新生儿输精管和精囊的神经分布

用组化等方法,对20例新生儿输精管和精囊的植物神经分布作了系统的观察,两器官同时受肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经支配,其节后神经元的胞体均位于输精管终末端、精囊和膀胱之间的结缔组织中。肾上腺素能纤维分布至输精管环肌层外侧半以外各层;胆碱能纤维束穿过纵肌,在环肌层形成神经丛。精囊内肾上腺素能纤维在整个肌层中均匀地分布,而胆碱能纤维则分布至环肌层和粘膜下层。本文比较了两种纤维成分在受检器官中的分布特点,并通过与成人实验结果的比较,对新生儿输精管神经支配的生后发育进行了讨论。     

大鼠子宫妊娠期的植物性神经变化

本实验应用组织化学、电镜和生物化学测定,对大鼠子宫妊娠期的植物性神经变化进行了观察。实验结果表明,随妊娠期的进展,大鼠子宫壁中肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经数量明显减少。子宫组织中去甲肾上腺素(NE)含量减低。NE含量以ng/g组织湿重表示,对照组为194.79±62.85,晚期妊娠组为78.56±30.48,呈高度显著性差异(P<0.005)。电镜观察表明,晚期妊娠子宫壁中的轴索数目明显减少,并可见“固缩型”和“空虚型”的退行性变的神经终末支。大鼠子宫神经和平滑肌的间隔,文献报告属紧密接触型,二者间距小于20 nm。本观察结果表明,大鼠子宫神经平滑肌间隔仅有20%属紧密接触型,大部分神经肌肉间隔在100 nm以上。妊娠期紧密接触型的比例更少。本文还对子宫妊娠期植物性神经变化的机制进行了讨论。     

大鼠输精管的神经及其递质共存的探讨

本文应用乙醛酸诱发荧光组织化学方法显示肾上腺素能神经;乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)法显示胆碱能神经;免疫组织化学法显示血管活性肠肽(VIP)和神经肽Y(NPY)免疫反应性神经。本文对输精管的观察表明,VIP免疫反应性神经与胆碱能神经分布一致,主要分布在输精管的固有层内,而NPY免疫反应性神经与肾上腺素能神经分布一致,位于输精管肌层。应用肾上腺素能神经阻断剂6-羟多巴     

人背阔肌肌内神经分布和肌构筑特征及其临床意义

目的:为背阔肌亚部肌移植的临床应用提供形态学基础。方法:改良Sihler’s肌内神经染色法和肌构筑法。结果:(1)支配背阔肌的胸背神经发出2～3支一级神经支入肌,入肌后发出呈树枝状分支分布到该肌,在肌中部构成网格状的神经分支密集区。(2)背阔肌内上部肌重(58.91±10.29)g、肌长(18.76±1.67)cm、生理横切面积(3.39±0.65)cm2,外下部肌重(119.60±20.89)g、肌长(29.33±1.70)cm、生理横切面积(4.69±0.92)cm2。结论:(1)背阔肌有恒定的肌内神经分支分布,可分为两个亚部:内上部和外下部。(2)背阔肌内上部在肢体运动中更多的维持肩关节的稳定;而背阔肌外下部则更多参与肢体的速度运动。     

血管周肾上腺素能神经密度与管壁组成成分的关系

本文应用组织化学技术和电镜方法对家兔、豚鼠和大鼠血管周的肾上腺素能神经密度与管壁组成成分的关系进行了观察。实验结果证明,血管周神经分布于外膜层,中膜内未见有神经分布,肌性动脉(以肠系膜动脉为代表)较弹性动脉(以颈总动脉为代表)的血管周神经密度和含膨体数都较高。神经肌肉间隔近(0.05—3微米),最近者神经与肌肉间除基板外无其它组织成分。弹性动脉神经肌肉间隔较远(1—12微米),神经肌肉间隔以外弹力膜、成纤维细胞和板层状的结缔组织。股动脉和肾动脉周的神经分布特点介于上二者之间。静脉较相应动脉神经分布稀疏。但也存在部位的特殊性和种属差异性。如脐动脉虽属肌性动脉,但动脉周并无神经分布,豚鼠肾动脉周的神经密度远较兔及大鼠稀疏。作者认为血管周的神经密度与血管壁中平滑肌的含量有关。本文并对肌性动脉周神经分布致密的原因,不同类型动脉的神经分布特点与生理功能的关系进行了讨论。     

