膈神经替代喉返神经修复治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨膈神经喉返神经吻合和内收肌支环杓后肌植入术（膈神经手术）治疗双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的有效性、可行性。方法 第二军医大学长海医院耳鼻咽喉科1999年8月－2001年7月治疗外伤性双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹6例。病程1周－18个月，一侧作膈神经手术，而另一侧作颈袢肌蒂环杓后肌植入术。手术前后电子喉镜、频闪喉镜观察声门大小、声珲运动、振动情况，噪音声学参数分析，喉肌电力产检查评价手术效果。结果 术后2－3周检查发现4例声门较术前增大2－3mm，但声带固定不动，2例无明显改善。术后6个月5例膈神经修复侧均恢复了较大幅度的吸气性声带外展功能，外展幅度可达3－5mm，而肌蒂植入侧仅轻微外展或固定不动，幅度均在1mm以内。此5例均顺利拔管，并能承受较大强度的体力活动，1例仍在随访中。术后4个月6例肌电图检查显示膈神经修复侧自发、诱发电位均明显大于肌蒂植入侧，自发电活动与肋间肌基本同步，而较肌蒂植入侧延迟100－200ms。声音估价显示3例声嘶术后较术前好转，2例无变化。术后半年肺功能均恢复正常。结论 膈神经喉返神经吻合内收肌支环杓后肌植入术安全可行，较颈袢肌蒂植入术更能有效地恢复声带吸气性外展运动，值得临床推广应用。     

膈神经替代喉返神经修复治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的　探讨膈神经喉返神经吻合和内收肌支环杓后肌植入术 (膈神经手术 )治疗双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的有效性、可行性。方法　第二军医大学长海医院耳鼻咽喉科 1999年 8月～2 0 0 1年 7月治疗外伤性双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹 6例。病程 1周～ 18个月 ,一侧作膈神经手术 ,而另一侧作颈袢肌蒂环杓后肌植入术。手术前后电子喉镜、频闪喉镜观察声门大小、声带运动、振动情况 ,嗓音声学参数分析 ,喉肌电图检查评价手术效果。结果　术后 2～ 3周检查发现 4例声门较术前增大 2～ 3mm ,但声带固定不动 ,2例无明显改善。术后 6个月 5例膈神经修复侧均恢复了较大幅度的吸气性声带外展功能 ,外展幅度可达 3～ 5mm ,而肌蒂植入侧仅轻微外展或固定不动 ,幅度均在 1mm以内。此 5例均顺利拔管 ,并能承受较大强度的体力活动 ,1例仍在随访中。术后 4个月 6例肌电图检查显示膈神经修复侧自发、诱发电位均明显大于肌蒂植入侧 ,自发电活动与肋间肌基本同步 ,而较肌蒂植入侧延迟 10 0～ 2 0 0ms。声音估价显示 3例声嘶术后较术前好转 ,2例无变化。术后半年肺功能均恢复正常。结论　膈神经喉返神经吻合内收肌支环杓后肌植入术安全可行 ,较颈袢肌蒂植入术更能有效地恢复声带吸气性外展运动 ,值得临床推广应用     

单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复术式探讨

目的 探讨5种神经修复术治疗单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的疗效。方法 1993年1月－2001年4月治疗外伤性单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹38例，病程从损伤即刻至2年不等。资料完整者35例，其中行神经减压术8例、颈襻主支喉返神经吻合术16例、喉返神经端端吻合术6例、颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术3例、颈襻神经植入术2例。手术前后喉镜、噪音声学参数、肌电图检查等评价手术效果。结果 病程4个月内神经减压5例恢复了正常的声带内收及外展功能，4个月以内1例、以上2例及颈襻主支吻合组、喉返神经端端吻合组则未恢复声带运动。但上述3例术式均能使喉内收肌获有效的再神经支配，满意地恢复声带的肌张力、肌体积、声带振动对称性及正常黏膜波，声门闭合良好，嗓音恢复正常。颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术及颈襻神经植入术均能改善声嘶，但无效复正常病例。结论 ①单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复治疗以神经减压效果最佳；②颈襻主支吻合术、喉返神经端端吻合术也能有效地恢复喉的发音功能；③喉神经修复术式选择应根据病程、神经损伤程度、类型而定。     

