心血管疾病患者急性痛风的治疗选择

急性痛风患者常合并心血管疾病,现有指南鲜有明确推荐的药物治疗方案.本文主要聚焦心血管疾病和急性痛风共病的患者群体,对心血管疾病患者发生高尿酸血症和(或)急性痛风的危险因素、痛风急性期抗炎镇痛治疗方案进行文献综述,以期减少心血管疾病患者痛风急性发作,并为临床药物治疗决策提供依据.     

Treatment program for erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular diseases

The present study assesses the effectiveness of our progressive treatment program for erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The study sample included 453 patients aged 36 to 91 years. Therapy in all patients was begun with sildenafil citrate 25 to 100 mg. Those with contraindications, drug adverse effects, or a negative response (erection insufficient for vaginal penetration) were given intracavernous injections of a cocktail of vasoactive drugs (dimix, trimix, or quadmix), followed by the addition of sildenafil citrate to the trimix in case of failure, and then a penile prosthesis. Patients were followed for 2 years; in cases of treatment ineffectiveness during follow-up, drug dosages were increased or a penile prosthesis was suggested. Sildenafil citrate was offered to 417 patients of whom 205 (49.2%) responded positively. The remaining 248 patients received intracavernous injections: 135 (54.4%) had a positive response to the dimix, 85 (75.2%) to the trimix, and 16 (57.1%) to the quadmix. Four of the other 12 patients (0.9%) responded to sildanefil citrate + trimix, and 2 (0.4%) agreed to a penile prosthesis. At the 2-year follow-up of 447 patients, 131 (29.3%) were successfully treated with sildanefil citrate, 92 (20.6%) with dimix, 122 (27.3%) with trimix, 12 (2.7%) with quadmix, and 2 (0.4%) with sildanefil citrate + trimix; 5 patients (1.1%) had a penile implant. Forty-eight patients (10.7%) achieved spontaneous erection, of whom 46 were taking aspirin. Twenty-six patients (5.8%) stopped treatment because of health and family reasons and 9 (2%) had a negative response. Our progressive treatment program for erectile dysfunction has a high success rate in patients with cardiovascular disease: Overall, 98.7% achieved an erection sufficient for vaginal penetration immediately after the trial and 92.2% on follow-up; 10.7% achieved spontaneous erections.     

老年心血管疾病患者的高胰岛素血症

用放免法测定１０６例三种老年心血管疾病患者空腹岛素含量，并与３２例健康人比较。结果显示，老年冠心病、高血压病、高脂血症患者其含量显著增高，并分别与空腹血糖、甘油三酯含量呈现显著正相关。提示冠心病、高血压病尤其是高脂血症患者存在胰岛素抵抗导致的高胰岛素血症，并与机体的糖代射、脂质代谢密切相关。因此动态监测这些疾病患者胰岛素含量很有必要，并以此为依据制定或调整治疗方案，以改善胰岛素抵抗现象。     

Outpatient treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases

In Germany, cardiovascular disturbances belong to the diseases most frequently treated in the offices of general practitioners and internal specialists. With comprehensive monitoring and the taking of adequate therapeutic measures, the average mortality age of the majority of the 18 million patients suffering from circulatory diseases lies at 79.4 years. In the age group of over 70 years, 70 to 80% of the patients receive treatment against cardiovascular disturbances, most of them against hypertension. One of the most important goals of monitoring and intervention in the outpatient sector is the treatment of hypertension, especially in connection with measures taken against disturbances in lipometabolism in order to prevent secondary diseases. The success of treatment is shown by the decreasing age standardized rate of cardiac infarctions, especially among men, and the decreasing mortality rate of patients below 65. The increasing treatment in the outpatient sector is accompanied by additional interventions, especially by bypass surgery in the hospital sector. The concerted actions in both the outpatient and the inpatient sector result in a higher service provision to come to a higher quality of life in the patients and to prevent early death.     

老年心血管疾病患者合并抑郁症状的初步研究

目的研究老年心血管疾病患者合并抑郁症状的相关危险因素。方法以老年抑郁量表随机调查参加正常体检的482例老年人为研究对象,其中有老年心血管者416例,无心血管疾病者66例,分别调查其抑郁症状发生情况,并探讨抑郁症状与冠心病、心律失常和高血压的关系。结果本组老年心血管疾病患者合并抑郁症状的比例明显高于无心血管疾病者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.01,OR=7.619,95%CI 1.826-31.785)。随着年龄的增长,老年心血管疾病患者合并抑郁症状的比例逐渐增高(P0.01)。老年心血管疾病合并抑郁症状患者在冠心病与非冠心病亚组间差异有显著性(P0.01),对是否合并心律失常、高血压和高血脂的危险因素进行比较,两组之间无统计学差异。结论老年心血管疾病患者合并抑郁症状比例显著高于同龄无心血管疾病对照人群,并随年龄增长逐渐增加。     

