外展架结合内收肌切断治疗小儿先天性髋关节脱位

小儿先天性髋关节脱位有许多治疗方法。治疗不当会给病儿造成终生残疾 ,为提高非手术疗法的成功率 ,减少再脱位、股骨头无菌坏死发生率 ,近年来 ,作者采用外展架结合内收肌切断治疗小儿先天性髋关节脱位 48例 ,收到良好疗效。对比单纯外展架复位固定 ,其再脱位率、股骨头无菌坏死率显著下降。1　资料和方法1 1　一般资料本组采用外展架结合内收肌切断治疗小儿先天性髋关节脱位共 48例 76髋 ,其中男 9例 12髋 ,女 3 9例 64髋 ;年龄7个月～ 2岁 ,平均 16个月 ;单髋关节脱位 3 0例 ;双髋关节脱位 18例。1 2　手术方法患儿在全麻下进行双侧内收…     

先天性髋脱位治疗中股骨头坏死的预防与补救治疗

自１９８７年９月至１９９３年２月我院收治先天性髋脱位患儿２８例，４５髋。其中闭合复位治疗２１例，３４髋，包括７例１３髋曾经院外闭合复位不成功者，均在直视下进行内收肌、髂腰肌松解，以轻柔的手法复位，使复位获得成功。对高脱位患髋采用加大髋关节屈曲位的蛙式石膏固定，避免了股骨头缺血坏死发生。７例１１髋为来院前闭合复位造成股骨头缺血坏死者，以及伴有髋关节半脱位者，进行补救治疗，取得了髋关节解剖复位，股骨头重建血运的效果     

幼儿期先天性髋关节脱位及内收肌切断,闭合复位的生物力学分析

本文从生物力学角度用平面力系方法，对幼儿期先天性髋关节脱位的５种不同位相作了探讨，不同位相股骨头压应力各不相同，特别是蛙式位股骨头压应力计算，与内收肌张力、大腿外展角度相关，内收肌张力越大则股骨头上的压应力亦越大，成正相关，说明内收肌张力过大，予以切断，在幼儿期先天性髋关节脱位闭合复位中是十分必要的，可防止股骨头缺血性坏死的发生及便于复位。而外展角度增大，股骨头上的压应力亦增大，但大腿外展角度增大是有限度的。     

Pemberton手术为主多种辅助手段治疗大龄儿童先天性髋脱位

目的　应用Pemberton手术为主多种辅助手段治疗大龄儿童先天性髋脱位 ,从而降低术后髋关节脱位、僵硬和股骨头坏死发生率。方法　自 1989年 8月 - 1999年 8月 ,用Pemberton手术为主多种辅助手段治疗大龄儿童 (7～ 14岁 )先天性髋脱位 4 6例 (5 8髋 ) ,随访 2～ 9年 ,平均 5年 3个月。辅助手段包括 :①髂腰肌及内收肌切断 ,股骨髁上骨牵引 ;②股骨粗隆下旋转加短缩截骨 ;③单髋人字石膏制动 ;④髋关节早活动 ,晚负重 ;⑤术后被动活动髋关节加主动功能锻炼。结果　髋关节完全复位率10 0 % ,髋关节屈曲小于 90°者 4髋 ,占 6 9% ,按Salter提出的股骨头坏死诊断标准 4 6例 (5 8髋 )中 ,股骨头坏死 6髋 ,占 10 3% ,明显降低了大龄儿童先天性髋脱位术后髋关节僵硬、股骨头坏死率。结论　Pemberton手术为主多种辅助手段治疗大龄儿童先天性髋脱位疗效确切 ,优良率高。     

