氟康唑、特比萘芬和伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的体外敏感性试验

目的比较氟康唑、特比萘芬及伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的体外敏感性。方法采用NCCLS公布的M27-A方案微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬及伊曲康唑对22株临床分离的白念珠菌的体外敏感性。结果22株白念珠菌对氟康唑耐药9株,敏感12株;对伊曲康唑耐药7株,敏感8株;对特比萘芬耐药12株,敏感3株。结论3种药物中氟康唑的敏感性相对较高,但仍有耐药现象,氟康唑与伊曲康唑存在交叉耐药。     

51株甲真菌病白念珠菌体外药物敏感性试验

参照美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会M27-A棋盘微量稀释法,检测了分离自2005年1月至2007年10月,于北京大学第三医院第二门诊部就诊的甲真菌病患者的51株白念珠菌对伊曲康唑、特比萘芬和氟康唑3种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性.伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑对51株甲源性白念珠菌的平均最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.23 μg/mL、3.84 μg/mL、6.52 μg/mL.伊曲康唑在体外对白念珠菌敏感性高于特比萘芬和氟康唑.     

特比萘芬与伊曲康唑和氟康唑体外联合抗白念珠菌的实验分析

目的评价特比萘芬、伊曲康唑和氟康唑体外对28株甲真菌病白念珠菌的相互作用方式。方法参照美国国家实验室标准委员会(NCCLS)M27方案(1997)推荐的棋盘微量稀释法,检测了28株分离自甲真菌病患者的白念珠菌体外对特比萘芬分别与伊曲康唑和氟康唑联合的药物敏感性试验。结果特比萘芬与伊曲康唑联合用药时,17.9%(5/28)受试菌株表现为协同作用方式,71.4%(20/28)的受试菌株表现为相加作用方式,10.7%(3/28)受试菌株表现为无关作用方式,未观察到拮抗作用的出现;特比萘芬与氟康唑联合用药时,17.9%(5/28)受试菌表现为协同作用方式,71.4%(20/28)的受试菌株表现为相加作用方式,10.7%(3/28)受试菌株表现为无关作用方式,未观察到拮抗作用的出现。结论特比萘芬与三唑类药物对甲真菌病白念珠菌分离株存在有效的相互作用。     

61株甲源性近平滑念珠菌药敏试验报告

根据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会M27-A微量稀释法对近平滑念珠菌作了伊曲康唑、特比萘芬和氟康唑3种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果:伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑对61株近平滑念珠菌的平均MIC值分别为:3.20μg/mL、0.42μg/mL、2.33μg/mL。体外特比萘芬对近平滑念珠菌敏感性高于伊曲康唑和氟康唑。     

慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病1例及实验室研究

报道1例慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病患儿,并对其致病菌进行实验室研究.对患儿的临床情况进行分析总结,对致病菌进行分离培养、形态学鉴定、药敏试验、基因鉴定和RAPD基因型分析.患儿男,3岁,口腔、面部、双上肢慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病,使用伊曲康唑治疗3个月痊愈.致病菌经形态学和ITS区测序均鉴定为白念珠菌,药敏实验显示该菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑、制霉菌素敏感,对特比萘芬中度敏感.经基因型分析,患儿不同部位皮损均由同一白念珠菌感染所致.本例患儿为白念珠菌引起的慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病,伊曲康唑等药物治疗有效.白念珠菌感染仍是引起皮肤黏膜念珠菌病的主要原因.     

氟康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬治疗系统性普通裂褶菌感染小鼠模型的观察

目的观察氟康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬治疗系统性普通裂褶菌感染的疗效。方法建立小鼠系统性普通裂褶菌感染模型,观察给药后小鼠的生存率、中位生存时间、组织逆培养阳性率、肝脏组织载菌量。结果氟康唑组、伊曲康唑组、特比萘芬组、生理盐水对照组小鼠21d观察期内生存率分别为64.00%,68.00%,20.00%,12.00%;中位生存时间分别为>21d,>21d,11d和8d;肝脏组织逆培养阳性率分别为60.00%,68.00%,100.00%,100.00%;肝脏组织载菌量分别为19.533±4.121,20.706±5.193,32.920±8.485,36.520±9.138。结论氟康唑和伊曲康唑在小鼠体内均有较好的抗普通裂褶菌活性,而特比萘芬效果较差,氟康唑与伊曲康唑之间无疗效差别。     

氟康唑联合特比萘芬抗白念珠菌的体外药敏实验

采用NCCLS公布的M27-A方案微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬对35株临床分离的白念珠菌的药敏结果,应用棋盘微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬二者联合对35株白念珠菌的药敏结果.氟康唑和特比萘芬联用MIC几何平均数较其单独应用均显著降低(t=8.405,P<0.01;t=12.976,P<0.01),22株有协同作用,12株有相加作用,1株为无关作用,未发现拮抗作用.二者联用敏感株增加,耐药株减少.氟康唑与特比萘芬联合应用能够增强抗白念珠菌的作用.     