膈神经替代喉返神经修复治疗双侧声带麻痹的应用解剖

目的　探讨膈神经干与喉返神经喉内段前支吻合治疗双侧声带麻痹的解剖学基础。方法　解剖并观察 12具 (2 4侧 )成年尸体、7只喉全切除术切除的喉体、12例 (2 4侧 )根治性颈淋巴结清扫术和 6例 (6侧 )膈神经替代修复喉返神经患者共 46侧膈神经的起源、走行、血供及毗邻关系 ,测量膈神经干相关的长度 ,图像分析仪观测 30侧膈神经、喉返神经前支相关的组织学参数。结果　颈段膈神经营养动脉均自膈神经根部进入 ,来自于颈升动脉的占 95 6 % (4 4/4 6 )。膈神经干位置较深 ,在颈根部位于颈总动脉、椎静脉外侧 ,颈内静脉及胸导管 (左 )深面 ;在胸腔入口处跨过锁骨下动脉在锁骨下静脉深面下行。膈神经起点至锁骨下静脉上缘平面及至环甲关节的距离平均 ( x±s)分别为(7 2± 1 6 )cm及 (5 5± 1 4)cm ,两者相差至少 1 5cm。膈神经干平均有髓纤维数及神经束截面积分别为喉返神经前支的 2 41及 2 15倍 ,膈神经颈段单个神经束约占 75 0 % (18/2 4)。结论　临床上在胸腔入口解剖膈神经干安全可行 ,在锁骨下静脉上缘平面切断膈神经与喉返神经前支吻合无张力     

喉返神经减压术

目的探讨喉返神经减压治疗因甲状腺手术和甲状腺肿物压迫所致喉返神经功能障碍的疗效.方法2002年10月-2005年6月间,行喉返神经减压术治疗单侧喉返神经麻痹9例,声门闭合不全4例.包括甲状腺良性肿物切除术后喉返神经麻痹7例,均为普通外科术后.其中6例神经缝扎,1例神经瘢痕粘连,同时对其中2例行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术;甲状腺腺瘤1例和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹1例,均行甲状腺肿物切除喉返神经减压.声门闭合不全的4例中,结节性甲状腺肿3例、桥本甲状腺炎1例分别行甲状腺肿物切除或腺叶部分切除,电子喉镜观察手术前、后声带动度变化,评价手术效果.结果5例神经被结扎和1例神经粘连者于3个月内行减压术,术后1周～3个月声带动度恢复,发声满意;1例神经被结扎于术后4个月行减压术者,随访1年声带动度未见恢复.甲状腺腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹患者减压术后3个月内声带动度完全恢复,声门闭合不全并结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎者,术后1周内声门缝隙消失、声嘶消失.结论对于因甲状腺手术所致的喉返神经麻痹,应尽快行喉返神经探查和减压术;声音嘶哑较严重者,可考虑同时行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术,以短时间内改善患者发声状况,提高患者生活质量;对于甲状腺肿物合并喉返神经麻痹或声门闭合不良者,应积极行手术探查,行喉返神经减压.     

