大鼠输精管的神经及其递质共存的探讨

本文应用乙醛酸诱发荧光组织化学方法显示肾上腺素能神经;乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)法显示胆碱能神经;免疫组织化学法显示血管活性肠肽(VIP)和神经肽Y(NPY)免疫反应性神经。本文对输精管的观察表明,VIP免疫反应性神经与胆碱能神经分布一致,主要分布在输精管的固有层内,而NPY免疫反应性神经与肾上腺素能神经分布一致,位于输精管肌层。应用肾上腺素能神经阻断剂6-羟多巴     

血管平滑肌生理研究进展——Ⅱ 血管平滑肌的神经体液调节

血管平滑肌主要接受交感缩血管神经纤维支配,从脊髓交感节前神经元发出的纤维在交感节中与节后神经元发生突触联系,由此发出节后肾上腺素能纤维至血管平滑肌。但部分动物的骨骼肌血管也接受直接来自中枢的交感胆碱能舒血管神经的支配。少数器官的血管并接受副交感神经的胆碱能舒血管纤维支配。近年还发现嘌呤能、肽能和胺能神经纤维电支配某些     

人和大鼠输精管平滑肌和神经的形态学研究

本实验用组织化学、电镜和生化测定方法研究了人和大鼠输精管的平滑肌和神经分布。结果表明;大鼠输精管的神经密度明显高于人,轴索数/100个肌细胞断面,大鼠是118,人是315肌-神经间隔,大鼠是25nm左右,人是100nm左右;肌细胞外间隙(％),大鼠是12.9,人是35.8;肾上腺素能神经支配占优势,乙醛酸诱发荧光法显示大鼠输精管肌层内有致密的肾上腺素能神经纤维,ACh阳性反应神经较少,主要分布于固有层,人输精管中上述两种神经均较少;每克湿组织中NE含量(ng)大鼠约为人的10倍左右(大鼠:2369.35±820.27,人:294.66±83.90);电镜观察,SGV型神经终末支多见。     

以单胺荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术观察家兔、大鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布及其相互关系

以单胺类荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术,观察了家兔和大白鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布。并以同一切片做荧光和胆碱酯酶连续显示方法,观察它们之间的形态学相互关系。在胃底腺分布着5-羟色胺细胞,它们不仅与交感肾上腺素能膨体末梢直接接触,还与迷走副交感胆碱能末梢接触,说明胃壁5-羟色胺细胞可直接受到神经活动的影响。在胃底腺腺细胞有交感和副交感神经末梢分布,这可提供神经控制胃液分泌的根据。有部分支配胃底腺细胞的两种神经末梢,分布位置和形态一致;在肌层平滑肌间和胃壁各层中细小动脉壁也存在可相重合的神经末梢分布。胃壁肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经末梢,在显微镜下所观察到的相互重合,支持药理学上提出的这两种神经末梢具有交互作用。在含非特异胆碱酯酶反应,可见胃粘膜上皮下固有膜内,存在分支的神经末梢交互联成网状,可能是传入性质,对其功能意义做了讨论。     

扬子鳄胃的神经支配

采用组化方法对７只扬子鳄胃的神经支配进行了研究。结果如下：粘膜下层有胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性反应神经节和神经纤维相互交织组成的神经丛，一些神经纤维穿过粘膜在基底膜附近形成次组丛，终止在腺细胞。在环行肌和纵行肌之间有丰富的ＡＣｈＥ阳性反应神经节和神经丛。在肌层内胆碱能神经的走向与平滑肌细胞的长轴平行。肾上腺素能神经只见于肌层，神经纤维同样与平滑肌细胞长轴平行。     

Oddi括约肌运动调节与功能障碍的诊断和治疗

Odd i括约肌(SO)是位于胆管、胰管和十二指肠结合部位的神经肌肉复合体,是胆汁和胰液的最终流出道。SO由胆总管括约肌、胰管括约肌、壶腹部括约肌和纵肌束组成。测压结果表明SO的运动是一个动态的周期性变化过程,存在一种主动收缩波称为蠕动波,起源于胆总管下端,收缩时将胆汁排入十二指肠,舒张时胆汁流入括约肌管内。1 O dd i括约肌的运动调节1.1神经调节SO中有α、β肾上腺素能和胆碱能受体。α受体和胆碱能受体介导SO收缩,β受体介导SO舒张。支配SO括约肌的胆碱能和肾上腺素能神经将中枢神经系统与存在于SO肌层间的以及其表面的肠…     