四种抗真菌药物治疗甲癣疗效比较的文献系统复习

目的比较特比萘芬与伊曲康唑、氟康唑、灰黄霉素治疗甲癣疗效的差异。方法检索Medline文献数据库,查找所有比较特比萘芬与伊曲康唑、氟康唑、灰黄霉素治疗甲癣的双盲随机对照试验的文献,找出这4种药物治疗甲癣的真菌学治愈率并对其进行汇总,得出合并后真菌学治愈率的比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果①有6篇比较特比萘芬与伊曲康唑、1篇特比萘芬与氟康唑、2篇特比萘芬与灰黄霉素治疗甲癣的双盲随机对照试验文献被纳入。②特比萘芬250mg/d连续疗法优于伊曲康唑400mg/d冲击疗法[OR=5.01,95%CI(3.42～7.33)]和伊曲康唑200mg/d连续疗法[OR=2.58,95%CI(1.91～3.49)]。特比萘芬的疗效亦优于氟康唑(P<0.001)和灰黄霉素[OR=3.46,95%CI(1.89～6.31)]。结论特比萘芬治疗甲癣的疗效优于伊曲康唑、氟康唑和灰黄霉素。     

重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与伊曲康唑联合对白念珠菌抗菌作用的实验研究

目的 研究重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)与伊曲康唑联合抗白念珠菌的作用。方法 体内实验:制备系统性白念珠菌感染小鼠模型,用不同剂量伊曲康唑单独或与rhGM-CSF联合应用于感染小鼠,观测其28d内的存活情况。体外实验:分离鼠外周血中性粒细胞及腹腔巨噬细胞,分别将其与不同浓度的伊曲康唑及伊曲康唑加rhGM-CSF与白念珠菌共同培养,通过计数菌落形成单位(cfu)来判定伊曲康唑单独或与rhGM-CSF联合应用的抗白念珠菌效果。结果 伊曲康唑1.0mg/kg与rhGM-CSF25μg/kg联合应用能显著延长小鼠28d内的存活期,效果与单用伊曲康唑2.5mg/kg相等,而rhGM-CSF25μg/kg与伊曲康唑5mg/kg联合应用时效果相当于单用伊曲康唑10mg/kg。体外实验亦显示rhGM-CSF与伊曲康唑联用能减少白念珠菌数量。结论 rhGM-CSF与伊曲康唑联合应用对抗小鼠系统性白念珠菌感染有较好的协同作用。     

生殖器白念珠菌的体外药敏试验与临床疗效分析

近年来生殖器白念珠菌感染逐渐增多,随着多种抗真菌药物的使用,耐药菌株亦随之出现.我们选择生殖器念珠菌病的主要致病菌白念珠菌,做了伊曲康唑等4种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性测定,同时观察了伊曲康唑与特比萘芬2种抗真菌药物的临床疗效,以进一步了解白念珠菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性及药敏试验结果对临床的指导意义.     

The significance of itraconazole for treatment of fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes

Itraconazole is an antifungal drug from the triazole group with distinct in vitro activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and some molds. Itraconazole has a primarily fungistatic activity. Itraconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum and in nail material due to its high affinity to keratin, as well as in sebum and vaginal mucosa. Together with terbinafine and fluconazole, itraconazole belongs to the modern highly effective systemic antifungal drugs with a favorable risk-benefit ratio and for this reason is a preferred therapy option for fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes. Compared to terbinafine in the treatment of fingernail and toenail fungal infections, itraconazole offers the advantage of a broad antifungal spectrum and better effectiveness against onychomycosis caused by yeasts yet appears inferior with regard to the more common dermatophyte infections. Itraconazole constitutes an important therapy option, along with fluconazole, terbinafine, ketoconazole and griseofulvin, for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of glabrous skin (tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea corporis and tinea cruris) in adults following unsuccessful topical therapy. In the oral therapy of tinea capitis, itraconazole plays an especially important role, in particular for disease caused by Microsporum canis (for children, however, only off-label use is feasible currently). In the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, candidiasis of the skin and vulvovaginal candidiasis, itraconazole and fluconazole are the preferred treatment options in cases in which topical therapy has proven unsuccessful.     