发育性髋脱位保守治疗后股骨头坏死的分析

目的评价分析发育性髋脱位闭合复位后出现股骨头缺血性坏死的影响因素。方法随访1995年1月至2001年12月采用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗的有完整资料的6～36个月发育性髋脱位患者193例282髋,并对出现股骨头缺血性坏死并发症的10例10髋病例进行回顾性分析,比较其与复位前年龄、脱位程度、髋臼指数的关系。结果采用Salter评分标准,6～12个月组股骨头坏死2例,12～24个月组4例,24～36个月组4例。复位前髋臼指数值40。以上4例,40。以下6例。所有出现股骨头缺血性坏死的病例复位前髋关节都是Ⅲ度脱位。结论内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法对6～36个月发育性髋脱位患者是一种有效的治疗方法,能很好的降低股骨头缺血性坏死的发生率,复位前髋臼指数值的大小与股骨头缺血性坏死的发生关系不大,但大于2cm的高度脱位是并发股骨头缺血性坏死的重要因素之一。     

可调节支具在婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位治疗中的应用

[目的]总结可调节支具在闭合复位治疗婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位中的治疗经验.[方法]采用患侧内收长肌及髂腰肌腱切断闭合复位三期可调节支具固定的方法对婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位进行治疗.[结果]本组59例(68髋)随访1年6个月～7年2个月,平均40个月,1例1髋出现半脱位,58例(67髋)复位良好,3例(3髋)出现股骨头缺血性坏死.结果,优:26～30分28例(33髋),良:21～25分21例(25髋),可:16～20分8例(8髋),差:11～15分2例(2髋).[结论]三期可调节支具是闭合复位治疗婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位的一种理想方法.     

髋关节腔穿刺测压操作体会及几点认识

我院于 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 1月利用吸泡技术对Ｌｅｇｇ-Ｐｅｒｔｈｅｓ病、髋脱行手法复位治疗前及治疗后、髋脱行内收肌切断术前及术后、髋脱合并股骨头无菌性坏死患儿共 37例 43侧作了关节腔穿刺测压 ,同时还对健侧髋关节作了测压比较。现将穿刺操作的几点认识及改进叙述如下 :(1)所有的患儿均作静脉基础麻醉并在Ｘ线透视下找到股骨头颈连接处内下缘作为穿刺点 ,此穿刺点位于髂股韧带与髂腰肌之间 ,关节囊在此处较薄。(2 )本操作所使用测压仪为液相介质有创测压仪 ,我们在液相压力传导介质中加入碘造影剂。穿刺时 ,若有少量造影剂 (…     

髂腰肌切断对年长儿童先天性髋关节脱位术前骨牵引的影响

年长儿童先天性髋关节脱位患者，术前的骨牵引效果的好坏，将直接影响矫形手术的效果。而在影响骨牵引的诸多因素中，髂腰肌和内收肌挛缩是主要的。骨牵引前切断挛缩的髂腰肌和内收肌，然后行骨牵引，这就解除了这二组肌肉对骨牵引的干扰，使其骨牵引更好地去克服载荷应力改变的影响。取得了良好的牵引效果。缩短了牵引时间。为矫形手术打下好基础。     

螺旋弹力牵引装置治疗先天性髋脱位的长期随访

目的 对采用螺旋弹力牵引装置治疗先天性髋脱位,治疗后１０年以上的患进行随访,探讨Ｘ线结果、临床功能与治疗方式之间的关系,找出解决不同年龄,不同程度患儿的治疗方法及防止并发症出现的具体措施。方法 本组１３８例共１４８髋,复位时平均年龄为２２月,５９髋单纯应用装置复位固定,６４钎内收肌、髋腰肌切断后应用装置复位成功,３５髋采用Ｆｅｒｇｕｓｏｎ’ｓ术后安装装置。结果 平均随访１０年６个月,随访时平均年     

多功能动力复位装置治疗先天性髋脱位的临床研究

目的 采用多功能动力复位装置的治疗先天性髋脱位,对治疗后１０年的患者进行随访,探讨Ｘ线结果、临床功能与治疗方式之间的关系,找出解决不同年龄、不同脱位程度患儿的治疗方法及防止并发症出现的具体措施。方法 １３８例昨位时平均年龄为２２个月,其中５９髋单纯应用该装置复位固定,６４髋行内收肌、髂肌 切断后应用该装置 位成功,３５髋于Ｆｅｒｇｕｓｏｎ术后安装动力复位装置。结果 随访时平均年龄１１．８岁,平均随     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.