喉神经修复治疗外伤性声带麻痹的远期疗效分析

目的探讨各种神经修复术式治疗外伤性喉返神经损伤的远期疗效。方法外伤性喉返神经损伤致声带麻痹患者153例,单侧138例、双侧15例,病程从损伤即刻至3年不等。行喉返神经减压术31例、颈袢喉返神经吻合术102例、喉返神经端端吻合术9例、膈神经移植及部分病例联合应用神经肌蒂植入术11例。手术前后以喉镜、嗓音评估及声学分析、肌电图检查等评价手术效果。结果①单侧声带麻痹患者:病程3个月内19例、3月以上1例经喉返神经减压术恢复了不同程度的声带内收及外展功能;3个月以内3例、3个月以上4例患者经喉返神经减压及喉返神经端端吻合后均未恢复声带运动;颈袢喉返神经吻合组78例发声时声带突有明显内收运动,24例无明显内收运动;但上述3种术式除喉返神经端端吻合1例、颈袢喉返神经吻合3例外,其余患者发声时声带均处于正中位,声门闭合良好,后联合裂隙不明显,97%(134/138)嗓音恢复正常。②双侧声带麻痹患者:行神经减压4例7侧,有4例5侧恢复运动,均拔除气管套管;行膈神经移植术的11例中,恢复明显吸气性声带外展功能6例6侧,幅度达2~8mm;轻度外展2例2侧,幅度1~2mm,但声门裂隙达6~12mm,此8例均顺利拔管,发声时声带均有一定幅度的内收。2例2侧膈神经移植术后声带仍固定,1例1侧吸气性声带内收,未能拔管。一侧膈神经移植而另一侧肌蒂埋植的4例中,肌蒂埋植侧仅1例声带轻微外展。总拔管率80%(12/15)。膈神经移植手术前后发声无明显变化,神经减压术后发声明显好转。③各种神经修复术的神经再支配得到神经肌电图检查的证实,随访一年以上各项指标无明显退步。结论①喉返神经减压术、颈袢喉返神经吻合术、膈神经移植术能很好地恢复喉的生理功能;②喉神经修复术式的选择应根据病程、神经损伤程度、类型及侧别而定。     

喉返神经减压术

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术中最常见的并发症,对甲状腺手术中喉返神经解剖的认识和理解可明显降低喉返神经的发生率.对于一个有经验的头颈外科医生,喉返神经的损伤率应在1％以下.单侧喉返神经损伤可表现为声音嘶哑、进食呛咳、发声疲劳,而双侧喉返神经损伤可出现呼吸困难,甚至窒息,严重影响患者的生活质量.     

双侧喉返神经损伤神经修复治疗术式探讨

目的探讨三种神经修复术式治疗双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的效果。方法对28例双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹患者行喉返神经减压术(8例)、膈神经移植术(11例11侧)、神经肌蒂移植术(9例)。治疗前后以喉镜、嗓音主观评估及嗓音声学分析、喉肌电图检查等评价手术效果,随访1年以上。结果①神经减压术8例13侧有6例10侧声带恢复生理性内收及外展运动,外展幅度2~8mm,声门裂隙6~12mm,顺利拔管;2例双侧声带仍固定无法拔管。②膈神经移植11例11侧中8侧术后恢复声带外展功能,幅度达2~8mm,声门裂隙6~12mm,发声时声带均有一定幅度的内收,此8例均顺利拔管;2侧声带仍固定、1侧吸气时声带反而内收,此3例均未能拔管。③神经肌蒂移植术9例9侧仅1侧吸气时声带轻度外展,声门开大为4mm,发声时声带内移,拔管后不能行较大强度的体力活动。④除6例神经减压术后发声恢复正常外,其余手术前后发声无明显变化。⑤术后12个月膈神经移植、神经减压术侧自发电位波形、诱发电位均明显大于神经肌蒂移植术侧,而前两者差异无统计学意义。结论喉返神经减压术、膈神经移植术较神经肌蒂移植术能更有效地恢复声带吸气性外展运动,神经减压术还能恢复正常发声功能。     

几种神经修复术治疗晚期单侧声带麻痹的比较研究

目的：探讨晚期神经修复术以何方法最佳，麻痹的喉肌最多可延长至何时神经修复仍能成功。方法：选成年犬41只，分成颈袢主支吻合组（A）、植入组（B）、肌蒂组（C）及去神经对照组（D）。建立单侧声带麻痹模型，A－C组分别在声带麻痹即刻、6、8、10、12及18个月作3种相应的神经修复术。术后6个月作喉镜、电生理学、肌张力、组织化学检查及超微结构观察。结果：A组失神经10个月以内，B、C组8个月以内作相应神经修复术的动物左声带能恢复不同程度发声内收功能，失神经超过上述时间亚组的动物声带固定。电生理学三参数及肌收缩力均以A组恢复最佳，而B、C组间无明显差异，失神经时间越长，各参数恢复程度越差，得到组织化学及超微结构检查的证实。结论：晚期神经修复术仍以神经吻合术效果最佳，神经值入及肌蒂值入效果无明显差异；神经吻合术组去神经10个月，肌蒂及神经植入术组去神经8个月以内亚组作相应神经修复术能恢复部分喉功能。     

