MRI诊断脑转移瘤的价值

目的 探讨MRI诊断脑转移瘤的价值。方法 分析36例脑转移瘤患的临床及MRI资料，全部病例均行非增强及增强MRI检查。结果 多发颅脑转移瘤29例，其中3例为弥漫性脑转移瘤。单发脑转移瘤7例。脑转移瘤发生在幕上21例，幕下4例，幕上及幕下均有11例。4例伴有邻近脑膜受累。非增强MRI病灶上多数为长T1长T2信号，增强MRI上病灶均有强化，以环状强化为多见。增强MRI比非增强MRI发现转移瘤病灶将近高1倍。结论 增强扫描是MRI诊断脑转移瘤所必须的。结合临床病史和MRI特征，对大多数病例可做出准确诊断。     

脑转移瘤MRI增强扫描的诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 :评价磁共振增强扫描对脑转移瘤诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。方法 :回顾性地分析了 35例经临床及手术病理证实的脑转移瘤 ,总结了其平扫和增强扫描的MRI征象 ,并将增强新后发现的病灶个数进行配对t检验。结果 :单纯幕上双侧大脑半球内发现病灶的有 2 1例 ,平扫发现 4 3个病灶 ,增强扫描发现 91个病灶 ;单纯幕下双侧小脑半球内发现孤立性病灶者有 6例 ,平扫 6个病灶 ,增强扫描 8个病灶 ;幕上幕下均发现病灶者有 8例 ,平扫发现 2 7个病灶 ,增强扫描有6 0个病灶。增强扫描前后病灶均数的统计分析t值为 2 347,P <0 0 5。结论 :Gd DTPA增强扫描更好地展示了平扫时不能显示的病灶 ,对脑转移瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要的临床价值和意义。     

脑结核瘤的MRI诊断价值研究

目的：研究MRI对脑结核瘤的影像学诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析18例经临床治疗或手术确诊脑结核瘤病人的MRI表现。采用1．5T超导型MRI机，行常规T1WIT2WI FLAIR序列扫描并Gd—DTPA增强检查。结果：本组18例中单发病灶2例，多发16例。其中粟粒性脑结核瘤2例（未计数），共发现病灶96个，分布干幕上60个，幕下30个，脑干6个。T1WI上呈等或略高信号，T2WI上呈等或略低信号，增强后呈明显结节状强化或环形强化是脑结核瘤较具特征性的MRI表现，中心部分T2WI低信号对诊断更有价值。结论：脑结核瘤的MRI表现具有特征性，对于临床正确诊断及治疗有较高价值。     

对比T2FLAIR序列与增强T1WI序列在诊断脑转移瘤过程中的诊断价值

目的：比较增强T1WI及增强T2FLAIR两种序列对脑转移瘤的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析本院2008年9月～2010年3月34例经临床和影像检查确诊为脑转移瘤的患者资料,所有病例均行常规MRI平扫及SET1WI和T2FLAIR增强扫描,比较两种序列上转移瘤的数目、大小和部位以及转移瘤的强化显著性、病变强化区的边界等,并分析两者间偏差的原因。结果：34个病例,MRI平扫共检出129个病灶,增强T1WI发现194个病灶,而增强后T2WI FLAIR共发现185个病灶,4例增强后T2FLAIR较增强后T1WI显示的病灶多,6例增强后T2FLAIR显示的病灶少于增强后T1WI,25例两者显示的病灶相同,增强后T1WI因为脑浅表层血管混淆而漏诊误诊7个病灶,在对比增强后T2FLAIR均可明确诊断。大多数转移瘤在T1WI的强化程度高于T2FLAIR序列。转移瘤的肿瘤与灰质、肿瘤与白质的CR（对比率）以FLAIR序列为高,而转移瘤的肿瘤与灰质、肿瘤与白质的CNR（对比噪声比）以T1WI为高,两者有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：增强后T2FLAIR序列可以有效显示脑转移灶,很好地鉴别大脑浅表部位的血管和转移瘤,增强T1WI序列能更明显地显示转移瘤的强化,两者同时使用,可以提高转移瘤的检出率与诊断准确性。     

单发脑转移瘤的MRI诊断

目的: 评价MRI诊断单发脑转移瘤的价值.材料和方法: 回顾性分析38例单发脑转移瘤的临床和MRI表现,病例均经平扫和增强扫描.结果: 38例中,原发于肺癌27例,50岁以上33例;发病过程突然、短期内出现中枢神经障碍症状30例;病灶位于幕上34例,其中25例位于灰、白质交界区.病灶直径>1.0cm时瘤周水肿常较显著.T1WI-FLAIR显示病灶欠清或不清13例,FRFSE-T2WI、T2WI-FLAIR显示欠清或不清楚的分别为5例、2例,增强扫描均清楚显示病灶.结论: MRI增强检查是诊断单发脑转移的最佳方法.     

