髂静脉受压综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓的腔内治疗与护理

摘要：目的 探讨髂静脉受压综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓的腔内治疗与护理体会。方法 回顾分析2008年3月至2014年5月共45例髂静脉受压综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓患者在DSA下行下肢深静脉内导管溶栓术（catheter directed thrombolysis,CDT）,37例同时行球囊扩张并支架置入治疗,8例3～6个月后行球囊扩张并支架置入治疗。以健、患肢周径差及深静脉通畅度来评价疗效。结果 45例患者溶栓过程中无肺梗死、导管滑出、药物过敏反应、内脏出血等并发症出现,仅有9例发生一般出血现象包括：5例患者切口部位有少量皮下血肿未处理自行吸收、2例患者穿刺处渗血、2例患者尿路出血,因早期发现及时,经过对症处理后未进一步出血。腔内治疗后经顺行静脉造影确认所有患肢深静脉通畅率较前明显改善,患肢症状明显好转。结论 静脉腔内导管溶栓结合球囊扩张及支架置入术是治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的有效手段。术前做好患者的心理护理、完善各项术前准备,术后密切观察病情、加强并发症的观察及处理是确保腔内手术成功的关键。     

置管溶栓术联合髂股静脉支架植入治疗髂静脉压迫综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓的效果

目的观察置管溶栓术(CDT)联合髂股静脉支架植入治疗髂静脉压迫综合征(Cockett综合征)合并急性下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的效果。方法回顾性分析93例Cockett综合征合并急性下肢DVT患者的资料,根据手术方式的不同分为CDT组47例(采用CDT治疗)和联合组46例(采用CDT联合髂股静脉支架植入治疗),比较术前与术后1个月时2组炎症因子[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)]水平,并比较2组患者的血栓清除率、术后并发症发生率和复发情况。结果联合组血栓清除率分级情况优于CDT组,复发率低于CDT组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05); CDT组手术前后IL-6、CRP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);联合组术后1个月时IL-6、CRP水平均高于术前,且高于CDT组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05); 2组并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Cockett综合征合并急性下肢DVT患者应用CDT联合髂股静脉支架植入治疗利于清除血栓,可降低复发率,且安全性好,但联合治疗可能会介导炎症反应发生,增大新血栓发生风险,术后应积极实施合理的抗炎治疗。     

血管腔内超声消融术治疗急慢性下肢深静脉血栓的护理

目的 :建立和探索血管腔内超声消融术治疗急、慢性下肢深静脉血栓的护理制度和措施。方法 :总结 19例患者的护理经验 ,制定术前、术后的护理措施。结果 :19例患者均安全完成术前准备 ,术后均未发生肺栓塞、下腔静脉滤器并发症、溶栓导管并发症及出血倾向 ,症状与体征均于 10天内消失。结论 :血管腔内超声消融术治疗下肢深静脉血栓具有创伤小、安全性大、恢复快等优点 ,术前、术后实施合理的护理是保证治疗成功的重要环节     

Cockett综合征合并急性左下肢深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

左髂静脉受压综合征即Cockett综合征,又称May-Thurner综合征,是由于右髂总动脉跨越左髂总静脉前方,左髂静脉长期受压导致管腔内粘连,甚至闭塞,从而引起左下肢和盆腔静脉的回流障碍,造成下肢静脉高压,在此基础上容易继发左下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis DVT）。本院2010年8月至2013年1月对Cockett综合征继发左下肢深静脉血栓形成患者26例行导管溶栓联合泵入尿激酶治疗,效果满意。报告如下。     

25例血管介入联合股静脉切开取栓术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的护理

总结25例下腔静脉滤器植入、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架植入等介入技术联合股静脉切开取栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的护理经验.术前重点做好患者的沟通和教育、评估患肢血运和肿胀情况.术后指导合适卧位,加强肢体护理、并发症的观察及出院指导,观察抗凝溶栓药物的疗效和不良反应.25例中,21例患者术后1周内肢体肿胀完全消退,3例患者术后2周大腿周长差小于0.5cm,另1例大腿周长差为1cm.1例术后半个月对侧肢体发生深静脉血栓,1例并发脑出血、1例并发淋巴漏.未发生肺栓塞、滤器移位等并发症.     