Stellenwert von Itraconazol in der Behandlung von Pilzinfektionen der Haut,Nägel und Schleimhäute

Itraconazole is an antifungal drug from the triazole group with distinct in vitro activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and some molds. Itraconazole has a primarily fungistatic activity. Itraconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum and in nail material due to its high affinity to keratin, as well as in sebum and vaginal mucosa. Together with terbinafine and fluconazole, itraconazole belongs to the modern highly effective systemic antifungal drugs with a favorable risk‐benefit ratio and for this reason is a preferred therapy option for fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes. Compared to terbinafine in the treatment of fingernail and toenail fungal infections, itraconazole offers the advantage of a broad antifungal spectrum and better effectiveness against onychomycosis caused by yeasts yet appears inferior with regard to the more common dermatophyte infections. Itraconazole constitutes an important therapy option, along with fluconazole, terbinafine, ketoconazole and griseofulvin, for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of glabrous skin (tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea corporis and tinea cruris) in adults following unsuccessful topical therapy. In the oral therapy of tinea capitis, itraconazole plays an especially important role, in particular for disease caused by Microsporum canis (for children, however, only off‐label use is feasible currently). In the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, candidiasis of the skin and vulvovaginal candidiasis, itraconazole and fluconazole are the preferred treatment options in cases in which topical therapy has proven unsuccessful.     

杭州地区220株外阴阴道念珠菌病的菌种鉴定及药敏试验分析

目的了解杭州地区外阴阴道念珠菌病的菌种类别及药物敏感性.方法采用常规念珠菌培养方法和API 20CAUX方法进行鉴定.药敏试验采用ATB FUNGUS方法.结果220例外阴阴道念珠菌病以白念珠菌为主,检出172例,占78.18%,其次光滑念珠菌17例,占7.73%.念珠菌对伊曲康唑、氟康唑、制霉菌素、两性霉素B、咪康唑、酮康唑、益康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感性分别为97.73%、96.82%、94.09%、88.64%、73.64%、66.82%、42.32%、23.64%.结论外阴阴道念珠菌病以白念珠菌感染为主,但与以往相比比率有所下降.检测的220株念珠菌对伊曲康唑、氟康唑、制霉菌素、两性霉素B敏感性高,对咪康唑、酮康唑、益康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶的耐药率高.     

Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents used in the treatment of onychomycosis: a review of current problems

Treatment of Candida infections with fluconazole has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance, a problem particularly apparent in HIV-infected patients. Frequently, the yeast is also cross-resistant to itraconazole and other azoles. In neutropenic patients fluconazole therapy or prophylaxis has caused overgrowth and infection by inherently less susceptible species of Candida , principally C. glabrata and C. krusei . Consequently, the use of intermittent long-term azole therapy to treat onychomycosis could result in changes in the commensal yeast flora of patients — either resistance or pathogen shift. An 'off-study' investigation undertaken in patients receiving either continuous terbinafine or intermittent itraconazole for toenail onychomycosis (L.I.ON. study ¹ ) showed no evidence of changes in the yeast species present, nor in their sensitivity to itraconazole or fluconazole. Although intermittent itraconazole seems unlikely to cause problems in this respect, the situation with regard to intermittent fluconazole therapy of onychomycosis needs further study.     

口腔念珠菌病菌群分布及药敏试验和临床疗效分析

目的探讨口腔念珠菌病的菌群分布特点及体外抗真菌药敏试验和临床疗效情况。方法采用科玛嘉显色培养基鉴定78株分离自口腔念珠菌病的患者临床分离株的菌群分布;ROSCO纸片扩散法检测念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感性;用氟康唑和伊曲康唑进行治疗。结果白念珠菌占71.79%,热带念珠菌占11.54%,光滑念珠菌占7.69%,克柔念珠菌占5.13%,其他念珠菌占3.85%。氟康唑和伊曲康唑对念珠菌的敏感率分别为73.08%和65.38%。氟康唑治疗组有效率87.80%,真菌清除率为87.80%;伊曲康唑治疗组依次为91.89%和91.89%。结论口腔念珠菌病仍以白念珠菌为主要致病菌。氟康唑和伊曲康唑对念珠菌均有较好的敏感性。氟康唑体外药敏试验结果与临床疗效有较好的相关性,伊曲康唑体外药敏试验结果与临床疗效有一定的相关性,但不完全一致。ROSCO纸片扩散法有在临床实验室推广应用的前景。     