植物性神经在猫胆囊及肝外胆道系统的分布

本实验应用乙酰胆碱酯酶染色(AChE)、乙醛酸诱发荧光组织化学法、PAP 免疫组织化学法及生化测定组织中去甲肾上腺素(NA),从铺片和切片角度,对猫胆道系统植物性神经分布进行了观察。结果表明:胆囊壁内胆碱能神经形成两个神经节丛,分布在浆膜下靠近肌层和粘膜固有层。两个     

以显示儿茶酚胺荧光和胆碱酯酶的组织化学方法观察大白鼠皮下组织的神经分布

以儿茶酚胺荧光和胆碱酯酶方法做分别或连续显示,对120只成年健康大白鼠皮下组织中神经分布做了观察。发现围绕小动脉和细小动脉除有肾上腺素能神经以外,还有AChE阳性反应的神经,这种反应可以作为胆碱能神经的标志。通过交感神经节切除实验,证实这双重分布的神经都是交感神经节后神经元的末梢部分。以连续显示方法在同一细小动脉上观察到约有三分之一的交感胆碱能神经末梢单独分布,属交感胆碱能系统;其余大部分胆碱能神经和肾上腺素能神经能够重合,对这一结果究竟是不同的神经元末梢走行在同一Schwann细胞,还是同一神经元可能含有两种神经递质做了讨论。在细小动脉旁有ChE阳性神经,当在孵育液中加四异丙基焦磷酰胺时大部分消失,因此这种无髓细纤维大部分是非胆碱能的;它们的终末分支是各种形式的游离神经末梢,它们的向心支并入脊神经,对这种通过躯体神经传入感觉成分根据做了讨论。用连续显示方法已经见到这种游离神经末梢可以和肾上腺素能血管旁丛相重合。     

生长激素释放肽对心衰大鼠植物神经重构的影响

本研究观察了生长激素释放肽(GHRP)的应用对心衰动物胆碱能神经和肾上腺素能神经支配的影响。Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为:假手术组10只;GHRP组30只;模型组10只。心衰模型成功后4周,Karnovsky-Roots法及免疫组织化学方法分别显示心肌胆碱能神经纤维及肾上腺素能免疫阳性纤维,应用多功能真彩色病理图像分析系统分析两种神经纤维密度。结果显示,模型组大鼠心肌中胆碱能神经纤维和肾上腺素能神经纤维密度明显低于假手术组(P<0.01);GHRP组大鼠心肌中两种神经纤维密度较模型组明显增高(P<0.01),但略低于假手术组神经纤维密度(P<0.05)。上述研究表明GHRP可延缓大鼠心衰后的去神经支配,改善神经重构。     

急性缺氧下肺动脉升压反应的研究——(二)胆硷能阻断剂对肺动脉升压反应的影响

人与动物的肺血管都具有肾上腺素能和胆碱能双重神经支配。关于肾上腺素能系统与肺血管舒缩反应关系密切的报道比较多,而胆碱能系统在肺血管舒缩运动调节中的作用仍不太清楚。本文通过观察嘧胆碱(Hc-3)等胆碱能阻断剂对缺氧等引起肺循环反应的影响,初步探讨了胆碱能神经递质乙酰胆碱(ACh)在肺血管运动调节中可能发挥的作用,报告如下:     

Photoperiodic influence on the innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus--light microscopic studies

The influence of long (LD 16:8) and short (LD 8:16) photoperiods on the autonomic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus was studied using the glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) histochemical methods. ACHE-positive nerve fibres could be demonstrated in the smooth muscle layer along the whole sperm transporting duct, in the lamina propria and within the epithelium of the ductus deferens. The extent and intensity of enzymatic reaction did not change between LD 16:8 and LD 8:16 conditions. An adrenergic nerve plexus was found in the smooth muscle layer of the sperm transporting duct. Especially in the ductus deferens, the intensity of fluorescence and the number of adrenergic nerves decreased in animals kept at short photoperiods. The influence of androgens on the sympathetic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens was discussed.     