几丁质管桥接喉返神经缺损的实验研究

为在恢复神经再支配手术治疗喉返神经损伤所致的喉麻痹中,探索一种新的可避免神经误向支配的方法,采用非神经生物材料几了质管,桥接狗喉返神经干的缺损,并用自体神经移植作为对照组.术后5个月,组织学、组织化学和电生理等检测,显示两组动物的喉内肌皆获得神经再支配.实验组术侧声带较明显恢复了和健侧一致的内收和外展运动,甲杓肌(Thyroarytenoid,TAM)和环杓后肌(Posterior cricoarytenoid musdes,PCAM)也分别出现了相应的生理性自发肌电;对照组的术侧声带无明显的运动,TAM和PCAM则在呼气期和吸气期均出现不规则的持续密集自发肌电.提示几丁质桥接喉返神经干缺损可使其定向性再生,选择性支配喉内肌.     

Combined arytenoid adduction and laryngeal reinnervation in the treatment of vocal fold paralysis

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Glottal closure and symmetrical thyroarytenoid stiffness are two important functional characteristics of normal phonatory posture. In the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis, vocal fold medialization improves closure, facilitating entrainment of both vocal folds for improved phonation, and reinnervation is purported to maintain vocal fold bulk and stiffness. A combination of medialization and reinnervation would be expected to further improve vocal quality over medialization alone. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of preoperative and postoperative voice analysis on all patients who underwent arytenoid adduction alone (adduction group) or combined arytenoid adduction and ansa cervicalis to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis (combined group) between 1989 and 1995 for the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Patients without postoperative voice analysis were invited back for its completion. A perceptual analysis was designed and completed. METHODS: Videostroboscopic measures of glottal closure, mucosal wave, and symmetry were rated. Aerodynamic parameters of laryngeal airflow and subglottic pressure were measured. A 2-second segment of sustained vowel was used for perceptual analysis by means of a panel of voice professionals and a rating system. Statistical calculations were performed at a significance level of P = .05. RESULTS: There were 9 patients in the adduction group and 10 patients in the combined group. Closure and mucosal wave improved significantly in both groups. Airflow decreased in both groups, but the decrease reached statistical significance only in the adduction group. Subglottic pressure remained unchanged in both groups. Both groups had significant perceptual improvement of voice quality. In all tested parameters the extent of improvement was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The role of laryngeal reinnervation in the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis remains to be established.     

The natural history of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis: evidence and problems

Objectives/Hypothesis: To identify clinical evidence regarding outcome and duration of unilateral idiopathic vocal fold paralysis (IVFP). Study Design: Literature review. Methods: Medline search using the terms “vocal fold paralysis,” “laryngeal paralysis,” “vagal paralysis,” and “recurrent nerve paralysis” was performed. Results were cross‐checked by substituting “palsy” and “paresis” in place of “paralysis,” “cord” in place of “fold,” and adding “idiopathic” to each term. Furthermore, papers antedating the period of time covered by Medline were identified in references of publications. Case series identified by means of these searches were examined for information regarding duration and outcome of IVFP. Results: Seven hundred seventeen cases are reported. Complete recovery of motion occurred in 36 ± 22% (range, 13–83%) of individuals. Some recovery of motion (complete and partial) occurred in 39 ± 20% (range, 19–83%). Complete recovery of voice occurred in 52 ± 17% (range, 25–87%) of cases, some degree of recovery in 61 ± 22% (range, 25–87%). Most cases appear to recover in well under a year, with rare instances of markedly delayed recovery. Conclusions: Review of available evidence reveals a highly variable rate of return of motion in IVFP. The rate of return of normal voice is consistently higher, although similarly variable. The marked differences in rates of recovery among reports appears to be the result of variable definitions of recovery, oversimplified all‐or‐none notions of paralysis and recovery, and inconsistent reporting of time elapsed from onset of paralysis to evaluation. All of these factors should be addressed in future prospective studies to shed further light on the natural history of vocal fold paralysis.     

