作的可行性和操作者所受的放射剂量.方法 202例患者,经下腔静脉组(IVC组)122例、经上腔静脉组(SVC组)80例,两组患者年龄、性别、超声心动图和心律失常类型方面差异均无统计学意义.IVC组采用可控弯10极电极导管,SVC组使用固定弯10极电极导管,由同一组术者操作.记录两组患者导管放置时曝光时间,并测定操作者所受放射剂量.结果 IVC组122例患者中有2例电极导管不能到位,改经SVC途径仍未成功;SVC组80例全部放置成功.两组平均每例曝光时间相似[(105±12)s vs(108±19)s;P=0.925].单位时间所受放射剂量平均值在IVC组为0.25×10-2uGy/s,SVC组为1.38×10-2uGy/s.IVC组和SVC组操作者平均每例接受放射剂量分别为(0.30±0.04)uGy和(1.49±0.27)uGy(P＜0.001).两组皆未发现心脏和血管并发症.结论 与固定弯电极导管经SVC途径比较,可控弯电极导管经IVC途径置入CS电极导管的单位时间放射量明显降低,在不增加操作时间的同时可显著减少操作者所受放射剂量.     

经下腔静脉放置冠状静脉窦电极导管对操作者放射剂量影响的研究

Objective To evaluate and compare the dosages of operator-incurred-radiation during the implantation of coronary sinus (CS) catheter between the approaches through inferior vena cava (IVC) with the steerable catheter and through supra vena cava (SVC) with the fixed curve catheter. Methods Two hundred and two patients were divided into two groups according to the different approaches of CS catheter insertion. IVC group (n = 122) :a deca-polar catheter with steerable curve was placed into CS through the femoral vein and the IVC. SVC group (n =80) :a fixed curve deca-polar catheter was inserted into CS through the jugular vein and the SVC. There was no obvious difference in gender, age, and echocardiogram between the two groups. All procedures were performed by the same three operators. The exposure time of each case and the dosage of operator-incurred-radiation during the procedure were measured. Results The catheters were positioned successfully inl20 patients in the IVC group and in all patients in the SVC group. The 2 failured in the IVC group were also failed in by attempting through SVC with fixed curve catheter. There was no significant difference in the exposure time between IVC group and SVC group[( 105 ± 12)s and ( 108 ± 19)s,P =0. 925]. The per sec operator-incurred-radiation was 0. 25 × 10-2 uGy/s in WC group and 1.38 × 10 -2 uGy/s in SVC group. This lead to significant decrease in the dosage of operator-incurred-radiation in IVC group[(0. 30 ± 0. 04) uGy vs ( 1.49 ±0. 27) uGy,P ＜ 0. 001]. No cardiac or vascular complication was observed in both groups. Conclusions Insertion of coronary sinus catheter through IVC with the steerable catheter is associated with significantly less radiation than that through SVC with the fixed curve catheter without increasing time of the procedure.     

经股静脉途径放置冠状静脉窦导管的初步应用

使用可屈性多极导管经股静脉径路（Ａ组）置入冠状静脉窦（ＣＳ），并与锁骨下静脉径路（Ｂ组）进行比较。发现经股静脉径路放置ＣＳ导管具有快速、安全、成功率高的优点。Ａ、Ｂ两组从穿刺血管到置入ＣＳ导管所需时间分别为１．５±０．５ｍｉｎ和２２．６±７．２ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。经股静脉径路放置ＣＳ导管不仅能满足射频消融时标测的需要，而且可减少血管穿刺部位，降低并发症。     

经股静脉放置冠状静脉窦导管的临床体会

报道 2 2 1例因反复发作室上性心动过速行射频消融术的患者 ,使用顶端弯度可调控导管经股静脉径路送入冠状静脉窦标测电极的临床体会。 2 2 1例患者中 ,成功地经股静脉途径放置冠状静脉窦电极 2 0 0例 (90 .5 % )。其中房室结双径路者的放置成功率为 98% ,房室旁道为 81.5 % ,房性心动过速及心房扑动为 93.3%。 2 1例失败者穿刺左锁骨下静脉 ,19例经该静脉成功地送入冠状静脉窦电极 ,2例失败。所有病人无与放置冠状静脉窦导管有关的并发症。因而 ,使用顶端弯度可调控的导管经股静脉途径放置冠状静脉窦电极效果良好 ,尤其在房室结双径路的患者。此方法安全 ,避免了穿刺锁骨下静脉以及由此引起的并发症。     

经下腔静脉途径反推力牵引法拔除永久性起搏电极导线

采用经下腔静脉途径 ,对 11例起搏器术后顽固性感染和 2例电极导线断裂患者的电极导线进行血管内反推力牵引拔除术。需拔除电极导线共 17根 (心房和心室电极导线分别为 5和 12根 ) ,其中 15根因起搏器囊袋感染和破溃需拔除的电极导线置入时间为 11.5± 3.5 (8～ 2 0 )年 ,经上腔静脉途径拔除失败。结果 :经下腔静脉途径完全拔除电极导线 15根、不完全拔除 1根、失败 1根 ,无严重并发症。表明对置入年限长久和断裂电极导线 ,经下腔静脉途径的拔除成功率高 ,应作为首选拔除途径     