肺癌脑转移MRI增强扫描诊断

目的：讨论MRI增强扫描对肺癌脑转移的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析了我院53例经临床及手术病理证实的肺癌脑转移，全部病例均行MRI平扫及增强检查。结果：多发病灶43例，单发病灶10例，病灶发生在幕上者26例，幕下者2例，幕上及幕下均有25例，2例有脑膜转移。平扫时发现病灶216个，增强后发现病灶269个，并且病灶多数呈环形和实质性强化，而且病灶显示更清楚。结论：增强扫描是MRI诊断肺癌脑转移所必须的。     

低场强MRI强化扫描对脑转移瘤的诊断价值（附49例分析）

目的：研究分析低场强MRI对脑转移瘤的诊断价值。方法：用西门子open 0.2T扫描仪，在常规扫描后再静脉快速推注Gd-DTPA 0.2-0.4ml/kg，选用T1WI条件取相应的断面。结果：49例中单发脑转移瘤11例，多发脑转移瘤38例，共检出瘤体灶133个，强化扫描比平扫多发现49个，病灶发生在幕上的121个，幕下的12个。在133个病灶中，呈弥散快速强化的87个，呈环状结节强化的有46个，均为明显强化性肿瘤。结论：低场强MRI强化扫描对脑转移瘤的病理特点的反应是敏感的。     

3.0T MR不同序列扫描技术在肺癌脑转移诊断中的应用

目的 探讨3.0T MR不同序列对肺癌脑转移的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析本院经病理确诊为肺癌并经临床诊断为脑转移瘤的11例患者,所有病例均行常规T1WI、T2WI、T2 FLAIR、DWI、T1WI增强MR检查;其中4例行DTI检查;3例行SWI检查.对转移瘤的部位、信号特点、不同序列病灶的检出率、转移瘤与正常脑实质的rADC值等进行分析.结果 转移瘤好发于灰白质交界处,其中幕上73.5 %,幕下24.7 %;强化方式以结节状(80.7 %)和环状(16.3 %)为主.与其他序列相比T1WI增强检出率最高.转移瘤实质部分rADC值为(126.5±28.2)%,水肿部分的rADC值为(159.3±42.1)%,与正常侧脑实质rADC值差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05).3例SWI所显示脑部放疗转移瘤低信号区均较增强MRI范围小.4例转移瘤区的白质纤维束有移位、浸润.结论 3.0 T MR对肺癌脑及脑膜转移的检出有一定的优越性,T1WI增强扫描是最佳序列,弥散、弥散张量及磁敏感成像有助于脑转移瘤的定性诊断及疗效评估.     

DWI在脑转移瘤诊断中的应用

目的:探讨DWI在脑转移瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理或临床证实的86例脑转移瘤患者的常规MRI(包括50例MRI增强扫描)及DWI资料。结果:脑转移瘤单发30例,多发56例。在MRI上,82例病灶T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI及T2FLAIR呈不均匀高信号;4例病灶内伴出血,T1WI、T2WI呈高低不均匀混合信号。囊实型转移瘤42例,实质型24例,囊型20例。在50例增强扫描中,病灶呈不规则结节状伴环状强化、团块结节状强化、环状强化。在DWI上,转移瘤内部呈低信号或稍低信号78例(90.7%),瘤周显示环状高信号带或稍高信号带58例(67.4%),转移瘤呈均匀结节状高信号影4例(4.7%),瘤灶伴出血局部呈低信号或高信号4例(4.7%)。50例增强扫描检出转移瘤132个,而DWI检出109个病灶,检出率为82.6%。结论:脑转移瘤的确诊仍主要依靠MRI增强扫描。DWI检查是其有益的补充,对瘤周带的显示具有一定特征,对转移瘤的诊断具有一定的价值。     

FLAIR增强扫描在脑转移瘤诊断中的价值

目的通过与平扫液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)及增强T1WI的比较研究,探讨增强FLAIR序列在脑转移瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法20例脑转移瘤患者行增强前后T1WI和FLAIR成像,计数两种序列上转移瘤的数目,测量肿瘤强化程度、强化百分比和肿瘤体积,计算肿瘤与白质、肿瘤与脑脊液的对比率(CR)和对比噪声比(CNR)。结果20例中1例仅增强T1WI发现3个点状强化灶,余19例共327个转移灶中平扫FLAIR序列发现100个,增强T1WI发现292个,两者共发现298个;增强FLAIR序列发现181个。与增强T1WI相比,仅增强FLAIR序列显示的35个转移灶中,26个位于皮层或皮层下;2个小脑半球灶直径达14mm,余33个直径均<5mm。受血管结构的影响,增强T1WI上7个病灶假阳性,9个为假阴性,而在增强FLAIR序列上均明确诊断。在T1WI上肿瘤的强化程度和强化百分比高于FLAIR序列,而肿瘤与白质、肿瘤与脑脊液的CR和CNR则以FLAIR序列为高,增强T1WI和增强FLAIR序列上的转移瘤体积平均为(4.2±6.2)cm3和(4.0±6.5)cm3,两者差异无统计学意义。结论增强FLAIR序列在脑转移瘤的诊断中有一定的价值,尤其是对位于皮层表面的病灶,其与增强T1WI具有很好的互补性。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.