阴道分离的念珠菌体外抗真菌药物敏感性分析

目的 探讨念珠菌在女性阴道黏膜所致的不同表现与其对抗真菌药物敏感性之间的关系。方法 应用NCCLSM27-A方案推荐的微量液体稀释法,测定对来自外阴阴道念珠菌健康携带者、外阴阴道念珠菌病和复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的念珠菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性。结果 8种抗真菌药对光滑念珠菌和克柔念珠菌的MIC值几乎均比白念珠菌高。来自复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病患者的菌株MIC值较高,而健康带菌者菌株的MIC值较低。耐药菌株主要来源于复发组,健康带菌者来源的白念珠菌菌株对伊曲康唑、氟康唑、酮康唑和制霉菌素未见有耐药菌株出现。结论 外阴阴道念珠菌病治疗中应重视非白念珠菌的耐药性,长期或间断应用抗真菌药物治疗,可能诱导耐药株的产生。     

Mycology – an update Part 3: Dermatomycoses: topical and systemic therapy

Treatment of dermatophyte infections is based on the clinical picture and mycological detection of the causative pathogen. Based on the appropriate indication, onychomycosis can be treated topically using an antimycotic nail lacquer. Atraumatic nail abrasion with 40 % urea ointment has a beneficial effect on healing. Continuous treatment of onychomycosis with terbinafine represents the most effective systemic therapy. Terbinafine or itraconazole are the safest and most effective antimycotic agents for the treatment of onychomycosis in children. For laser therapy of onychomycosis, only a few studies on clinical efficacy are available. Regarding tinea capitis, targeted species‐specific therapy of dermatophytosis of the scalp is currently recommended. Terbinafine, yet also itraconazole and fluconazole, are effective in tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species. Microsporum infections of the scalp are preferably treated with griseofulvin, alternatively with itraconazole or fluconazole. Terbinafine is less effective. Candidal intertrigo are topically treated with nystatin, but azoles or ciclopirox olamine are also suitable candidates. Systemically, fluconazole or itraconazole are used. Topical and systemic antimycotics are equivalent forms of therapy in acute vulvovaginal mycosis. Fluconazole is the drug of choice in chronic recurrent vulvovaginal mycosis caused by Candida albicans. Ketoconazole shows very good efficacy in tinea versicolor. With respect to systemic treatment of severe and widespread tinea versicolor, itraconazole is the drug of choice.     

复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的危险因素分析和治疗研究

目的：对复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病(RVVC)的致病危险因素进行统计和治疗探讨。方法：对性病门诊的60例RVVC患者，配对选择VVC患者作为对照，进行危险因素条件logistic回归统计分析；另外把RVVC患者随机分为三组，分别用伊曲康唑、氟康唑、特比奈芬间断治疗6个月，比较其治疗效果。结果：性病门诊中RWC的危险因素包括性伴感染传播、滥用抗生素、口服避孕药致内分泌改变及抗真菌药物使用不当均为RVVC的发生危险因素；用伊曲康唑和氟康唑治疗RVVC，效果要优于用特比奈芬。结论：治疗RVVC要注意消除或控制其危险因素；选择伊曲康唑或氟康唑进行每月间断抗真菌治疗有明显效果。     

In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of fungi in patients with onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is the most common nail disorder. To examine in vitro antifungal susceptibility of fungi among onychomycosis patients. The study included 68 patients with onychomycosis. Nail specimens were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Dermasel agar base‐media. Isolated fungi were subjected to antifungal susceptibility tests against terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, and griseofulvin. Candida species (Candida spp.) were detected in 32.4% of the cases of candidal onychomycosis (n = 37), 23.5% of the cases of distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (n = 17), and 21.4% of the cases of total dystrophic onychomycosis (n = 14). Candida spp. were sensitive to fluconazole in 73.5%, itraconazole in 58.8%, and terbinafine in 5.9% of the cases. Aspergillus spp. were sensitive to itraconazole in all cases, and terbinafine in 87.5% of cases. Penicillium spp. were sensitive to itraconazole and terbinafine in 88.9% and 77.8% of cases, respectively. Trichophyton spp. were sensitive to terbinafine and resistant to itraconazole. Microsporum spp. were sensitive to itraconazole and resistance to terbinafine. All isolated fungi were resistant to griseofulvin. An increasing proportion of Candida spp. was observed among patients with different clinical varieties of onychomycosis. Candida spp. were highly sensitive to fluconazole and a lesser extent to itraconazole.