MDCT诊断冠状静脉窦闭锁

目的提高对冠状静脉窦闭锁（CSOA）的认知,探讨多排螺旋CT（MDCT）对CSOA的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年10月于我院经MDCT检查诊断为CSOA的10名患者,年龄2月～74岁,平均年龄41.8±7.3岁,男女比例为6：4。结果经MDCT检查诊断为CSOA的10名患者中,6例冠状静脉异常回流至左心房,1例通过异常血管回流至右心房,3例异常回流至右心房及左心房。结论提高对CSOA的认知在心血管疾病的诊治中非常重要,而MDCT在CSOA的诊断中具有着重要的价值。     

冠状静脉窦闭锁的诊断与临床意义

目的:评价冠状静脉窦闭锁(CSOA)患者的诊断与临床特点。方法:回顾分析2005-02至2014-05我院诊断的22例CSOA患者,其中男性15例,女性7例,年龄1.5~76[平均(50.88±14.97)]岁。22例患者均行心电门控心脏增强计算机断层摄影术(CT)。结果:22例患者经心电门控心脏增强CT诊断为CSOA。按患者冠状静脉内血液回流方向分类:9例患者血液回流入左心房[3例伴永存左上腔静脉(LSVC)且其内血液亦入左心房,其中2例合并复杂先天性心脏畸形];5例血液回流入右心房(直接回流入右心房2例,间接经LSVC回流入右心房3例);8例经细小分支血液既入左心房亦入右心房属混合型(4例伴LSVC)。CSOA患者9例伴LSVC。按患者LSVC内血液回流方向分:3例患者LSVC血液直接引流入左心房;6例患者LSVC血液经无名静脉-右上腔静脉-引流入右心房。超声心动图均未诊断CSOA。心电图显示5例患者有心律失常,其中3例射频消融成功,1例射频消融失败,1例行永久起搏器植入术。22例患者中6例合并先天性心内畸形(6/22,27.27%),其中1例伴房间隔缺损,5例伴复杂先天性心脏病(先心病)。复杂先心病患者中3例术前行心电门控心脏增强CT检查发现CSOA;另2例复杂先心病患者术后仍存在症状,经CT检查发现CSOA。5例复杂先心病患者均行手术,本组无因单纯CSOA行外科手术者。结论:明确诊断CSOA患者中心律失常、LSVC和心内畸形等并发情况,对预防心血管意外的发生有重要意义。心电门控心脏增强CT对CSOA的诊断有重要价值。     

射频消融冠状静脉窦的实验研究

对16条犬进行射频导管消融冠状静脉窦(CS)的作用及安全性研究。射频于CS内导管电极和胸部片状电极间释放,能量为1229±711焦耳。13条犬于消融后半小时处死,3条犬于3～4周后处死。消融部位损伤长3.2±1.8mm,宽2.2±1.7mm,深2.1±1.0mm,镜下所见为边界清晰的凝固性坏死(急性期)与纤维化(慢性期)。冠状动脉、二尖瓣及心内膜均未受累。除2条犬偶发房性早搏或室性早搏外无心律失常发生,无血流动力学改变,无1例发生CS破裂。表明高能射频消融CS安全,就其损伤部位而论可能对破坏病人的左侧房室旁道有效。     

射频导管消融术阻滞经冠状静脉窦传导通路的实验研究

目的　探讨利用射频导管消融术阻滞经冠状静脉窦的电传导通路的方法及可行性。方法　冠状静脉窦口内 5～ 10mm处射频导管消融 ,低位右心房起搏下 ,观察最早激动部位、冠状静脉窦激动顺序和时间、房间隔激动时间、心房激动时间。结果　 (1)冠状静脉窦口或近端射频导管消融可造成经冠状静脉窦电传导通路的完全或部分阻滞。表现在消融前 ,低位右心房起搏时 ,窦口处的电激动明显早于Bachmann束。消融后 ,窦口处的电激动迟于Bachmann束或两者基本一致 ;(2 )消融前后 ,心房激动时间由 (6 1 14± 8 36 )ms延长至 (88 4 3± 19 2 2 )ms,说明低位心房起搏时冠状静脉窦是优势传导通路 ;(3)消融前后的房间隔激动时间及冠状静脉窦激动时间分别为 (2 6 4 3± 8 87)ms对(15 2 8± 10 13)ms和 (39 4 3± 9 78)ms对 (38 0 0± 5 86 )ms。结论　冠状静脉窦近端射频导管消融术阻断经冠状静脉窦的电传导通路的方法是可行的     