大鼠面神经颅外段的解剖及其应用

目的 :为大鼠面神经损伤模型的制备提供解剖学依据。方法 :解剖和观测大鼠面神经颅外段。结果 :大鼠面神经出茎乳孔后可分为两段。第 1段长度为 (5 .2 1± 0 .4 8)mm ,中点外径为 (1.31± 0 .13)mm ,第 2段分三个终末支 ,其中耳睑神经较短为(8.97± 0 .95 )mm ,颊肌神经和下颌缘神经平均长度分别为 (2 5 .2 3± 1.4 1)mm、(2 6 .6 1± 1.2 2 )mm ,中点外径为 (1.0 5± 0 .2 0 )mm、(0 .95± 0 .2 0 )mm。二者在口角外侧汇合成神经节样体。结论 :大鼠面神经的第 1段宜作钳夹、结扎损伤模型 ;第 2段的颊肌神经和下颌缘神经宜作神经断离自体静脉套接、神经断端外膜缝合及电生理检测等。     

胸内侧神经和肌皮神经解剖学观察及临床意义

目的为临床手术冶疗臂丛神经C5-6根或主干撕脱性损伤,寻找神经供体移位吻接肌皮神经重建屈肘功能,提供解剖学基础。方法解剖观察和测量肌皮神经主干长度、粗细、行程与喙肱肌的关系;胸内侧神经主干长度、粗细、第一分支能游离的长度、行程与锁骨中线的关系。结果肌皮神经主干长(101.56±13.16)mm,第一分支处神经干厚(2.61±1.13)mm、宽(2.82±1.25)mm、穿喙肱肌者占89.29%;胸内侧神经主干长(50.43±14.14)mm、第一分支处神经干厚(0.51±0.21)mm、宽(0.56±0.18)mm、第一胸大肌支能游离长度为45.66mm、主干行走在锁骨中线外侧者占82.15%。结论胸内侧神经与肌皮神经邻近,神经主干和第一分支能游离的长度,可满足与肌皮神经吻接手术的要求,而且神经主干在体表定位准确,是肌皮神经吻接的较好神经供体。     

三角肌神经入肌点定位及肌内神经分布的研究

目的　揭示三角肌神经入肌点和肌内神经分支分布 ,为其临床应用提供较为详尽的形态学资料。方法　①用经甲醛固定 2年以上的成人尸体 (2 0～ 5 0岁 ) 12具 (男 9,女 3)共 2 4侧。以肩峰后角为骨性标志 ,测量三角肌各亚部神经支入肌点的位置。②用经甲醛固定 1年以内的童尸 3具 (3～ 10岁 )及成人尸体 2具 (2 0、4 0岁 )完整取下三角肌 ,采用Sihler′s肌内神经染色法观察肌内神经分支分布。结果　①三角肌各亚部神经入肌点的体表投影 :三角肌前亚部、中亚部、后亚部的神经入肌点分别在距肩峰后角下方 (5 7± 0 7)cm、(5 9± 0 8)cm、(4 8± 0 5 )cm处的水平线上 ,距三角肌前缘外后方 (3 6± 0 4 )cm处及距三角肌后缘外前方 (3 5± 0 6 )cm、(2 3± 0 3)cm处 ,上述三点均在肌的中 1/3部。②肌内神经分布 :三角肌前、后亚部的肌内神经支在肌内为直接横过肌纤维中部 ,沿途再发出分支与肌纤维并行走行 ;而中亚部肌内神经支在各个羽内 ,与肌纤维相交 ,行向短肌纤维的起止端。结论　①三角肌的神经入肌部位及入肌形式与该肌的形态和功能有关联 ;②三角肌的肌内神经分支分布可能与该肌的肌纤维长度及肌纤维型有关 ;③三角肌中亚部的肌内神经吻合网较宽而致密 ,推测有着更精细的神经调节。     

胸内、外侧神经与肌皮神经吻接的应用解剖

在专供研究用的18具(男9,女9)成人尸体上解剖,观察了36侧胸内、外侧神经和肌皮神经。胸内、外侧神经主干长度分别为42.81±4.18mm和40、55±3.12mm,主干入肌处的宽度分别为1.29±0.09mm和1.57±0.09mm,厚度分别为0.63±0.04mm和0.68±0.05mm。胸内侧神经中有28侧(77.8%)发出1-3支分支入肌,其上支长度为30.69±2.61mm;胸外侧神经中有26侧(72.2%)发出1-3支分支入肌,其上支长度为35.97±3.22mm。肌皮神经的自然长度为43.87±3.41mm,无损伤分离出的长度为22.94±2.17mm,起始处的宽、厚度分别为2.90±0.11mm和1.76±0.07mm。肌皮神经起点与胸内、外侧神经起点之间的距离分别为43.14±3.81mm和50.57±3.71mm。     