Obesity paradox in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases

Many elderly people are affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the majority of CVD patients are elderly people. For both patient populations, studies have shown that a high body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower mortality when compared to normal weight subjects, a fact commonly known as the "obesity paradox". Whether the correlation between obesity and better survival is based on methodological influences and other non-causal factors alone, or whether there is a causal link between obesity and a better survival in these subjects remains widely unexplored. The interrelation between aging, obesity, CVD, frailty and inflammation is a current issue of intensive research. For the elderly, parameters which include measures of body composition, fat and fat-free mass are of greater importance than BMI. Weight management in elderly people with cardiovascular diseases should aim at improvement and maintenance of physical function and quality of life rather than prevention of medical problems associated with obesity in younger and middle aged patients. Although many studies have shown that weight loss in elderly patients is associated with a poor prognosis, recent data demonstrate that intentional weight reduction in obese elderly people ameliorates the cardiovascular risk profile, reduces chronic inflammation and is correlated with an improved quality of life. An individual approach to weight management that includes the participation of the patient, co-morbidity, functional status, and social support should be aspired.     

老年高尿酸血症与心血管疾病

早在20多年前,就有研究探讨尿酸是否是心血管事件的独立危险因素,但至今尚无一致性结论.因而,高尿酸血症在心血管疾病中的真正作用还不十分清楚[1～3].由于心血管疾病牵涉到许多危险因素,而这些危险因素又和高尿酸血症密切相关,这就给确定或者排除高尿酸血症的独立作用带来很大困难.     

重视老年高尿酸血症及痛风的防治（二）老年高尿酸血症与心血管疾病

早在20多年前，就有研究探讨尿酸是否是心血管事件的独立危险因素，但至今尚无一致性结论。因而，高尿酸血症在心血管疾病中的真正作用还不十分清楚。由于心血管疾病牵涉到许多危险因素，而这些危险因素又和高尿酸血症密切相关，这就给确定或者排除高尿酸血症的独立作用带来很大困难。当然，这肯定不能除外高尿酸血症在心血管疾病中起直接作用。事实上，高尿酸血症、高血压及肾病明确相关，     

Early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in younger patients]

In 114 persons with an average age of 30 years who were found out during an X-ray examination on account of pathological findings of the heart clinical examinations were carried out and the findings were compared with those of a control group of the same age which had normal fluorographic findings. Among the patients with radiologically provable enlargement of the heart were 29% of active sportsmen who in the majority of cases had no other findings. Moreover, the enlargement of the heart correlated with overweight, increased values of blood pressure, vitia cordis and with subjective heart complaints. The effectivity of the primary screening is confirmed by the establishment that 66% of patients free of symptoms could be established.     

Prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatic diseases

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the USA, has emerged as an important comorbidity in the rheumatic diseases. As disease-modifying therapies have resulted in better disease control and decreases in disease-associated mortality, it is now apparent that the prevalence of CVD and cardiovascular (CV) events is significantly increased in a number of rheumatic disorders when compared with age and gender-matched subjects from the general population. Investigations into the mechanisms of CVD in the general population have provided insights into potential mechanisms in rheumatic disease patients and possible aetiologies for their increased risk. Although there are no evidence-based guidelines for CV risk factor screening and interventions specific to patients with rheumatic disease, the best current approach utilizes evidence-based recommendations for the general population (and higher-risk subgroups) modified by what is known of CV risk factor and event prevalence in these patients.     

Psychosocial problems of elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases

Based on a survey of different age theories, the complex character of the aging process is demonstrated in the experience of the individual as well as in its social connections (DORNER, 1988). On this basis the peculiarities of experiencing the disease and of mastering the disease by older patients with coronary heart disease are shown, taking various test results into account. Depending on experiencing the disease, but also depending on learned forms of mastering stress situations, different mastering mechanisms could be found with patients with angiocardiopathies which may be of decisive importance to the further rehabilitative success. Recommendations for the behaviour of the physician towards the old-aged patient with coronary heart disease are concluded.     

Managing cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases

The role of traditional risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease has been well studied. However, the relationship between chronic inflammatory conditions and cardiovascular risk has only recently been appreciated. Expression of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines is common to the pathogenesis of both atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases and may suggest that systemic inflammation independently contributes to elevated risk. This article examines the magnitude of cardiovascular risk in several of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases and summarizes currently available data to discern whether this risk is largely due to the presence of co-existing traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease or the effect of increased systemic inflammation. Evidence is summarized to show which therapies may positively or negatively impact cardiovascular risk. Evidence is discussed in context of practical patient management tools, appropriate treatment based on risk, and treatment targets for high-risk patients. Overall, patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at an often underestimated increase in cardiovascular risk and require individualized therapy and specific patient management strategies to address the disease process, cardiovascular risk factors, and comorbidities.     