Innervation of rabbit fetal lungs

Nerve fibers, autonomic ganglia, and neuroepithelial bodies of the lungs of rabbit fetuses, 17 to 31 days gestational age, were studied with neurohistological techniques including silver impregnation, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and glyoxylic-1acid-induced histofluorescence for monoamines. The silver impregnation method showed that nerve fibers and ganglia accompanied the bronchi and large pulmonary blood vessels to enter the developing lungs by the 17th day of gestation. Cholinergic and adrenergic nerves began to appear in the walls of the bronchi on the 21st day. The developing pulmonary arteries had accompanying adrenergic nerves on the 25th day. Acetylcholinesterase-positive parasympathetic ganglia were seen on the 27th day. Silver-impregnated nerve fibers in the developing alveolar walls and pleura were found on the 25th day. Neuroepithelial bodies and specialized single cells which were argyrophilic, acetylcholinesterase-positive, and fluorescent could be demonstrated in 19–21-day-old and older fetuses; and some of these structures were innervated by sensory and autonomic motor fibers. These observations indicated that nervous tissue and neuroepithelial bodies appeared in the lungs during the glandular stage of the lung development and that differentiation of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves began in the late glandular stage.     

Morphological study of the innervation pattern of the rabbit sinoatrial node

The pattern of nerves, ganglia, and fine nerve processes in the adult rabbit sinoatrial node, identified by microelectrode recording, was defined by staining histochemically for cholinesterase followed by silver impregnation. A generalized repeatable pattern of innervation was recognized, including (1) a large ganglionic complex inferior to the sinoatrial node; (2) two or three moderately large nerves traversing the sinoatrial node parallel to the crista terminalis; (3) nerves entering the region from the atrial septum, the superior vena cava, and the inferior vena cava; and (4) a fine network of nerve processes, particularly extensive in the morphologically dense small-cell part of the sinoatrial node. When the site of initial depolarization in the node was located and marked by a broken-off electrode tip, it was found, after cholinesterase staining, to be characterized by a cluster of cells enclosed in a nest or basket of fine nerves. Similar nested cell clusters were observed elsewhere in the sinoatrial node in this same preparation and in other hearts. A complex interweaving of atrial muscle fibers was observed medial and inferomedial to the sinoatrial node, which may form the anatomical basis for the lack of conduction through this region. The morphological pattern of nerves, ganglia, and myocardial cells described in this study emphasizes the complexity of innervation of the sinoatrial node, including its intrinsic neural elements. Cholinesterase/silver staining can be useful in the definition and comparison of electrophysiologically identified sites within the sinoatrial node.     

新生儿胆总管末端与十二指肠连接处的神经支配

本文采用诱发荧光和胆碱酯酶组化、髓鞘染色、镀银等技术,对41例新生儿胆总管末端与十二指肠连接处的神经分布进行了系统地观察。证明该区有丰富的胆碱能、肾上腺素能神经分布,神经的密度与平滑肌的含量有关。在此区内未见肾上腺素能节后神经元,但可见副交感节后神经元,后者属DogielⅠ型和DogielⅡ型神经细胞。大小不等的AChE阳性神经节,神节丛节位于外膜、肌层及乏特氏壶腹粘膜下。在该区外膜处的血管附近还发现ButhE阳性小神经节、小神经节群。ButhE阳性神经纤维布于粘膜下及血管壁,并在血管附近形成小丛。     

Histochemical and ultrastructural study on the innervation of human and porcine atrio-ventricular valves

Summary The presence of nerve fibers was investigated in porcine and human atrio-ventricular valves by AChE technique, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, en bloc silver and gold chloride impregnation and electron microscopy.Elaborate nerve plexuses were observed in every leaflet and in some chordae tendineae of all the samples examined, without significant species differences in the pattern of innervation.The presence of a sensory innervation was inferred from the demonstration, in whole mount samples processed for acetylcholinesterase, of thick myelinated nerve fibers and of endings with dot-like or brush-like appearance. Moreover the results of the combined histochemical and ultrastructural methods showed the existence of both cholinergic and adrenergic efferent nerve fibers. Nerve varicosities with clear or dense-cored vesicles were frequently observed in proximity to blood vessels and to cardiac and smooth muscle bundles, which therefore can be considered as the targets of the efferent nerve supply.The complex pattern of the innervation herein demonstrated suggests the existence of a nervous control of valvular function through the regulation of contractile elements.     

Sympathetic regulation of fructose secretion in the seminal vesicle of the guinea-pig