背阔肌的神经解剖及其临床意义

目的:为背阔肌亚部肌移植的临床应用提供神经解剖学资料。方法:观察60侧背阔肌的胸背神经分支类型并定位神经入肌点。结果:(1)91.67%的胸背神经分出两支(一级分支),即内上支和外下支,其中内上支分出2~3支(二级分支),外下支分出3~5支(二级分支),外下支的分支多见集中型或羽状型。(2)胸背神经内上支与外下支的入肌点距肩胛骨下角下缘的直线距离分别为(5.38±0.36)cm、(6.70±0.41)cm。两神经入肌点之间的距离为(2.17±0.32)cm。结论:背阔肌有较恒定的神经分支分布及入肌点定位,对背阔肌的临床应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Experimental evidence indicating that the penis of the rat is innervated by short adrenergic neurons

To determine if the penis of the rat is supplied by long or short adrenergic neurons, hypogastric and perivascular neurectomies were performed. Reserpine, a drug which depletes the store of norepinephrine from long adrenergic nerves more rapidly than from short adrenergic neurons, has also been used to aid in characterizing this innervation. Hypogastric neurectomy, with or without denervation of the common iliac vessels, had no effect on the density or fluorescence intensity of adrenergic fibers in the rat penis. The long adrenergic fibers to the atria did not fluoresce in reserpine-treated rats; however, fluorescent adrenergic fibers in the penis and vas deferens remained visible. Reserpine depressed atrial levels of norepinephrine by 75%, while norepinephrine in the penis and vas deferens was reduced only by 32% and 29%, respectively. The absence of any effect of hypogastric neurectomy on the adrenergic fibers of the penis indicates that such fibers arise from neurons distal to the site of lesion of the hypogastric nerves. This result and the similar response of the vas deferens and penis to reserpine strongly suggest that the penis of the rat is supplied by short adrenergic neurons.     

Photoperiodic influence on the innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus--light microscopic studies

The influence of long (LD 16:8) and short (LD 8:16) photoperiods on the autonomic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus was studied using the glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) histochemical methods. ACHE-positive nerve fibres could be demonstrated in the smooth muscle layer along the whole sperm transporting duct, in the lamina propria and within the epithelium of the ductus deferens. The extent and intensity of enzymatic reaction did not change between LD 16:8 and LD 8:16 conditions. An adrenergic nerve plexus was found in the smooth muscle layer of the sperm transporting duct. Especially in the ductus deferens, the intensity of fluorescence and the number of adrenergic nerves decreased in animals kept at short photoperiods. The influence of androgens on the sympathetic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens was discussed.     

Functions of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in canine effectors of seminal emission

Spontaneous activity responses to acetylcholine (ACh), adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and barium chloride as well as the effects of various autonomic drugs on effects of field stimulation of nerves and muscle cells of isolated pieces or strips of cauda epididymidis, vas deferens, ampulla ductus deferentis and prostate of dog were studied. The main results and conclusions are: the muscles show little spontaneous activity but rhythmicity can easily be produced by e.g. stimulating agonists. The muscles are contracted by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulants. ACh has usually no or a very weak contractile effect in high concentrations. Muscles of young dogs are more sensitive to ACh. The excitatory innervation of the muscles is adrenergic and completely blocked by adrenergic neuron blockers as well as alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Stimulation of adrenergic nerves leads to maximum response already at low frequencies (4-6 Hz). This response is very similar to that provoked by a supramaximal dose of NA. Scopolamine enhances neurogenic contractile effects while physostigmine suppresses them. Hence cholinergic nerves may act by muscarinic prejunctional inhibition of the excitatory adrenergic neurotransmission rather than act directly upon the smooth muscle cells. Since secretory cells receive cholinergic innervation prejunctional inhibition of the adrenergic myomotor nerves may be of functional significance in at least the long copulatory events of the dog.     

Further evidence for adrenergic transmission in the human vas deferens.

1. Isolated portions of human vas deferens responded to field stimulation of the intramural nerve fibres or to exogenously applied noradrenaline with rhythmical contractions of both longitudinal and circular muscle layers. 2. In guinea-pig and rabbit vas deferens field stimulation produced an initial rapid 'twitch' response which was not found with human vasa. 3. Responses of the human vas to field stimulation were depressed by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents phentolamine and yohimbine. 4. It is concluded that the motor innervation of the human vas deferens is adrenergic and the relevance of this to the physiological operation of the tissue is discussed.     