Aneurysmal dilatation of the inferior vena cava

Aim: Inferior vena cava aneurysms (IVCA) are rare, unlike aortic aneurysms. The diagnosis and treatment is challenging. This study defines clinical and echocardiographic findings in a prospective cohort of sixteen patients with fusiform IVCA. Methods and Results: All patients referred to the Mayo Clinic between January 2006 and July 2009 for a clinically indicated echocardiogram (36,128 patients) were screened for a dilated IVC. Sixteen cases of fusiform IVCA were identified. Eleven cases (68.8%) were female. Mean age at presentation was 76 years (range 51–89). Eleven (68.8%) had structural heart disease: with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in 45.5% (n = 5), moderate or greater tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was seen in 36.4% (n = 4) and RV enlargement was seen in 18.2% (n = 2). The most common clinical indication for echocardiography was dyspnea (25%; n = 4) and heart failure (18.8%; n = 3). The mean IVCA diameter was 4.1 cm (range 3.8–5 cm) and the mean length of the aneurysms was 6.2 cm (range 3.5–8.7 cm), with mean right ventricular systolic pressure of 55 mmHg (range 31–105 mmHg). Five (31.3%) had at least a moderate reduction in right ventricular ejection fraction and five (31.3%) had significant TR. Among these five patients with significant TR, severe TR was present in 80%; (n = 4) and moderate to severe TR was present in 20%; (n = 1). Conclusions: IVC aneurysms are more common in the elderly, and is associated with an increase in right sided heart pressures, significant TR, and RV dysfunction. (Echocardiography 2011;28:833‐842)     

Unroofed coronary sinus and persistent left superior vena cava.

This report describes a case of unroofed coronary sinus and persistent left superior vena cava discovered during an echocardiographic investigation for dilated pulmonary artery. An unroofed coronary sinus is a rare interatrial shunt that is commonly associated with a persistent left superior vena cava. The latter is a usual cause of a dilated coronary sinus. The detection of a dilated coronary sinus should therefore prompt the search for abnormal coronary sinus drainage and other cardiac abnormalities. The treatment of unroofed coronary sinus and persistent left superior vena cava is undertaken only after assessing the pre- and post-treatment haemodynamics of all co-existing abnormalities.     

经下腔静脉途径拔除起搏导线的初步体会

目的 介绍应用血管内反推力技术经下腔静脉途径拔除起搏导线的初步临床体会。方法 对１８例患者的２８根导线应用血管内反推力牵引技术拔除导线,其中１６例（２５根导线）首选经上腔静脉途径,失败后改用经下腔静脉途径;２例（３根导线）直接用经下腔静脉途径拔除。结果 １６例患者的２５根导线,经上腔静脉途径完全拔除２２根（８８％）,３根经此途径拔除失败后改用下腔静脉途径,其中２根完全拔除。２例患者的３根导线直接先     

Retrograde non trans‐septal balloon mitral valvotomy in mitral stenosis with interrupted inferior vena cava,left superior vena cava,and hugely dilated coronary sinus

A 22‐year‐old woman with severe mitral stenosis was referred to us for further evaluation and management. She was found to have severe mitral stenosis, severe tricuspid regurgitation with dilated right atrium and right ventricle with persistent left superior vena cava and hugely dilated coronary sinus. Valve was suitable for balloon mitral valvotomy. Cardiac catheterization showed interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation to right atrium and large left superior vena cava draining to coronary sinus which was very much dilated. Right trans‐jugular approach was tried for balloon mitral valvotomy, but was unsuccessful due to a very large right atrium and coronary sinus. Retrograde non trans‐septal approach was used and balloon valvotomy was done successfully using a 24 mm × 40 mm TYSHAK balloon without any major complication. Reduction in the transmitral pressure gradient on cardiac catheterization data and transthoracic echocardiography confirmed successful procedure. Balloon mitral valvotomy can be done successfully in patients with the above unusual cardiac anatomy with no major procedural complications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The inferior vena cava: an exceptional source of atrial fibrillation

Mapping in a patient undergoing radiofrequency ablation for drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the setting of repetitive, monomorphic atrial ectopic beats with negative p waves in the inferior leads revealed an arrhythmogenic focus located in the posteromedial inferior vena cava (IVC) 1 cm below the right atrium to IVC junction. The focus was mapped using a Lasso catheter with successful irrigated-tip catheter ablation at the site of earliest activity. This case demonstrates that, in rare cases, arrhythmogenic muscular sleeves can be found in the IVC and that the IVC can be electrically disconnected from the right atrium using radiofrequency energy.     

应用下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞再发

目的 评价下腔静脉滤器预防下肢深静脉血栓脱落导致肺栓塞的效果和安全性。方法 在48例因下肢深静脉血栓脱落导致的肺栓塞的21例患者中置入下腔静脉滤器作为置入组，余为对照组。结果 在3个月～37个月的随访时下腔静脉滤器置入组无一例发生肺栓塞，对照组中有3例再发肺栓塞。结论 下腔静脉滤器置入术是预防肺栓塞的安全有效方法。     

下腔静脉滤器的临床应用及进展

深静脉血栓形成是导致肺栓塞的最主要原因,预防血栓脱落至肺动脉尤为重要.近年来,下腔静脉滤器广泛应用于临床,可以有效预防深静脉血栓形成所致肺栓塞.本文就下腔静脉滤器的发展史、适应证、并发症、临床效果评价及新型下腔静脉滤器等方面展开讨论.