Age-dependent adjustment to disease in patients with cardiovascular diseases

During their rehabilitation treatment 61 inpatients with different cardiovascular diseases or disorders were investigated with structured interviews, questionnaires about anamnesis and psychological tests in order to determine the individual coping strategies. The mean results show that three of four pts with functional heart and circulatory disorders don't know anything or something wrong about the pathology of their symptoms. Pts with coronary heart disease without myocardial infarction don't have any or any right information in 45%, but coronary infarction-pts don't have any right pathogenetic knowledge in only 12% (differences: p less than .05). The pathogenetic knowledge is not statistically correlated with the age of the pts. In total 54% can't give any reasons for the incidence, 18% are accusing their own health behaviour, 15% say that it is fate and 13% are believing that primarily environmental factors are the best conception about the etiology of their disease. The subjective illness-related psycho-physical irritation show a moderate to average strength and does not depend on pts' age. The main actual cognitive and emotional reaction to illness is in 40% denial, 30% are trying to adept actively to the given situation, 22% show acute mourning and anxiety and 8% respond with rebellion, aggressiveness or anger (differences: p less than .01). There is a tendency growing with increasing life-age to accept the event of illness as a chance for an active change to a better style of life in future. Pts with cardiovascular diseases design an overall optimistic development for their own future: they expect an age of 66.2 years, male pts believe to grow older than female (p less than .01). The prospected satisfaction with life doesn't show any significant differences depending on diagnosis or age. All in all the results lead to the conclusion that the factor "age of life" does not play a dominant role in the process of managing with cardiovascular diseases compared with psychological factors of coping with the illness.     

Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with cardiovascular diseases

A case-control-study was performed to identify patients at particularly high risk of community-acquired pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia with a special focus on cardiovascular diseases as potential risk factors. Thirty-six consecutive hospitalized patients with cardiovascular diseases and pneumonia were matched with 36 controls also suffering from cardiovascular diseases but without pneumonia. From all cardiovascular diseases only heart failure proved to be an independent risk factor for pneumonia (OR 5.69, 95 % KI 1.69 - 19.04, p = 0.0048). Both chronic (p = 0.009) and acute heart failure (p = 0.028) were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. The risk of pneumonia was closely related to the degree of ventricular function impairment. Coronary heart disease, valvular disease, arrythmia, myocarditis, endocarditis and cardiomyopathy did not increase the risk for pneumonia unless accompanied by heart failure. Pulmonary (OR 9.24, 95 % KI 1.48 - 57.74, p = 0.00174) and renal diseases (OR 7.49, 95 % KI 1.38 - 40.76, p = 0.0197) were validated as additional independent risk factors. A history of smoking was also associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (p = 0,023). This study supports the hypothesis that heart failure resulting from cardiovascular disease and not cardiovascular disease itself mounts the risk for pneumonia.     

慢性丙型肝炎患者心血管疾病研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）具有嗜肝性和泛嗜性,除造成肝脏损伤外,也表现出大量的肝外表现。近年来研究表明,慢性丙型肝炎患者心血管疾病发生率较高。HCV感染可造成动脉粥样硬化、心肌病、心肌炎、肺动脉高压等,成为心血管疾病的危险因素。     

重视老年心血管疾病患者抗血栓策略的选择

抗血栓治疗是防止动静脉血栓形成、也是冠心病和房颤等心血管疾病的主要治疗措施之一,对于减少血栓性事件的发生具有重要意义。然而,抗血栓治疗常会导致出血。老年患者由于其自身的生理特点,常伴发多系统疾病,血栓及出血风险都明显增加,在抗血栓治疗时宜根据患者自身病情,慎重选择抗栓策略,平衡血栓及出血风险,使患者获益最大化。     

替比夫定联合胸腺肽α-1治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者80例疗效分析

目的 观察替比夫定联合胸腺肽α-1治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者的早期疗效。方法 将80例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为替比夫定联合胸腺肽α-1治疗组40例和拉米夫定联合胸腺肽α-1治疗组40例。采用ELISA法检测血清HBV标志物,采用荧光定量PCR法检测血清HBV DNA。观察两组治疗12 w的疗效。结果 在治疗8 w末,替比夫定治疗患者血清HBV DNA阴转率和HBeAg阴转率分别为32.5%和20.0%,与拉米夫定治疗患者比,无显著性相差（分别为17.5%和5.0%,P>0.05）,在治疗12 w末,替比夫定治疗患者血清HBV DNA阴转率显著高于拉米夫定治疗患者（95.0%对62.5%,P<0.05）;在治疗12 w末,替比夫定治疗患者完全应答、部分应答和无应答率分别为57.5%、40.0%和2.5%,而拉米夫定治疗患者则分别为37.5%、 45.0%和17.5%,其中完全应答率显著高于拉米夫定组（P<0.05）。结论 替比夫定联合胸腺肽α-1治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者早期疗效更优。