Changes in the physiology and fine structure of the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum following transplantation into the anterior eye chamber

1. The taenia of the guinea-pig caecum has been used as a model to study the re-establishment of autonomic innervation following transplantation into the anterior eye chamber. The ultrastructure, the histochemical localization of noradrenaline and acetylcholinesterase and the pharmacology of transmission to the taenia have been examined 1 day to 16 weeks following transplantation. Both ganglion-free strips of the taenia and caecal wall segments including the underlying Auerbach's plexus were used.2. Caecal wall preparations: nerve fibres from intramural ganglion cells retracted during the first 2 days following transplantation, but reappeared in the muscle soon afterwards. Adrenergic nerves from the iris formed terminals about ganglion cells at about 2-4 weeks. Both cholinergic excitatory and non-adrenergic (;purinergic') inhibitory transmission to the muscle was re-established by 2-4 days following transplantation.3. Taenia strip preparations: both adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres were demonstrated histochemically in muscle bundles by 2-4 weeks. Non-adrenergic inhibitory and cholinergic transmission was not re-established until 2-4 weeks following transplantation. There was an abnormally dense re-innervation of the muscle by adrenergic nerve fibres by about 8 weeks which is compared with the innervation of aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease.4. The origin of non-adrenergic inhibitory responses in the transplanted taenia is discussed and the results considered in relation to the re-innervation of transplants of the vas deferens and of intestine during early development.     

Evidence for the coexistence and co-release of [met]enkephalin and noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves of the bovine vas deferens

The localization and neurosecretion of methionine-enkephalin was studied in sympathetic nerves of the bovine vas deferens. Immunostaining showed methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in a network of varicose nerve fibres in the smooth muscle layers of the vas deferens. When vas deferens homogenates were subjected to differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, methionineenkephalin was found to parallel the distribution of noradrenaline in the more dense region of the gradient, where “heavy” or large dense-cored vesicles are present. Electron microscopic immunochemistry confirmed this finding and showed methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in large dense-cored vesicles. The release of methionine-enkephalin upon electrical stimulation was studied in superfusion experiments. The methionine-enkephalin secretion was shown to be Ca²⁺-dependent and was inhibited by adding the adrenergic neuron blocking drug guanethidine to the superfusion medium.

We conclude that in the bovine vas deferens methionine-enkephalin is only present in large dense-cored vesicles of adrenergic neurons and that the peptide is released from these vesicles together with noradrenaline by a Ca²⁺-dependent mechanism.     

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Innervation of the Rat Urinary Bladder

The autonomic innervation of the rat urinary bladder was studied using histochemical methods and nerve stimulations. A sparse adrenergic innervation of the detrusor muscle was found. It was supposed to originate from long adrenergic neurones. The trigonum area had a rich supply of adrenergic fibres, probably derived from short adrenergic neurones. A uniformly rich supply of acetylcholine-esterase (AChE)-positive nerves was found in the whole bladder. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation caused no detectable change of adrenergic or AChE-positive nerves in the bladder, while parasympathetic decentralization or denervation produced a total disappearance of adrenergic fibres. The AChE-positive nerves were appreciably reduced in number after parasympathetic decentralization and not detectable after postganglionic denervation. Neither adrenergic nor AChE-positive ganglion cells could be demonstrated in the bladder wall. Electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerves or the pelvic nerves distal to the pelvic ganglia elicited contraction of the detrusor muscle. The responses were not affected by hexamethonium, dihydroergotamine or propranolol but were slightly reduced by guanethidine, reduced to about 40% by atropine and potentiated by eserine. Stimulation of the pelvic nerve proximal to the pelvic ganglion was partially blocked by hexamethonium. It is concluded that the urinary bladder of the rat is supplied by postganglionic adrenergic fibres mainly via the pelvic nerves and only to a lesser extent via the hypogastric nerves. Probably cholinergic fibres pass to the bladder mainly via the pelvic nerves but also via the hypogastric nerves, having their cellbodies outside the bladder wall, partly proximal to the pelvic ganglia.     

Species and tissue variation in extraneuronal and neuronal accumulation of noradrenaline

1. The ability of arterial and non-arterial smooth muscle in five tissues (vas deferens, heart, bladder, colon, spleen) in four species (mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea-pig) to accumulate and retain noradrenaline (NA) was measured in thin tissue slices exposed to NA for 30 min, then washed in cold saline solution for 30 min. NA accumulation was assessed histochemically by measuring the fluorescence brightness of the tissue with the Leitz MPV microphotometer. In addition, similar measurements were made on smooth muscle in the cat spleen, on cardiac muscle and on the terminal adrenergic nerves.

2. In general, arterial smooth muscle had a greater capacity to accumulate and retain NA than non-arterial smooth muscle, but there was a great species and organ variability. The ability to accumulate and retain NA was best developed in the mouse, followed by the rabbit, rat and guinea-pig in that order. Among organs the artery to the vas and the coronary arteries showed the greatest retention. Among non-arterial smooth muscle the mouse vas and the rabbit colon were notable.

3. Cardiac muscle accumulates NA during exposure to the amine but, unlike smooth muscle, cannot retain it when washed with NA-free solution.

4. Terminal adrenergic nerves in different tissues show some variability in fluorescence intensity, and this is increased after exposure to NA. This may indicate a variable capacity of these cells to accumulate and retain NA.