Fructose secretion of everted guinea-pig seminal vesicles was studied in vitro. Carbachol produced dose dependent increase in fructose secretion. The effect was blocked by scopolamine but not by hexamethonium, mecamylamine, tetrodotoxin or previous denervation. High concentrations of acetylcholine also increased fructose secretion. This response was not augmented by physostigmine. Methoxamine reduced secretion. Methoxamine, terbutaline, clonidine and vasoactive intestinal peptide counteracted carbachol. Field stimulation produced increased secretion that was not blocked by autonomic drugs, tetrodotoxin or previous denervation. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerve produced frequency dependent increase in fructose secretion. The effect was blocked by tetrodotoxin and scopolamine but not enhanced by physostigmine. If the hypogastric nerve was stimulated close to the seminal vesicle the response was unaffected by hexamethonium but proximal stimulation was blocked. After chronic proximal denervation of the hypogastric nerve, stimulation close to the seminal vesicle produced enhanced response. Destruction of the peripheral ganglia at the base of the seminal vesicle abolished the response. Sections showed that most secretory nervesenter the organ at its base. Phentolamine or yohimbine but not prazosine or propranolol or guanethidine enhanced the secretory response to distal hypogastric nerve stimulation. Tyramine counteracted the response but after reserpinization it was enhanced by tyramine. It is concluded that the secretory cells of the guinea-pig seminal vesicle have a sympathetic secretomotor innervation by short cholinergic neurones with a preganglionic supply via the hypogastric nerve. Inhibitory α₁ and β₂-adrenoreceptors are present on the cells but neurogenic adrenergic inhibition of the secretion is essentially prejunctional and due to activation of inhibitory α₂-receptors on the secretomotor nerves.     

The early pattern of cardiac innervation in the fetal guinea pig

Embryonic hearts were obtained from 78 guinea pig embryos at 20–40 days of gestation. They were frozen quickly, freeze-dried and prepared by the Falck catecholamine fluorescent method for demonstration of adrenergic fibers. Other hearts were fixed in 10% formalin and examined after silver impregnation with the Holmes technique. The results of the two methods were correlated to visualize the total neural pattern as well as the specific adrenergic elements of the developing hearts. The present study indicates that vagal fibers, accompanied by the primordia of the cardiac ganglia, reach the atrial wall on the twenty-fifth day of gestation in the guinea pig. They penetrate the wall and are distributed by individual branches throughout the atrial wall from days 26 to 29 inclusive. From day 30 to parturition, the basic pattern of atrial distribution is elaborated by the lengthening, thickening, and branching of individual fibers. Sympathetic fibers pass to the atrial wall from the twenty-fifth to twenty-ninth day, those coursing with the vagus nerve arriving on the twenty-fifth day, while the remaining fibers arrive on the twenty-sixth to the twenty-ninth days. A ventricular ground plexus of sympathetic fibers is present just deep to the epicardium on the twenty-sixth day, and from this point until 30 days of gestation the ground plexus penetrates the ventricular myocardial wall. The sympathetic fibers at first course along the edge of a muscle bundle, but not between muscle fibers. The nerves become thicker at 29 days but do not exceed 2 μ. They branch slightly at 27 days, and at 30 days they are well branched and appear to overlie the surface of the muscle bundles simulating a perimysial plexus. At 40 days a very dense perimysial plexus is visible which contains some fluorescent nerves. Complete autonomic innervation is established by the thirtieth day of gestation.     

胎儿食管神经支配特点的光,电镜观察

取死亡胎儿的食管，将其等分为上，中，下三段，对各段食管神经支配特点进行光镜和一般透射电镜观察。结果表明：肌间神经丛从上段食管下部开始出发，支配上段分管骨骼肌的神经纤维终末呈玟状膨大；支配中，下段食管平滑肌的神经纤维行程中形成大量膨体，神经终末呈点状膨大；肌间神经丛内亦可见到许多神经纤维形成的串珠状膨体结构。     

Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) immunoreactive nerve fibers in the seminal vesicle and prostate of the male sheep.

Double immunohistochemistry was used to determine the occurrence and distribution pattern of nerve fibres immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) in seminal vesicles and prostate of the male sheep. Numerous CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the mucosal layer and smooth musculature of the seminal vesicles and prostate. In both glands nerve terminals immunoreactive to CGRP were more numerous than SP-IR ones. The majority of CGRP-IR nerve fibers showed colocalization of this peptide and SP. In both layers of the seminal vesicle and prostate, rare nerve terminals immunoreactive to GAL were also found. Immunoreactivity to SP was also found in all GAL-IR nerve fibers. The presence of numerous CGRP- and SP-IR nerve fibers in the seminal vesicle and prostate of the male sheep suggests that these neuropeptides may be involved in the sensory transmission and/or control of smooth muscle contractility. On the other hand, a relatively low number of GAL-IR nerve fibers of the seminal vesicle and prostate suggest that this peptide may act as an anti-nociceptive agent. It cannot be excluded that, in the seminal vesicle, GAL may also be involved in the control of the smooth muscle fiber activity. The possible role of CGRP, SP and GAL in the regulation of functions of the accessory sexual glands needs to be determined in further physiological studies.