髋关节置换术后并发急性深静脉血栓形成的观察与护理

目的探讨如何对髋关节置换术后并发急性深静脉血栓病人实施护理。方法回顾性分析15例髋关节置换术后并发急性深静脉血栓护理资料并进行总结。结果12例经溶栓治疗7d后明显改善，3例治疗症状好转，均未发生严重并发症。结论对髋关节置换术后并发急性深静脉血栓进行溶栓治疗的病人，应重视术后早期活动和保暖，避免患肢行静脉穿刺，抬高患肢并禁烟，加强患肢肿胀、皮温、疼痛、血运的观察。溶栓治疗应注意药物现配现用，密切观察有无黏膜出血，定时监测凝血功能。     

腔静脉滤器联合导管溶栓治疗深静脉血栓患者的护理

目的探讨腔静脉滤器联合导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的护理。方法总结32例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者置入腔静脉滤器联合导管溶栓治疗的疗效及护理。护理重点为术前做好心理护理及术前准备,术后做好患肢护理、临时性腔静脉滤器的护理及导管溶栓的护理,加强并发症的观察及护理,并做好出院指导。结果32例腔静脉滤器联合导管溶栓治疗的患者均得到有效治疗。患肢肿胀消退,均未发生肺栓塞、腔静脉滤器并发症、溶栓导管并发症及出血倾向。结论腔静脉滤器联合导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓具有高效、安全、损伤小、恢复快等优点,术前、术后合理有效的护理是保证治疗成功的重要环节。     

下肢深静脉滤网置入联合血栓溶栓术后的护理体会

目的:探讨急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者采用下肢深静脉滤网置入联合血栓溶栓术治疗中的护理措施.方法:通过对我科10例老年住院患者采取下肢深静脉滤网置入联合溶栓术的治疗,同时给予心理护理,疏导患者的紧张情绪,变换体位,抬高患肢,以利于静脉回流,降低下肢深静脉血栓并发症的发生.结果:全部病例通过积极的预防治疗和护理,未发生并发症而获痊愈.结论:对老年患者进行早期合理的治疗干预以及术后有效的护理,改善患者预后,有利于降低下肢深静脉血栓的再发生率.     

小隐静脉途径股静脉导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成34例围术期护理

目的：探讨小隐静脉途径股静脉导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成患者围术期的护理方法。方法：回顾性分析34例小隐静脉途径股静脉导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的护理措施及护理经验。结果：本组手术均顺利进行,术后患者患肢粗肿、胀痛明显减轻或消失,均未出现肺栓塞,2例出现出血倾向,停药3 d后消失。结论：小隐静脉途径股静脉导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成安全、可靠,完善术前准备、加强术后观察和及时处理,可有效减少和避免相关并发症,促进患者早日康复。     

导管溶栓术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的效果及护理

目的探讨导管溶栓术(catheter directed thrombolysis,CDT)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的效果和护理措施。方法回顾性分析2008年6月至2011年3月43例行导管溶栓术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓患者的临床资料,其中髂静脉血栓6条、髂股静脉血栓10条、全肢型血栓27条,均采用Unifuse溶栓导管,经小隐静脉途径28例、胫后静脉7例、大隐静脉6例、大隐静脉-交通静脉2例,插入血栓内用尿激酶、肝素进行抗凝、溶栓治疗,并观察疗效及总结护理体会。结果经顺行静脉造影确认所有患肢静脉通畅度均明显改善,患肢症状明显好转。43例患者均未发生严重并发症,仅6例患者发生一般性出血现象,包括穿刺处渗血3例、尿路出血2例、眼底出血1例,经对症处理后出血缓解。结论 CDT治疗下肢深静脉血栓早期疗效显著。术前做好心理护理、完善各项准备,术后密切观察病情、加强并发症的观察及处理是确保导管溶栓术成功的关键。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.