神经端侧吻合术治疗声带麻痹的实验研究

目的 :研究神经端侧吻合术治疗声带麻痹的效果及临床应用价值。方法 :6 0只SD大鼠被分为 3组 ,实验组为神经端侧吻合组 ,切断右侧喉返神经 ,将其远断端与右侧膈神经行神经端侧吻合 ,然后切断喉返神经内收支 ,将颈袢的胸骨舌骨肌支与内收支行神经端端吻合 ;对照组为神经端端吻合组 ,切断右侧喉返神经后将其远断端与右侧切断的膈神经近断端行神经端端吻合 ,其他同实验组 ;以上两组均将右侧的喉上神经切断 ,并结扎断端 ,排除环甲肌对声带活动的影响。正常组仅暴露上述神经后不作任何处理。术后 1、3个月利用纤维喉镜及神经肌电图观察声带活动及神经再生情况。结果 :术后 1个月实验组与对照组手术效果差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;术后 3个月差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :神经端侧吻合术手术效果与神经端端吻合术相似 ,并且避免了膈神经的损伤 ,保护了膈肌功能 ,为喉返神经修复术提供了一种新的手术方法。     

甲状腺手术解剖喉返神经对其损伤的预防作用

目的：探讨甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经对预防喉返神经损伤的作用。方法：回顾性分析我科1993年1月～2005年5月手术治疗的甲状腺病变患者517例,解剖喉返神经组（解剖组）163例187侧,未解剖喉返神经组（未解剖组）354例438侧。未解剖组按常规甲状腺手术保护喉返神经行走区的神经。解剖组于甲状腺下极下方离气管食管间沟0～1cm处先找到喉返神经,顺其向上解剖;或先找到喉返神经入喉处,顺其向下解剖。边解剖喉返神经边切除甲状腺病变,解剖长度视甲状腺病变而定。结果：解剖组喉返神经部分解剖123侧,全程解剖64侧,除2例甲状腺癌已侵犯喉返神经术前已有声带麻痹外,无一例发生医源性喉返神经损伤。未解剖组发生喉返神经损伤3例3侧,喉返神经损伤发生率为0．7％,明显高于解剖组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经对喉返神经损伤有预防作用。解剖喉返神经的长度视病变大小及部位而定。远离气管食管间沟的良性病变可不解剖喉返神经。     

Single institutional analysis of trends over 45 years in etiology of vocal fold paralysis

Objective

It is important to assess the causes of vocal fold paralysis. Many studies have reported causes of paralysis, but few reports have shown changes in longitudinal etiology in a single institution.

Methods

We investigated the medical records of 797 patients with vocal fold paralysis from 1990 to 2005 at the voice and bronchoesophageal outpatient clinics at the University of Tokyo Hospital. We evaluated the etiology of paralysis, and compared our results with a previous study by Hirose in our clinic from 1961 to 1989 to assess changes in etiology.

Results

The postoperative group comprised 466 patients (58.5%), while the non-surgical group comprised 331 (41.5%) patients. In the postoperative group, the most common cause of paralysis was thyroid surgery (106 cases), and other common causes were surgery for aortic aneurysm (61 cases) and tracheal intubation (58 cases). In the non-surgical group, idiopathic paralysis (134 cases) was the most common cause. Other common causes were lung cancer (34 cases) and cerebrovascular disease (24 cases).In a previous study from our clinic, the rate of postoperative paralysis was 43.5%. In the current analysis, the percentage of postoperative patients has increased remarkably compared with that of the previous report while the rate of idiopathic paralysis, has decreased by half.

Conclusion

The increase in postoperative cases of paralysis may be caused by the increasing frequency of operations for many diseases, due to the progress of medical techniques in recent years. The decrease in idiopathic cases may be related to the advances of diagnostic devices such as CT and MRI.